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1 The index covers the main text but not the various bibliographies. Figures divorced from the text coverage are indicated by bold page locators; matter in footnotes by italic locators. Where they are included in the Abbreviations List, initialisms are not expanded in the index, nor is an entry made for their expansiona. 3G cellular systems, 234, 245 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), 132 ad hoc wireless networks, 17 18, adaptive linear ST MU receivers, adaptive receiver algorithms, 231, 244 Alamouti coding, 11 12, 13, adaptive ST MU detector, 275 and diversity-embedding, 169 diversity-st comparison, 272 and interference cancellation, 171 limitations, 39 and new STC design, 155 STBCs, 102, 153, 163, 173, 179 algebraic structure, quadratic forms, all-zero sequences, 144 ambiguity resolution, 275 6, 278, 285 amicable pairs, 179 amplify-and-forward strategy, 72 angular spread, 143 antenna covariance, 94 antenna number cellular systems, 67 and decoder design, 95 7, 103, 118, and ML receivers, 187 multi-user MIMO, 50, 56 single-user MIMO, 37 9, 43 spatial multiplexing gains, 141, 144 and turbo coding, 208 antenna spacing and decorrelation, 5 antennas training for multiple antenna systems, 48, 50 virtual arrays, 18, 73 approximately universal codes, 151 APPs see also MAP detectors APP demappers, 216, 218 calculation, 190, 199, 208 SISO MAP decoder, 270 space-time MU receivers, 262 3, 265, 268, 270 ARQ protocol, 169, 171, 176 array gains, 2, 126, 133, 144 asynchronous systems, auto-correlation, 162, 277 8, 284 average codeword distance, 106 average PEP criterion, 107, 112, 124 AWGN channels, 24, 26 broadcast channel MINO, 58 EXIT-charts, and matched fliters, 242 MIMO BC, 58 9 MIMO MAC, 53 multi-cell MIMO, 68 and out-of-cell interference, 67 relay channel, 71 banded matrices, 240, 243 base-station cooperation, 67 8 batch-blind multi-user detectors, 278 Bayes formula, 240 BC MIMO, 49, 51 constant channel, 60 2 dirty paper coding, fading channels, 62 3 sub-optimal methods, 63 5 BCJR algorithm, 208 beam directions linear precoder performance, linear precoder structure, optimal, for correlation CSIT, 113 optimal, for different CSIT scenarios, optimal, for mean CSIT, 115 optimal, for perfect CSIT, optimal, for statistical CSIT, beamforming, 44 6 and correlated fading, 47 downlink beamforming, 66 and input covariance matrix, 40 1 linear precoders, 102, 112, 133 multi-user beamforming, 64, 236 opportunistic beamforming, 69 optimal strategies for, 64 5 and quality of feedback, 42 single-mode beamforming, 114, 124 and transmit diversity, 145 belief-propagation theory, 226 bibliography, bit-error probability, 274, 287 BER performance, 173, 175, 219, 221, 223, 254 BLAST, 39, 54, 237 V-BLAST, blind identification schemes, blind linear ST MU detectors, blind sequential Kalman channel estimation, blind ST MMSE detectors, 277, 284 block circulant/diagonal channel matrices, 144 block fading model, 44, 50,

2 316 block Markov coding, 71, 74 block Toeplitz form, 239, bootstrapping, 248 BPSK symbol mapping, 257 8, 260, 263, 271 bread-first searching, 190 broadband wireless, see also frequency-selectivity; ISI calibration, open-loop systems, Cameron Martin formula, 235 capacity gains, 24 capacity region broadcast channel MIMO, 58 fading channel MIMO, 62 interference channel, 72 3 MIMO MAC, 53 5 carrier frequency choice, 175 Cayley numbers, 178 CCI model with perfect CSIR and CDIT, 31 2, 40 1 with CDIT and CDIR, 44 5 multi-user MIMO, 54 CDF, 36, 48 9 see also outage probability CDI, 28 CDIT and CDIR model fading channel capacity, 44 5 single-user channel capacity, 32 3 CDMA systems, 49, 52 adaptive ST MUD, 271, 275, , CDMA2000, 153 cooperative