Wireless Communications and Networking

Transcription

1 IMA - Wireless Communications and Networking Jon W. Mark and Weihua Zhuang Centre for Wireless Communications Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Prentice Hall Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

2 Contents Preface xi 1 Overview of Wireless Communications and Networking Historical Overview of Wireless Communications Challenges in Wireless Communication Networking The Wireless Channel User Mobility Wireless Communications Standards First Generation Cellular Systems Second Generation Cellular Systems Third Generation Wireless Communications Networks Coverage Extension Types of Wireless Communication Networks Organization of This Text 9 Summary 10 Endnotes 10 Problems 11 2 Characterization of the Wireless Channel Multipath Propagation Environment Linear Time-Variant Channel Model Channel Impulse Response Time-Variant Transfer Function Doppler Spread Function and Delay-Doppler Spread Function Example on the Channel Functions 22

3 VI Contents 2.3 Channel Correlation Functions Delay Power Spectral Density Frequency and Time Correlation Functions Doppler Power Spectral Density Examples on the Channel Correlation Functions Large-Scale Path Loss and Shadowing Free Space Propagation Model Propagation Over Smooth Plane Log-Distance Path Loss with Shadowing Okumura-Hara Path Loss Model Lee's Path Loss Model Radio Cell Coverage Small-Scale Multipath Fading First-Order Statistics Second-Order Statistics 51 Summary 57 Endnotes 57 Problems 58 3 Bandpass Transmission Techniques for Mobile Radio Introduction Signal Space and Decision Regions Vector-Space Representation of M-ary Signals Signal Detection and Optimal Receiver Digital Modulation M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) Gaussian MSK (GMSK) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Power Spectral Density Probability of Transmission Error Coherent Reception in an AWGN Channel Coherent Reception in a Flat Slow Rayleigh Fading Channel 108 Summary 112 Endnotes 112 Problems Receiver Techniques for Fading Dispersive Channels Overview of Channel Impairment Mitigation Techniques Diversity Diversity Mechanisms Linear Combining Performance Improvement Channel Equalization 134

4 Contents VII Linear Equalization Decision Feedback Equalization 146 Summary 155 Endnotes 155 Problems Fundamentals of Cellular Communications Introduction Frequency Reuse and Mobility Management Cellular Communications and Frequency Reuse Mobility Management Cell Cluster Concept Capacity Expansion by Frequency Reuse Cellular Layout for Frequency Reuse Geometry of Hexagonal Cells Frequency Reuse Ratio Cochannel and Adjacent Channel Interference Cochannel Interference Adjacent Channel Interference Call Blocking and Delay at the Cell-Site Other Mechanisms for Capacity Increase Cell Splitting Directional Antennas (Sectoring) Channel Assignment Strategies 184 Summary 185 Endnotes 185 Problems Multiple Access Techniques Multiple Access in a Radio Cell Random Access Aloha Systems Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Conflict-Free Multiple Access Technologies FDMA TDMA CDMA Spectral Efficiency FDMA Systems TDMA Systems DS-CDMA Systems 222 Summary 229 Endnotes 229 Problems 230

5 VIII Contents 7 Mobility Management in Wireless Networks Introduction Call Admission Control (CAC) Prioritized Call Admission Handoff Management Handoff Strategies Types of Handoff Design Issues Feedback-Based MAHO Strategy AP/MSC Identification Profile Capability of the Mobile Mobility Model Intraswitch Handoff Algorithm Location Management for Cellular Networks Two-Tiered Architecture of IS SS7 Network and Common Channel Signaling Location Update, Call Setup, and Paging Location Management for PCS Networks Overlay Approach Local Anchor Approach Traffic Calculation System and Traffic Parameters Handoff Rate Calculation 263 Summary 266 Endnotes 266 Problems Wireless/Wireline Interworking Background Mobile IP Operation of Mobile IP Local Anchor for Mobile IP Hierarchical Routing Internet Protocol (IP) IPv6 versus IPv Mobile IPv Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Flow Control Modified TCP Modified UDP Network Performance Network Model 294

6 Contents IX Mobility Model Handoff Delay with Local Anchor Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Wireless Application Environment WAP Protocol Stack WAP Gateway Mobile AD HOC Networks Ad Hoc Routing Protocols Comments 305 Summary 305 Endnotes 306 Problems 306 Appendix 311 A Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization 311 B Maximum Likelihood Detection 313 C MSK Signal Representation 314 D Derivation of the Rician Distribution 315 E Pseudorandom Noise Sequences 317 F The Erlang-B and Erlang-C Tables 319 Abbreviations and Acronyms 327 Bibliography 333 Answers to Selected Problems 345 Index 350