Broadcast Operation. Christopher Schmidt. University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Chair of Mobile Communications. January 27, 2010
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1 Broadcast Operation Seminar LTE: Der Mobilfunk der Zukunft Christopher Schmidt University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Chair of Mobile Communications January 27, 2010
2 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Single Frequency Network Transmission 3 MBMS Deployment in LTE 4 Conclusion 1 / 34
3 Introduction Overview 1 Introduction 2 Single Frequency Network Transmission 3 MBMS Deployment in LTE 4 Conclusion 2 / 34
4 Introduction Motivation Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) typical broadcast content newscast weather forecast mobile television MBMS provides an efficient mode of delivery for broadcast/multicast services over the core network 3 / 34
5 Introduction Broadcast Modes Unicast bidirectional point-to-point transmission for each UE return channel for Channel Quality Information (CQI) link adaption increasing signaling burden with increasing number of UEs due to multiple transmission of MBMS content 4 / 34
6 Introduction Broadcast Modes Broadcast & Multicast Broadcast downlink-only point-to-multipoint transmission unidirectional communication no return channel for CQI data only transmitted once for a geographical area Multicast special case of broadcast "broadcast via subscription" receivable only by a managed group of subscribers data only transmitted once for a geographical area decrease in total amount of transmitted data in comparison to unicast no difference between broadcast and multicast data transmissions on the physical layer 5 / 34
7 Introduction Practical Application The long tail of content main channels with high usage transmitted via broadcast/multicast niche channels for a smaller number of users via unicast split of content to broadcast/multicast and unicast transmission 6 / 34
8 Introduction LTE Network Architecture Initial LTE design requirement cell edge spectrum efficiency of 1 bps/hz 16 Mobile TV channels at around 300 kbps per channel utilization of the LTE OFDM air interface in Multicast/Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) mode 7 / 34
9 Introduction UMTS Release 6 MBMS Service and Delivery System Three parts of MBMS service & delivery system content provision, e.g. television broadcaster core network performs control functions radio access network (RAN) responsible for efficient MBMS data delivery CDMA based air interface with possibility of multi-cell transmission 8 / 34
10 Single Frequency Network Transmission Overview 1 Introduction 2 Single Frequency Network Transmission 3 MBMS Deployment in LTE 4 Conclusion 9 / 34
11 Single Frequency Network Transmission Single Frequency Network Single Frequency Network (SFN) one common carrier frequency in all associated cells tight time synchronization of all SFN enbs required 10 / 34
12 Single Frequency Network Transmission Single Frequency Network 11 / 34
13 Single Frequency Network Transmission Signal Propagation Propagation Loss dependent on morphological structure of the environment received power: P r d n with distance d and path loss exponent 2 n 4 [5] Shadowing interrupted line-of-sight by terrestrial obstacles causes further attenuation shadowing considered constant in a range of several meters dependent on the size of the terrestrial obstacles receiving conditions slowly changing slow fading 12 / 34
14 Single Frequency Network Transmission Signal Propagation Multipath propagation reflections of direct signal at obstacles additional propagation paths cause longer Channel Impulse Response (CIR) h[k] constructive and destructive interference dependent on phase relation of reflected paths minima and maxima alternating at half of the wavelength fast fading 13 / 34
15 Single Frequency Network Transmission Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex OFDM modulated data symbols arranged on orthogonal OFDM subcarriers with small bandwidth insertion of a Guard Interval (GI), realized as a Cyclic Prefix (CP) GI duration has to be longer than the maximum channel excess delay τ c of the composite MBSFN channel represented by h[k] = J j=1 h j,i [k] 14 / 34
16 Single Frequency Network Transmission Single Frequency Network 15 / 34
17 Single Frequency Network Transmission Single Frequency Network Received signal in a multipath environment received signal for Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) in time domain r i [k] = J j=1 h j,i [k] s i [k] + n i [k] and in frequency domain R i [m] = H i [m] S i [m] + N i [m] if GI is not exceeded. with H i [m] = J j=1 H j,i [m] and H j,i [m] = DFT N {h j,i [k]} with OFDM symbol index i, enb index j, transmitted signal S i [m], noise N i [m], and subcarrier index 0 m N 1 for N being the DFT size 16 / 34
18 Single Frequency Network Transmission Effect of Insufficient CP length Impact of a GI excess overlapping symbols due to delayed propagation paths cause Inter Symbol-Interference (ISI) loss of orthogonality of the subcarriers results in Inter Carrier-Interference (ICI) The power of ISI and ICI can be calculated by [7] P ISI = N+G 1 k=g h[k] 2 (k G) 2, N 2 P ICI = 2 N+G 1 k=g h[k] 2 N(k G) (k G) 2. N 2 Accordingly, the useful signal power P S can be written as P S = G 1 k=0 h[k] 2 + N+G 1 k=g h[k] 2 (N k+g) 2. N 2 The resulting Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) is SIR = P S P ISI +P ICI. G: length of the CP, N: DFT size 17 / 34
19 Single Frequency Network Transmission Illustration of P S, P ICI, P ISI, and SIR Impact of a GI excess power of signal, ICI and ISI in case of GI excess based on a uniform power-delay profile of length L < N + G L: length of the CIR, G: length of the CP, N: DFT size 18 / 34