communication, 74 DS/CDMA, and full diversity, 260 and interference cancellation, 172, MUD simulation suing, 253 and OFDM, 128 open-loop systems, 128 and receiver design, 244 and space time coding, 256, 258, 260, 264 cellular systems, distributed MIMO, multicell MIMO, 66 9, 76 3G iterative techniques, 245 channel and side information model, channel auto-covariance, 93 channel capacity, 26 see also Shannon capacity ad hoc networks, constant MIMO model, 34 7 fading MIMO, 36, 50 2 matrix channels, 49 MIMO MAC, 52 7 multi-user MIMO, 28, single-user MIMO, time-varying channels, 27 training for multiple antenna systems, 48 channel coefficients, 30 fading channel capacity, 45 7 channel multi-path coefficients, 236 channel coherence time see coherence time channel condition number, 88, 132 channel covariance, 132 Kronecker structures, 90, 93 normalization, channel eigen-directions, 111 channel equalization problem, 237 channel estimate CSIT, 94, 126 and STC, channel gain, 5, 6, 24, 27, 29 channel models, 5 7, 24, 26, see also MAC MIMO and BC MIMO AWGN, 68 broadband wireless, channel and side information, matrix channel model, 48, 49 multi-user MIMO, and precoder design, 89 90, 113, 115 ZMSW, 44 channel soundings, 128, 132 chapter outlines, Chernoff bound, chip-a synchronous cases, 245 chip-matched filtering, 272, Cholesky factorisation, 206 Cholesky iterative DDF ST MUD, , CIR, 142 3, 162, 233 circulant channel matrices, 144, 155 Clifford algebras, 180 closed-loop systems, 92, see also beamforming; feedback array gains, 144 codebook design in, 130, 132 and wireless standards, 131 CMI model, 31 2, 40 1, 63 codebook design in closed-lop systems, 130, 132 coded signals, MIMO receivers, codeword difference matrices, codeword covariance matrices, coding gain, 146, 149, 152 coding schemes see also convolutional; quaternionic; STBC; STC Octonion codes, 156, 176, 179 orthogonal space time codes, 46 single-layer codes, coherence bandwidth, 5 6, 143 coherence distance, 143 coherence time, 6, 131, 143 and feedback, 92 and reciprocity principle, 91 and statistical stability, 93 coherent combination, 71 coherent detection, 131, 150, 277 complexity see computational complexity; decoding complexity; informational complexity complexity-performance trade-off, 200, 231, 245, 256, 271 composite signature vector, compress-and-forward strategy, 71 computational complexity, 231, 243, 245, 248, 253, 256 and partitioned receivers, 261, 266, 269 conjugate gradient method, 247 8, 254 constant channel MIMO BC, 60 2 constant channel MIMO MAC, 53 6 constant MIMO channel capacity model, 33 5

3 317 constellations see signal constellations continuous-time received signal, 141 convergence analysis, EXIT-charts, , 222 and ease of implementation, 252 Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel iterations, 247 and SAGE algorithm, 252 3, 255 and ST MUD performance, 254 convex optimization problems, 60, 74, 121 convolutional codes, 219, 225, 260 see also trellis codes RSC codes, 214 convolutional decoders, 214 cooperation, base-station, 67 8 cooperative communication, ad hoc networks, 73 correlated fading, 45 7 correlation CSIT, 94, 96 7 mean and correlation CSIT, precoder performance with, precoding on, covariance matrices, 55 CP, 144 cross-correlation, 162, 239, 259, 266 7, 269 see also MAI CSI, 26 7, CSIR see also perfect CSIR and precoding, CSIT See also perfect CSIT categories of, 94 definition and model, dynamic model of, 92 5 and ergodic capacity, 27 fading channels, and information theory, methods of obtaining, 90 2, MIMO systems, value in, 95 7 precoder design with different scenarios, precoder performance with different scenarios, cycles, factor graph, 192, 197, data frame length, 246 data rate and SNR, 2 decision algorithms, 