Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS

Transcription

1 Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS Second Edition Edited by Jaana Laiho and Achim Wacker Both of Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, Finland Tomas Novosad Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, USA JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD

2 Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations xiii xvii xix 1 Introduction 1 Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, Tomas Novosad, Peter Muszynski, Petri Jolma and Roman Pichna 1.1 A Brief Look at Cellular History Evolution of Radio Network Planning Introduction to Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS Future Trends Towards a Service-driven Network Management Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) Next-generation Mobile Communication 15 References 16 Introduction to WCDMA for UMTS 19 Tomas Novosad, David Soldani, Kari Sipilä, Tero Kola and Achim Wacker 2.1 Mathematical Background of Spread Spectrum CDMA Systems Multiple Access Spread Spectrum Modulation Tolerance of Narrowband Interference Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System Modulation Example Tolerance of Wideband Interference Operation in Multi-path Environment CDMA in Cellular Radio Networks Universal Frequency Reuse Soft Handover Power Control 28

3 2.4 WCDMA Logical, Transport and Physical Channels High-level UMTS Architecture Model Radio Interface Protocol Architecture and Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels and Mapping of Transport Channels (FDD) High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Timing and Synchronisation in UTRAN (FDD) Spreading, Scrambling and Channelisation Concepts WCDMA Radio Link Performance Indicators Definitions Classification according to Multi-path Channel Conditions and Services Link-level Simulation Principles Physical-layer Measurements Supporting the Measurement of Link-level Performance in a Live Network 89 References 91 WCDMA Radio Network Planning 93 Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Tomas Novosad, Terhi Rautiainen and Kimmo Terävä 3.1 Dimensioning WCDMA-specific Issues in Radio Link Budgets Receiver Sensitivity Estimation Shadowing Margin and Soft Handover Gain Estimation Cell Range and Cell Coverage Area Estimation Capacity and Coverage Analysis in the Initial Planning Phase Dimensioning of WCDMA Networks with HSDPA RNC Dimensioning Detailed Planning General Requirements for a Radio Network Planning Tool Initialisation: Defining the Radio Network Layout Detailed Uplink and Downlink Iterations Adjacent Channel Interference Calculations Post-processing: Network Coverage Prediction and Common Channel Analysis Verification of Dimensioning with Static Simulations Macro-cellular Network Layout Introduction to the Simulation Parameters Verification of Static Simulator with Dynamic Simulations Introduction to the Dynamic Simulator Comparison of the Results Optimisation of the Radio Network Plan Ideal Case Shinjuku Case 158

4 3.6 Interference in WCDMA Multi-operator Environment Sources of Adjacent Channel Interference Minimum Coupling Loss Dead Zones ACI Simulation Cases Guidelines for Radio Network Planning to Avoid ACI Cell Deployment Strategies Rollout Hierarchical Cell Structures in WCDMA Networks 177 References Radio Resource Utilisation 197 Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Tomas Novosad, David Soldani, Chris Johnson, Tero Kola and Ted Buot 4.1 Introduction to Radio Resource Management Power Control Open-loop Power Control Power Control on Downlink Common Channels Inner-loop Power Control Outer-loop Power Control Power Control during Compressed Mode Power Control with Transmit Power Control Command Errors Fast Power Control and User Equipment Speed Handover Control Intra-system-Intra-frequency Soft Handover Intra-system-Intra-frequency Hard Handover Intra-system-Inter-frequency Handover Inter-system Handover Handover Measurement Reporting Compressed Mode Inter-system Handover Procedure Congestion Control Definition of Air Interface Load Admission Control Packet Scheduling Load Control Resource Management The Tree of Orthogonal Channelisation Codes in Downlink Code Management RRU for High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Power Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access Congestion Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access Handover Control and Mobility Management for High-speed Downlink Packet Access Resource Manager for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 255

5 VIII Contents 4.7 Impact of Radio Resource Utilisation on Network Performance Impact of Fast Power Control and Soft Handover on Network Performance Radio Resource Management Optimisation Examples Call Setup Delay 275 References 277 WCDMA-GSM Co-planning Issues 279 Kari Heiska, Tomas Novosad, Pauli Aikio, Chris Johnson and Josef Fühl 5.1 Radio Frequency Issues Thermal Noise Man-made Noise Interference Scenarios Interference Reduction Methods Noise Measurements Acceptable Radio Frequency Environment Conducting Measurements in a Real Environment Measurement Results Conclusions Radio Network Planning Issues Co-planning Process Transmission Planning Perception of Different Technologies by the End-user Tight Usage of Frequency Spectrum by Different Technologies Narrowband and WCDMA System Operation in Adjacent Frequency Bands Interference Mechanisms Worst Case Analysis Simulation Case Study with a Static Simulator Capacity Reduction Summary and Radio Network Planning Guidelines 327 References 329 Coverage and Capacity Enhancement Methods 331 Chris Johnson, Achim Wacker, Juha Ylitalo and Jyri Hämäläinen 6.1 Introduction Techniques for Improving Coverage Uplink and Downlink Coverage Limited Scenarios Link Budget Analysis Techniques for Improving Capacity Uplink and Downlink Capacity Limited Scenarios Load Equation Analysis Identifying the Limiting Link 337