20 Single Frequency Network Transmission Benefit of MBSFN transmission Coverage vs. spectral efficiency increased signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) compared to unicast transmission increased spectral efficiency at equal coverage with increasing number of enbs J 19 / 34
21 Single Frequency Network Transmission CP Modes CP modes defined in LTE CP length approximately defines the ISI/ICI free distances from transmitter to receiver Normal CP mode for unicast only Extended CP modes for broadcast transmission 20 / 34
22 Single Frequency Network Transmission CP Modes CP length dependent on morphological structure urban areas high value of path loss exponent shorter signal range shorter GI duration required rural areas low value of path loss exponent longer signal range longer GI duration required insignificant influence from enbs of distance m path loss exponent n 4 due to earth curvature CP mode GI duration Corresponding propagation T g distance d p = c T g Normal CP ( f = 15 khz) 4,69 µs 1406 m Extended CP ( f = 15 khz) 16,67 µs 5000 m Extended CP ( f = 7,5 khz) 33,33 µs m 21 / 34
23 Single Frequency Network Transmission R.M.S. Delay Spread & Coherence Bandwidth R.M.S. delay spread σ τ large channel delay spread caused by reflected and scattered propagation paths multipath channel parameter σ τ quantifies the time dispersive properties of the wide-band multipath channel Coherence bandwidth B c range of frequencies over which the channel can be considered flat approximation: B c 1 50σ in case of bandwidth over τ which the frequency correlation is above 0.9 inversely proportional to r.m.s. delay spread [4] 22 / 34
24 Single Frequency Network Transmission Reference Symbols for Channel Estimation Reference symbols MBSFN channel increasing value of r.m.s. delay spread σ τ decreasing coherence bandwidth B c more reference symbols needed in frequency direction for accurate channel estimation 23 / 34
25 MBMS Deployment in LTE Overview 1 Introduction 2 Single Frequency Network Transmission 3 MBMS Deployment in LTE 4 Conclusion 24 / 34
26 MBMS Deployment in LTE MBMS Deployment 25 / 34
27 MBMS Deployment in LTE Areas related to MBMS Different areas defined in LTE network Group 1: single-cell MBMS transmission on Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Group 2/3/4: MBSFN transmission on Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) Group 5: MBSFN transmission in overlapping cells (PMCH) 26 / 34
28 MBMS Deployment in LTE LTE Network Architecture Different carriers dedicated carrier: all subframes reserved for MBSFN transmission mixed carrier: time-multiplexed MBSFN and unicast subframes Handover procedures for MBMS service continuity handover within an MBSFN area on a dedicated carrier handover within MBMS single-cell transmission on a mixed carrier handover between MBSFN areas on a mixed carrier and MBMS single-cell transmission on a mixed carrier handover between MBSFN on a dedicated carrier and MBMS single-cell transmission on a mixed carrier 27 / 34
29 Conclusion Overview 1 Introduction 2 Single Frequency Network Transmission 3 MBMS Deployment in LTE 4 Conclusion 28 / 34
30 Conclusion Multicast/Broadcast Single Frequency Network Advantages inter-cell interference transformed into useful signal energy large cell edge throughput increasing SFN area by adding further enbs on the same frequency Disadvantages high complexity of time-synchronization broadcast mode no CQI sensitivity to GI excess larger overhead due to longer GI in comparison to unicast transmission 29 / 34
31 Conclusion Outlook LTE Release 9 or later 3GPP LTE MBMS is not yet finalized in LTE Release 8 essential components for future MBMS have been specified to ensure forward-compatibility simplified coordination of the transmission of MBMS services from different overlapping MBSFN areas 30 / 34
32 Conclusion Summary Broadcast Operation LTE network architecture based on UMTS Release 6 architecture MBSFN for efficient multimedia content delivery satisfying the high required cell edge throughput considerably higher data rates for high-bandwidth multimedia applications different CP modes dependent on morphological environment handover procedures required to support mobile reception of multimedia content 31 / 34
33 Conclusion Literature [1] S. Sesia, I. Toufik and M. Baker: LTE The UMTS Long Term Evolution, Wiley [2] 3GPP TS V7.7.0, Introduction of the MBMS in the Radio Access Network, [3] 3GPP TS V8.4.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E UTRA), [4] T. Rappaport: Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, [5] W. Koch: Lecture Notes: Fundamentals of Mobile Communication, Lecture in WS 2009/2010. [6] A. Heuberger: Lecture Notes: Digital Broadcasting Systems, Lecture in SS [7] A. Burr: Irreducible BER of COFDM on IIR channel, Electronics Letters, / 34
34 Conclusion Thank you for your attention! 33 / 34
35 Conclusion Comparison of Mobile Broadcast Modes Delivery by Cellular Network reuse of existing infrastructure personalized content return channel with CQI for link adaption multimedia broadcasting reduces the bandwidth available for other mobile services Delivery by Broadcast Network mobile broadcast services by standalone broadcast systems (i.e. DVB-H, DMB) small number of high-powered transmitters to cover a wide geographical area relatively high data rates with wide-area coverage downlink-only no return channel for CQI 34 / 34
36 Broadcast Operation Seminar LTE: Der Mobilfunk der Zukunft Christopher Schmidt University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Chair of Mobile Communications January 27, 2010
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