188 9, , 255 decode-and-forward strategy, 71, 75 decoder EXIT-charts, 213 5, decoding complexity, 35, 150, 153, 177 and STC code design, 155, 176 decoding operations, 53, 163 decomposition techniques and layering, 174 decorrelating receivers, 242 3, 246, 262, 274 decorrelation, 5 6 decoupling effect, 103 degraded broadcast channels, 58 delay diversity, 145 delay spread, 1, 4 6, receiver designs, 240 1, 243 broadband channels, 141, 143 and diversity gain, 175 demappers, 217, 221 depth-first searching, 190 detection mean-squared error, 104, 108 detectors see receiver design determinant design criterion, 150 deterministic precoding see Group 2 criteria DFT, 244 differential detection, 277 differential entropy, 26 differential STC schemes, 167 differential transmission with non-coherent detection, 150 digital receiver implementations, Dirac delta function, 233 discrete time-signal model, 7, 244 dispersive channels, 195 6, 202 distributed MIMO, 17 18, 75 diversity combining, 69 diversity-embedded STC, , , diversity gains, 9, 125 Alamouti scheme, 11, 153, 172 and full-diversity, 101, performance enhancement by, 140, 148, 175 space time coded systems, 101, 152 3, 155 6, 260 1, 264 diversity-multiplexing trade-off, 7, 24, 177 constellation rotation, 154 cooperative ad hoc networks, 75 multicell MIMO, 69 and rate diversity trade-off, 148 STBC, 101 diversity multi-user detection, diversity order, , 160 Doppler delay, 89 Doppler frequency, 143 Doppler spread, 1, 92 4, 129, 147 downlink beamforming, 66 downlink performance, 149 downlinks see BC MIMO DPC, 58 60, 68 DS/CDMA, 234 5, 239, 244 dual factor graphs, 200 duality relationship, MIMO BC and MINO MAC, 60, 68 dynamic programming, 240, 246 dynamic water-filling, EDGE channels, 141 eigenbeam patterns, 103 see also beam directions eigenmodes and beamforming, 42 and eigenvalues, 34 6 and eigenvectors, 37 EM-based iterative detection, 251 3, 255 encoder structures, 100 encoding and interleaving stages, 3 equalization, 163, 202 ergodic capacity, 27 see also channel capacity cooperative channels, 74 5 fading MIMO, 36, 97

4 318 ergodic (cont.) mean CSIT, 116 as a precoder performance measure, single-user MIMO, 31 STBCs without CSIR, 102 ZMSW model, 37 9 error exponent, 103 5, 112 error performance, precoders, error probability, 24 5 see also PEP bit-error probability, 274, 287 of coded systems, 151, 218 and diversity, 101, and error exponent, 104 and MAP, 190 and UEP, EXIT-charts, EXIT functions, 212, 217, extrinsic messages, 201, 208, 212 factor graphs, , 207, 209, 226 fade covariance matrices, 44 fading channel MIMO BC, 62 3 fading channel MIMO MAC, 56 7 fading channels, 6 7 beamfoming, 65 blind adaptive ST MU detector, block fading model, 44, 50, 106 capacity, flat-fading channels, 3, 89, 144, and information theory, multi-path fading, 1, 282 FDD operation, 91, FDE-STBC, 154, feedback, distribution information, 30 closed-loop systems, 92, , 144 MIMO BC, 63 single-carrier (SC FDE STBC), 163 FER diversity multiplexing trade-off, 7 iterative receivers, 226 space time coded MU systems, 260, 261, 263 4, 266, 267, 269 spatial multiplexing, 15 FFT, 144, 155, 164, finite-degree-of-freedom model, 244 Fisher information, 252 fixed-rate codes, 158 flat-fading channel representation, 3, 89, 144, flexible trade-offs, 10, 11 flooding schedules, 199 forgetting factors, 286 frequency-selective fading channels, 5 7 and BLAST, 39 and OFDM, 18, 89 Single-user MIMO, 47 8 frequency-selectivity see also broadband wireless; ISI channels broadband wireless, 141, 143 and STC, 152, 154, 167 Frobenius norm, 106 front-end, receiver, full duplex communications, 91 Gauss-Seidel iterations, 247 8, 354 Gaussian noise, interference as, 67 Gaussian stochastic processes, 92 gradient