6 ix 6.4 Uplink Cell Load and Base Station Transmit Power Impact of Uplink Cell Load Impact of Base Station Transmit Power Additional Carriers and Scrambling Codes Impact of Additional Carriers Impact of Additional Scrambling Codes Mast Head Amplifiers and Active Antennas Mathematical Background Impact of Mast Head Amplifiers and Active Antennas Practical Considerations Remote RF Head Amplifiers Mathematical Background Impact of Remote RF Head Amplifiers Practical Considerations Higher Order Receive Diversity Impact of Higher Order Receive Diversity Practical Considerations Transmit Diversity Impact of Transmit Diversity Practical Considerations Multiple Input Multiple Output in UTRA FDD Mathematical Background Impact of MIMO Practical Considerations Candidate MIMO Algorithms in 3GPP Standardisation MIMO in UTRA FDD Uplink Beamforming Mathematical Background Impact of Beamforming Practical Considerations Impact of Fixed Beam Approach upon Radio Resource Management Algorithms Rollout Optimised Configuration Impact of Rollout Optimised Configuration Practical Considerations Sectorisation Impact of Sectorisation Practical Considerations Repeaters Impact of Repeaters Practical Considerations Micro-cell Deployment Impact of Micro-cells Capacity Upgrade Process Summary of Coverage and Capacity Enhancement Methods 389 References 392

7 Radio Network Optimisation Process 395 Jaana Laiho, Markus Djupsund, Anneli Korteniemi, Jochen Grandell and Mikko Toivonen 7.1 Introduction to Radio Network Optimisation Requirements The Operations System's Role in the Optimisation Process Introduction to the Telecom Management Network Model Tools in Optimisation Planning Tool Level Optimisation Configuration Management in a Network Management System Performance Management in Network Elements and in the Operations System Measurement Applications in Network Elements and in the Network Management System Optimisation Using Operations System Tools Field Measurement Tool Summary 452 References 454 UMTS Quality of Service 455 Jaana Laiho, Vilho Räisänen and Nilmini Lokuge 8.1 Definition of Quality of Service End-user Service Classification Characteristics and Requirements of Services Generic Issues Data Transfer Interactive Data Transfer Messaging Streaming Conferencing Media GPP Bearer Concept Architectural Entities Bearer Layers Packet Data Protocol Context Characterisation Comments about 3GPP Bearers Overview of 3GPP Quality of Service Architecture GPP Quality of Service Architecture Support for the IP Multimedia Sub-system External Bearer Service Quality of Service Management in UMTS Introduction to Quality of Service Management Challenges Radio Bearer Mapping of UMTS Traffic Classes Utilisation of Quality of Service in the UMTS Domain Concluding Remarks 501 References 502

8 XI Advanced Analysis Methods and Radio Access Network Autotuning 505 Jaana Laiho, Pekko Vehviläinen, Albert Höglund, Mikko Kylväjä, Kimmo Valkealahti and Ted Buot 9.1 Introduction Advanced Analysis Methods for Cellular Networks Introduction to Data Mining Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Data Mining Classification Trees Anomaly (Outlier) Detection with Classification Tree Self-Organising Map Performance Monitoring Using the Self-Organising Map: GSM Network Performance Monitoring Using the Self-Organising Map: UMTS Network High Level Performance Analysis by Clustering Network Performance Data: Case Study Automatic Optimisation Examples of Automated Optimisation Network Scenario and Data Used in Algorithms with Cost Function Measurements and Costs Used in Algorithms Autotuning in the Call Admission Control Sub-system Capacity Optimisation and Traffic Balancing Summary 569 References Other 3G Radio Access Technologies 573 Jussi Reunanen, Simon Browne, Pauliina Erätuuli, Ann-Louise Johansson, Martin Kristensson, Jaana Laiho, Mats Larsson, Tomas Novosad and Jussi Sipola 10.1 GSM Packet Data Services Introduction Modulation and Coding Scheines EDGE Radio Link Performance GPRS Radio Link Performance Coverage Capacity Planning Mobility Management Frequency Hopping Techniques Conclusion EDGE Performance Assessment Quality of Service and Service Optimisation for EGPRS 603

9 \11 Contents 10.2 Time Division Duplex Mode of WCDMA (UTRA TDD) Some Time Division Duplex Specific Properties System Scenarios Synchronisation of Cells Single-operator Time Division Duplex Networks Synchronisation in Multi-operator Time Division Duplex Networks Erlang Capacity for Time Division Duplex Networks: A Simple Way of Estimating Capacity per Cell Co-existing Time Division Duplex and Frequency Division Duplex Networks Co-located and Close Proximity Local Area Base Station System (BSS) Radio Performance Time Division Duplex and Frequency Division Duplex Processing Gains Time Division Duplex Link Budget Examples Some Other Important Parameters and their Effect on the Radio Link Budget Summary 618 References 619 Index 621