Coding for MIMO Communication Systems

Transcription

1 Coding for MIMO Communication Systems Tolga M. Duman Arizona State University, USA Ali Ghrayeb Concordia University, Canada BICINTINNIAL BICENTENNIAL John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

2 Contents About the Authors Preface List of Figures List of Tables Notation Abbreviations xi xiii xv xxiii xxv xxvii 1 Overview Need for MIMO Systems MIMO Communications in Wireless Standards Organization of the Book Other Topics in MIMO Systems 5 2 Fading Channels and Diversity Techniques Wireless Channels Path Loss, Shadowing and Small-Scale Fading Fading Channel Models Error/Outage Probabilities over Fading Channels Outage Probability for Rayleigh Fading Channels Average Error Probabilities over Rayleigh Fading Channels Extensions to Other Fading Channels Performance over Frequency Selective Fading Channels Diversity Techniques Types of Diversity System Model for Lth Order Diversity Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) Suboptimal Combining Algorithms Selection Combining Examples 28

3 CONTENTS 2.4 Channel Coding as a Means of Time Diversity Block Coding over a Fully Interleaved Channel Convolutional Coding Multiple Antennas in Wireless Communications Receive Diversity Smart Antennas and Beamforming Space-Time Coding - Basic Ideas Chapter Summary and Further Reading 38 Problems 39 Capacity and Information Rates of MIMO Channels Capacity and Information Rates of Noisy Channels Capacity and Information Rates of AWGN and Fading Channels AWGN Channels Fading Channels Capacity of MIMO Channels Deterministic MIMO Channels Ergodic MIMO Channels Non-Ergodic MIMO Channels and Outage Capacity Transmit CSI for MIMO Fading Channels Constrained Signaling for MIMO Communications Discussion: Why Use MIMO Systems? Chapter Summary and Further Reading 67 Problems 68 Space-Time Block Codes Transmit Diversity with Two Antennas: The Alamouti Scheme Transmission Scheme Optimal Receiver for the Alamouti Scheme Performance Analysis of the Alamouti Scheme Examples Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes Linear Orthogonal Designs Decoding of Linear Orthogonal Designs Performance Analysis of Space-Time Block Codes Examples Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes Linear Dispersion Codes Chapter Summary and Further Reading 90 Problems 90 Space-Time Trellis Codes A Simple Space-Time Trellis Code General Space-Time Trellis Codes Notation and Preliminaries Decoding of Space-Time Trellis Codes Basic Space-Time Code Design Principles 97

4 CONTENTS Pairwise Error Probability Space-Time Code Design Principles Examples of Good Space-Time Codes Space-Time Trellis Codes for Fast Fading Channels Representation of Space-Time Trellis Codes for PSK Constellations Generator Matrix Representation Improved Space-Time Code Design Performance Analysis for Space-Time Trellis Codes Union Bound for Space-Time Trellis Codes Useful Performance Bounds for Space-Time Trellis Codes Examples Comparison of Space-Time Block and Trellis Codes Chapter Summary and Further Reading 121 Problems Layered Space-Time Codes Basic Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (BLAST) Architectures VBLAST/HBLAST/SCBLAST Detection Algorithms for Basic BLAST Architectures Examples Diagonal BLAST (DBLAST) Detection Algorithms for DBLAST Examples Multilayered Space-Time Codes Encoder Structure Group Interference Cancellation Detection Example Threaded Space-Time Codes Layering Approach Threaded Space-Time Code Design Example Detection of Threaded Space-Time Codes Other Detection Algorithms for Spatial Multiplexing Systems Greedy Detection Belief Propagation Detection Turbo-BLAST Detection Reduced Complexity ZF/MMSE Detection Sphere Decoding Diversity/Multiplexing Gain Trade-off Chapter Summary and Further Reading 158 Problems Concatenated Codes and Iterative Decoding Development of Concatenated Codes Concatenated Codes for AWGN Channels Encoder Structures Iterative Decoder Structures 165 vu

5 CONTENTS The SOVA Decoder Performance with Maximum Likelihood Decoding Examples Concatenated Codes for MIMO Channels Concatenated Space-Time Turbo Coding Scheme Turbo Space-Time Trellis Coding Scheme Turbo Space-Time Coding Scheme Turbo-Coded Modulation for MIMO Channels Encoder Structure..., Decoder Structure Examples Concatenated Space-Time Block Coding Encoder Structure Decoder Structure Performance Analysis Examples Chapter Summary and Further Reading 204 Problems 204 Unitary and Differential Space-Time Codes Capacity of Noncoherent MIMO Channels Channel Capacity Capacity Achieving Signals Unitary Space-Time Codes USTC Encoder ML Detection of USTCs Performance Analysis Construction of Unitary Space-Time Signals Examples Differential Space-Time Codes Differential Space-Time Coding for Single Antenna Systems Differential Space-Time Coding for MIMO Systems Turbo-Coded Unitary Space-Time Codes Encoder Structure Noncoherent Iterative Decoder Example Trellis-Coded Unitary Space-Time Codes Turbo-Coded Differential Space-Time Codes Encoder Structure Iterative Detectors Chapter Summary and Further Reading 237 Problems 238 Space-Time Coding for Frequency Selective Fading Channels MIMO Frequency Selective Channels Capacity and Information Rates of MIMO Frequency Selective Fading Channels 240

6 9.2.1 Information Rates with Gaussian Inputs Achievable Information Rates with Practical Constellations Examples Space-Time Coding for MIMO FS Channels Interpretation of MIMO FS Channels Using Virtual Antennas A Simple Füll Diversity Code for MIMO FS Channels Space-Time Trellis Codes for MIMO FS Channels Concatenated Coding for MIMO FS Channels Spatial Multiplexing for MIMO FS Channels Channel Detection for MIMO FS Channels Linear Equalization for MIMO FS Channels Decision Feedback Equalization for MIMO FS Channels Soft-Input Soft-Output Channel Detection Other Reduced Complexity Approaches MIMO OFDM Systems MIMO-OFDM Channel Model Space-Frequency Coding Challenges in MIMO-OFDM Chapter Summary and Further Reading 263 Problems Practical Issues in MIMO Communications Channel State Information Estimation CSI Estimation Using Pilot Tones What to Do with CSI? Space-Time Coding Examples with Estimated CSI Spatial Channel Correlation for MIMO Systems Measurements and Modeling of Spatial Correlation Spatial Channel Correlation Models Channel Capacity with Spatial Correlation Space-Time Code Performance with Spatial Correlation Temporal Channel Correlation MIMO Communication System Design Issues Chapter Summary and Further Reading 284 Problems Antenna Selection for MIMO Systems Capacity-based Antenna Selection System Model Optimal Selection Simplified (Suboptimal) Selection Examples Energy-based Antenna Selection Antenna Selection for Space-Time Trellis Codes Quasi-Static Fading Channels Block Fading Channels 295 ix

7 X CONTENTS Fast Fading Channels Examples Antenna Selection for Space-Time Block Codes Receive Antenna Selection Transmit Antenna Selection Examples Antenna Selection for Combined Channel Coding and Orthogonal STBCs Performance Analysis Examples Antenna Selection for Frequency Selective Channels Antenna Selection with Nonidealities Impact of Spatial Correlation Example Impact of Channel Estimation Error Chapter Summary and Further Reading 313 Problems 314 Bibliography 317 Index 333