methods, 247 Grassmannian packing, 32, 130 Group 1 (and 2) criteria, 109 beam direction and power allocation, statistical CSIT, power allocation, correlation CSIT, power allocation, mean CSIT, group-blind multi-user detectors, 277, 281 GSM channels, 141, 171 half-duplex operation, 74 5 Hamilton s biquaternions, 179 hard and soft decisions, 209, Hermitian positive semi-definite matrices, 89 90, 107, 113 HSDPA (high speed downlink packet access), 132 IBI, 144 IC hard and soft IC, 209 IC-MMSE demappers, 217, 219 linear parallel interference cancellation, 247 multistage IC ST MUD, 251, 253 5, 265 and receiver design, 209, 216, 243 4, 247, and STC, 171 2, 176 successive interference cancellation, 51, 58, 70 IC+MMSE receivers, 225, 226 distinguished from MMSE+IC, 223, 224 IEEE wireless standards, 19, 49, 131, 156 IFC, 72 3 imperfect feedback, 30 information theory and diversity gain, 140 diversity-multiplexing trade-off, 177 and exploiting CSIT, , 133 rate diversity trade-off, 156 space time codes, 177 theorems, 148 9, 180 informational complexity, 231, 244 input covariance matrices, 40, 59 input-sharing matrix, 121 input signal covariance, 88, 109 instantaneous channel gains see CSI inter-antenna interference, 164, 289 interfaces, interference reduction see also IBI; IC; ISI; MAI; multi-user detection problem; spatial interference benefit of MIMO technology, 3 decorrelating receivers, interference mitigation problems, 237 inter-antenna interference, 164, 289 multi-stream interference, 13 out-of-cell interference, 75 interleaving, 200, 206 7, 213, 257 Internet, 144, 173 intrinsic messages, 201, 208, 212 inverse FFT, 166 IO detectors, 241 see also MAP detectors

5 319 ISI, 132, 147, 164, 195 6, 289 see also broadband wireless; frequency selectivity iterative processing, see also turbo coding iterative receivers, 208, 223 6, 243 4, 289 space time multi-user, , iterative SPA, Iverson functions, 192, 194, 209 Jacobi iterations, 247, 251 Jensen upper bound, 118 JO detectors, 240, see also ML detection Kalman algorithms, 280, KKT conditions, 62 Kronecker correlation structure, 90, 94, 113, 132 Kronecker product model, 46, 147, 259, 277 L-best searching, 190 layers, STC interactions, LDC, LDPC codes, 150, 200 likelihood function, 235 see also LLR linear diversity detectors, 272 3, 285 linear diversity-embedded codes, 158 linear interfaces, linear intersymbol interference, 195 linear parallel interference cancellation, 247 linear precoding and input signal covariance, 88 iterative SPA approximations, 209 precoder design, precoder structure, linear processing, 63, 153, 245 see also beamforming linear receivers adaptive linear ST MU receivers, digital representation, 245 iterative linear detectors, 243, linear MMSE filters, 267 8, 277 linear MUD detectors, 241 3, 254, STC detectors, uncoded MIMO, LLR, 210 2, 218 9, 251 2, 270 LMMSE receivers, 187, LMS adaptive algorithm, LOS components, 6 7 MAC MIMO, 49, 51 7 MAI, 263 5, 275 MAP decisions, 190 1, 197, 208 see also APPs MAP detection, 200, , 269 mapper EXIT-charts, marginalization operations, 190 1, 197, matched filtering, 236, 242, 254, 283 matrix channel capacity, 49 maximum delay spread, 240 MBWA, 18 mean and correlation CSIT, , 125 mean and covariance feedback, 30 mean CSIT, 94, messages and SPA, 197, MISO, 111, 151 ML decoding, 35, 105, 122, 153, 155 6, 161 ML detection, 163, and EM-based detection, linear diversity MU systems, 273 and MAP detection, 190, space time coded multi-user systems, ML equalization, 145 MMSE estimation theory, 93, 108 interference cancellation, 172 power allocation with perfect CSIT, 112 and special STC, 163 MMSE filters, adaptive STC filters, 277 and interference cancellation, 216, iterative receivers based on, 223, MMSE receivers, adaptive