Table of Contents. Acknowledgments... XVII Prologue... 1

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1 Introduction to Spread-Spectrum Communications By Roger L. Peterson (Motorola), Rodger E. Ziemer (University of Co. at Colorado Springs), and David E. Borth (Motorola) Prentice Hall, 1995 (Navtech order #2430) Table of Contents Preface...XIII Acknowledgments... XVII Prologue... 1 Chapter 1 Basic Digital Communications Concepts Introduction Detection of binary signals in additive white Gaussian noise Coherent modulation schemes Noncoherent modulation schemes Signal detection in geometric terms Gram-Schmidt procedure Geometric view of signal detection M-ary phase shift keying Coherent M-ary frequency shift keying M-ary quadrature amplitude shift keying Differentially coherent phase-shift keying Noncoherent M-ary FSK Hybrid modulation schemes Comparison of modulation schemes Bandwidth efficiency Power efficiency Signaling through fading channels Summary References Problems Chapter 2: Introduction to Spread Spectrum Systems Introduction Two communications problems Pulse-noise jamming Low probability of detection Direct sequence spread spectrum Frequency hop spread spectrum Coherent slow frequency hop spread spectrum Noncoherent slow frequency hop spread spectrum Noncoherent fast frequency hop spread spectrum Hybrid direct sequence/frequency hop spread spectrum Complex envelope representation of spread spectrum systems Summary References Problems Chapter 3: Binary Shift Register Sequences for Spread Spectrum Systems... 89

2 3.1 Introduction Definitions, mathematical background and sequence generator fundamentals Definitions Finite field arithmetic Sequence generator fundamentals State machine representation of shift register generators Maximal length sequences Properties of m-sequences Power spectrum of m-sequences Tables of polynomials yielding m-sequences Partial autocorrelation properties of m-sequences Power spectrum of c(t)c(t+h) Generation of specific delays of an m-sequence Gold codes Nonlinear code generators Summary References Problems Chapter 4: Code Tracking Loops Introduction Optimum tracking of wideband signals Baseband delay lock tracking loop Noncoherent delay lock tracking loop Tau-dither noncoherent tracking loop Double-dither noncoherent tracking loop Noncoherent delay lock tracking loop with arbitrary data and Spreading modulation Code tracking loops for frequency hop systems Summary References Problems Chapter 5: Initial Synchronization of the Receiver Spreading Code Introduction Problem definition and the optimum synchronizer Serial search synchronization techniques Calculation of the mean and variance of synchronization time Modified sweep strategies Continuous linear sweep of the uncertainty region Detection of a signal in additive white Gaussian noise Generalized analysis of average synchronization time Synchronization using a matched filter Synchronization by estimating the received spreading code Tracking loop pull-in Summary References Problems Chapter 6: Performance of Spread Spectrum Systems in Jamming Environments Introduction...319

3 6.2 Spread spectrum communication system model Performance of spread spectrum systems without coding Performance in AWGN or barrage noise jamming Performance in partial band jamming Performance in pulsed noise jamming Performance in single tone jamming Performance in multiple tone jamming Conclusions Summary References Problems Chapter 7: Performance of Spread Spectrum Systems with Forward Error Correction Introduction Elementary block coding concepts Basic concepts Optimum decoding rule Calculation of error probability Elementary convolutional coding concepts Basic concepts Definition of a convolutional code Decoding convolutional codes Viterbi algorithm Decoding and bit error probability Other topics Results for specific error correction codes BCH codes Reed-Solomon codes Maximum free distance convolutional codes Repeat coding for the hard decision FH/MFSK channel Interleaving Coding bounds Error probability bounds using the channel parameter D Computational cutoff rate Ro Summary References Problems Chapter 8: Introduction to Fading Channels Introduction Statistical model of fading General fading channel model WSSUS fading channels Doubly spread channels Time selective fading channels Frequency selective fading channels Nondispersive fading channels Characterization of the mobile radio channel time selective fading Frequency selective fading Mobile radio path loss...488

4 8.3.4 Shadowing Coverage reliability Requirement for diversity in fading channels Diversity approaches Diversity combining methods Performance of maximal ratio combining Other diversity combining methods The Rake receiver Summary: The benefits of diversity Summary References Problems Chapter 9: Code Division Multiple Access Digital Cellular Systems Introduction Cellular radio concept Fundamentals of cellular radio systems Co-channel interference protection prediction Cellular concept revisited CDMA digital cellular systems General aspects of CDMA digital cellular systems Special aspects of CDMA digital cellular systems Specific examples of CDMA digital cellular systems North American DS-CDM digital cellular system (IS-95) Cooper and Nettleton DPSK-FHMA system Bell Labs multilevel FSK frequency hop system SFH900 system GSM-SFH digital cellular system Hybrid SFH TDMA/CDMA system for PCS applications Summary References Problems Chapter 10: Low Probability-of-Intercept Methods Introduction Nature of covert communications Energy detection in AWGN Optimum intercept receivers for spread spectrum signals Introduction Optimum intercept receiver for direct sequence spread spectrum Intercept receivers for frequency hop spread spectrum The OR/BMWD: Approximately optimum spread spectrum signal detector Estimation of spread spectrum signal parameters References Problems Appendix A: Summary of Phase-Locked Theory A-1 Introduction A-2 Phase-locked loop models and characteristics of operation A-2.1 Synchronized mode: linear operation A-2.2 Effects of noise...619

5 A-2.3 Phase-locked loop tracking of oscillators with phase noise A-2.4 Phase jitter plus noise effects A-2.5 Transient response A-2.6 Phase-locked loop acquisition A-2.7 Effects of transport delay A-3 Frequency Synthesis A-3.1 Introduction A-3.2 Digital synthesizer A-3.3 Direct synthesis A-3.4 Phase-locked frequency synthesizers References Appendix B: Gaussian Probability Function Reference Appendix C: Power Spectral Densities for sequences of Random Binary Digits and Random Tones Reference Appendix D: Calculation of the Power Spectrum of the Product of Two M-Sequences Reference Appendix E: Evaluation of Phase Discriminator Output Autocorrelation Functions and Power Spectra E-1 Noncoherent delay lock tacking loop E-2 Tau-dither noncoherent tracking loop References Appendix F: Numerical Approximations for the Chi-Squared Probability Distribution and Marcum s Q-Function F-1 Introduction F-2 Computation of the (Central) Chi-squared distribution F-3 Generalized Marcum s Q-Function F-4 Noncentral Chi-squared distribution References Appendix G: Mathematical Tables Index...689

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