receivers, 284, 287 iterative ST MUD, partitioned receivers, performance comparison, 254 MMSE-IC demappers, 217, 219 MMSE+IC receivers, 223 5, 226 mode-dropping for precoders, 119 modulators, 215 Monte Carlo simulation, 213, 220, 226 MRC filters, 217 MSE see LMMSE: MMSE MUD detectors see receivers multi-access MIMO, signal and channel models, multicell MIMO, 66 9, 76 multi-path combiner operation, 236 multi-path diversity, 145, 175 multi-path fading, 1, 282 multiple access channel MIMO (MAC), constant channel, 53 6 fading channels, 56 7 system model, 51 2 multiplexing gain, 8 9 beamforming, 65 MIMO BC, 63 5 multiplexing-diversity trade-off see diversity multiplexing trade-off multiplexing rate, multistage interference cancellation, 248, 251, 253 5, 265 multi-stream interference, 13 multi-user beamforming, 64 multi-user MIMO see also BC MIMO; MAC MIMO broadcast channel MIMO, channel capacity, multiple-access channel MIMO, 52 7 open problems in, 66 system model, 51 2 multi-user detection problem, 237 mutual information and Shannon capacity, 25 8 NAHJ-FST algorithm, 280 network layers, 171 5

6 320 node cooperation see block Markov coding noise enhancement, 203, 243 non-coherent STC, 166 8, 176 non-linear codes, 155, 159 non-linear iterative receivers, , 254, non-linear processing, 205 non-orthogonal signaling schemes, 258 see also CDMA systems normalization in simulations, notation, 193, 211 NUM, Nyquist rate, 142 Octonion codes, 156, 176, 179 OFDM channel sounding, 128 and frequency-flat fading, 89 and matrix channel model, 48 open-loop sounding signals, 128 as preferred MIMO modulation, 18 receiver design, 289 residual frequency offsets, 176 OFDMA, 18, 244 OFDM-STBC, 154, open-loop method, 91, see also reciprocity applicability to TDD systems, 127 diversity gain, 145 space time coding, 149 sychronization errors, 176 and wireless standards, 131 opportunistic beamforming, 69 opportunistic codes, 149 optimal beamforming strategies, 64 5 optimal covariance matrices, MIMO MAC, 55 optimal signal covariance, 95 orthogonal space time codes, 46, 101, 153, 155 see also Alamouti coding orthogonal transmission and MIMO BC, 64 outage capacity, 8 9 Alamouti Scheme, 12, 13 cooperative ad hoc networks, 74 and ergodic capacity, 27 single-user MIMO, 49 spatial multiplexing, outage probability, 27 28, 40, 226 out-of-cell interference, 67, 75 partitioned space time MUD, 256 7, path loss, 16 Pauli matrices, 180 PEP, and diversity order, 145 6, 148 per-distance and average PEP, minimum-distance PEP precoder, 124 power allocation with correlation CSIT, power allocation with mean CSIT, power allocation with perfect CSIT, 112 power allocation with statistical CSIT, perfect CSIR and outage capacity, 27 8 single-user MIMO, 30 and spatial correlations, 46, 51 and temporal correlations, 50 perfect CSIR and CDIT cooperative communication, 74 5 fading channel capacity, fading channel MIMO BC, 63 fading channel MIMO MAC, 56 single-user channel capacity, 30 2 perfect CSIR and CSIT, 27 cooperative communication, 74 fading channel capacity, 35 6, 56, 63 single-user channel capacity, 29 perfect CSIT, 94, 110 3, performance-complexity trade-offs, 144 performance testing see also trade-offs iterative IC-based receiver, 266 iterative receiver performance, iterative space time MUD detectors, performance measures, 8, 103, 105, 145, 287 precoder performance results, physical layer, challenges remaining, 176 power allocation function correlation CSIT, fading channels, mean CSIT, perfect CSIT, statistical CSIT, precoding see also linear precoding; transmit precoding design criteria, distinguished from space time coding, 88 input-shaping matrix, performance measures for precoders, performance results for different designs, practical applications, and transmitter structure, and wireless standards, precoding gains, 126 see also array gains; diversity gains; water-filling gains preprocessing see DPC; interfaces protocol layering, 173 PRUS, 162 PSK, 160, 162 see also QPSK QAM signals, 3, 160 1, , 190, 234 QCI, 32, 40 1 QPSK modulation, 122, 147, 155 6, 234 QSTBC, 123 quadratic forms, quantization see iterative receivers quantized feedback, 30, 92, 130 quasi static channel model, 144, 147, 150, quaternary modulation, 189 quaternionic codes, 155, 157, 159, 163, 165, 167 8, 176, rake combining diversity, 254 rake receivers, 236, 242 random matrix theory, 77 rank design criterion, 150 rate-diversity trade-off, , 154, 156, 161, 176 Rayleigh fading model, 258

7 321 real-time applications, 156 receiver design adaptive linear ST MU receivers, basic MUD algorithms, canonical receiver structure, coded signals, and factor graphs, iterative receivers, 208, 223 6, 256, 269, 289 multi-user MIMO, partitioned space time MUD, 256 7, performance simulation, ST MUD, quasi static channels, received signal model, multi user MIMO, 232 single-user MIMO, suboptimum MIMO, 202 3, 205 receiver synchronization errors, 176 reciprocity principle, 91, relay channel, 70 2 repetition function, 192, 198 Ricean component, 115 Ricean fading, 6 7 Ricean K factor, 88, 90, 132 rich scattering, 3, 5, 17, 24 RLS adaptive algorithm, RSC codes, 214 SAGE algorithm, 252 3, 255 SC FDE-STBC, 163 scaled identity matrices, 37, 95, 118 9, 121 scheduling, SPA and, 199 Schur-concave functions, 45 SDA, , 210, 226 sequential Monte Carlo processors, 226 shadowing, 16 Shannon, Claude, 24, 99 Shannon capacity, 24, 67, 145 see also ergodic capacity signal constellations see also QAM; QPSK constellation mappers, 160 constellation rotation, 154, 158 constellation size, 147, 148, 154 multi-user MIMO, 234 non-liner alternative, 155 and STTC, 152 uncoded MIMO, 187, 190 signal integration, correlation and summation, 236 signal-processing algorithms, 141, 176 signal subspace components, 277 see also subspace trackers signaling waveforms, multi-user MIMO, 234, 244 simulation parameters precoder evaulation, 122, space time multi-user detectors, 253 single-beam schemes, single-layer codes, single-mode beamforming, 114, 124 single-user MIMO channel capacity, multiple input and output channels, 43 open problems, 49 receiver design, single-user SISO MAP decoder, SINR, 3, 69, 287 SISO (single-input single-output) interference channel analysis, 73 MIMO capacity increase over, 35, 38, 48, 95 multiple output conversion, 41 and STTC, 152 SI/SO (soft input/soft output) MAP decoders, 257, 265, SNR and constellation size, 148 and correlated channel capacity, 46 7 and data rate, for antenna configurations, 2 error probability as a function of, 146 and EXIT functions, 218 and MIMO BC feedback, 63 MMSE receivers, 243 and perfect CSIT, 95 6 precoding and channel capacity, 104, 121 relation to FER, 7 and spatial and temporal CSIT, 95 and sum rate capacity, 65 soft decisions, 209, 249 soft-decoding, 208, 257, 262 soft estimates, 216, 265, 267 soft output, 268 SPA, , space-selectivity, broadband wireless, 143 space time matched filters see matched filtering spatial CSIT, 95 spatial correlation model, 44 6 spatial diversity, 254 spatial diversity gain, 2 3, 140, 145, 175 spatial fading correlation, 6 7 spatial interference, 196, 203, 205, 216 spatial multiplexing, 11, and antenna numbers, 144 cellular wireless networks, 16 encoder structures, 100 1, 103 input-shaping matrix, 109, 122 and MMSE receivers, 108 system capacity, 104 and wireless standards, 131 spatial multiplexing gain, 3, 35 spatial signatures, was 5, 17 spatially white fading model, 43 see also ZMSW spectral diversity, 254 sphere decoder algorithm, spread-spectrum signaling, 234 standards, 18 19, 49 3G cellular standards, 234 and precoding, 122, STC, 156 statistical CSIT, 94, 96, 98 precoder design, precoder performance, STBC, 101 3, see also Alamouti codes FDE-STBC, 154, frequency-selective channel, 154 input-shaping matrix, 109

8 322 STBC (cont.) integration of equalization and decoding, 163 linear diversity and ST detectors, 275 and MMSE receivers, 108 orthogonal and quasi orthogonal, 101, 123, 153 system capacity, 104 and TCP, 173 STC, 20, see also STBC; STTC adaptive techniques, applications, and computational complexity, 243, 261 design criteria, differential STC, 167 diversity-embedded STC, and diversity gain, 260, 264 factor graphs, 207 and multi-user detection, novel non-linear quaternionic code, non-coherent techniques, optimal rate diversity trade-off, 176 orthogonal space time codes, 46 partitioned receivers, and precoding, 88 signal model, and spatial multiplexing, 100, 101, 131 suboptimal receiver structures, 261 steepest descent method, stochastic precoding design criteria see Group 1 criteria STTC (space time trellis codes), 151 3, 162, 175, 270 subspace trackers, 275, 280, 286 successive decoding, 41, 53 5, 58, 60 successive interference cancellation, 51, 58, 70 sufficient statistics, 235, 241, 252 sum product algorithm, 199, 201 2, 226 sum rate capacity, 65 super codewords, SVD (singular value decomposition), 33, 110 symbol error probability, 190 symbols, xii xiii synchronous systems, 278 9, system capacity and ergodic capacity, 104 Tanner graphs, TCP, TDD operation, 39, 51, 91, 127 TDMA transmission, 50, 64 5, 67 8 Telatar s conjecture, 40 temporal correlations, 44 temporal CSIT, 95 3G cellular systems, 234, 245 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), 132 time-reversal STBC, 154 time-selective fading, 6 time-selectivity, 143 time-varying channels, 26 8, 147 Tomlinson-Harashima precoder, 132 trade-offs see also complexity-performance; diversity-multiplexing; performance-complexity and rate diversity convergence-ease of implementation, 252 trade-off curve, 10, 11, 149 training for multiple antenna systems, 48, 150 training sequence embedding, 162 transceiver design, transmission block length, transmission rates, 7, 14 transmit antenna correlation see correlation CSIT transmit correlation matrix, 124 transmit covariance matrix, 52 transmit delivery techniques, 12 transmit diversity, 11 13, transmit precoding, 33, 35, 98, 133 see also precoding and transmitter structure, trellis codes, 151 2, 194 5, 257, 270 STTC, 151 3, 162, 175 super trellises, 260 turbo algorithms, 199, 208, 210, 220, 226 turbo coding, 65, 104, 149, decoders, 214, turbo receiver implementations, 224 TWLK graphs, 194 5, 208 UEP, 168 uncoded MIMO reception, , unicast, 50 uplink channels see MAC MIMO user capacity, ST detection, 285 user cooperation diversity, 74 V-BLAST, virtual antenna arrays, 18, 73 virtual MIMO see distributed MIMO Viterbi algorithm, 260 Viterbi decoders, 122, 262 VLSI, 190 Voronoi regions, 32, 42 water-filling algorithms constant channel MIMO, 34 5 correlation CSIT, dynamic water-filling, fading channel MIMO, 36, 48 frequency-selective fading channels, 47 8 iterative water-filling, 56, 62 limitations, 54 MIMO BC, 69 perfect CSIT, 95, 112 power allocation in precoders, 112, 114 6, 121, 123, 133 water-filling gains, 126 WCDMA, 140, 149, 153 WiMAX environments, wireless networks, 15 see also cellular systems ad hoc wireless, 17 18, 69 73

9 323 and Alamouti scheme, 153 WLAN, 18, 122, 131 wireless standards see standards Wyner model, 68 zero stuffing, 144 ZF receivers, 13, 187, 203, 242 3, 246 zero-forcing V BLAST, 205 ZMSW model, 31 2, 44, 48 cooperative communication, 74 fading channel MIMO, 56 fading MIMO, 36 40