Understanding UMTS Radio Network Modelling, Planning and Automated Optimisation

Transcription

1 Understanding UMTS Radio Network Modelling, Planning and Automated Optimisation Theory and Practice Edited by Maciej J. Nawrocki Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Mischa Dohler France Telecom R&D, France A. Hamid Aghvami King 'x College London, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

2 Preface Acknowledgments xjjj xvii List of Acronyms xix Notes on Editors and Contributors xxix PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Modern Approaches to Radio Network Modelling and Planning 3 Maciej J. Nawrocki, Mischa Dohler and A. Hamid Aghvami 1.1 Historical aspects of radio network planning Importance and limitations of modelling approaches Manual versus automated planning 7 References 9 2 Introduction to the UTRA FDD Radio Interface 11 Peter Could 2.1 Introduction to CDMA-based networks The UTRA FDD air interface Spreading codes Common physical channels Dedicated physical channels UTRA FDD key mechanisms Cell breathing and soft capacity Interference and power control Soft handover and compressed mode Parameters that require planning Signal path parameters Power allocation System settings 35 References 35

3 3 Spectrum and Service Aspects 37 Maciej J. Grzybkowski, Ziemowit Nevman and Martin Ney 3.1 Spectrum aspects Spectrum requirements for UMTS Spectrum identified for UMTS Frequency arrangements for the UMTS terrestrial component Operator spectrum demands Service features and characteristics 46 References 52 4 Trends for the Near Future 55 Maciej J. Nawrocki, Mischa Dohler and A. Hamid Aghvami 4.1 Introduction Systems yet to be deployed UTRA TDD TD-SCDMA Satellite segment Enhanced coverage Ultra High\sites (UHS) High Altitude Platform System (HAPS) Enhanced capacity Hierarchical Cell Structures (HCS) High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM) Heterogeneous approaches Wireless LANs Wireless MANs (WiMAX) Concluding Remarks 65 References 65 PART II MODELLING 67 5 Propagation Modelling 69 Kamil Staniec, Maciej J. Grzybkowski and Karsten Eliebach 5.1 Radio channels in wideband CDMA systems 69 5././ Electromagnetic wave propagation Wideband radio channel characterisation Introduction to deterministic methods in modelling WCDMA systems Deterministic methods: comparison of performance Application of empirical and deterministic models in picocell planning Techniques for indoor modelling Techniques for outdoor-to-indoor modelling Application of empirical and deterministic models in microcell planning ?./ COST 231 Walfisch-lkegami model Manhattan model Other microcellular propagation models 88

4 5.4 Application of empirical and deterministic models in macrocell planning Modified Hata >)() Other models Propagation models of interfering signals ITU-R 1546 model " TU-R 452 model Statistics in the Modified Hata model Radio propagation model calibration Tuning algorithms Single and multiple slope approaches 10X Appendix: Calculation of inverse complementary cumulative normal distribution function ] 10 References 11 ] Theoretical Models for UMTS Radio Networks 115 Hans-Florian Geerdes, Andreas Eisenhlatter, Piotr M. Slohodzian. Mikio Iwamura, Mischa Dohler. Rafal Zditnek, Peter Gould and Maciej J. Nawrocki 6.1 Antenna modelling Mobile terminal antenna modelling I Base station antenna modelling I is 6.2 Link level mode) Relation to other models Link level simulation chain Link level receiver components Link level receiver detectors \ Capacity considerations Capacity of a single cell system Downlink power-limited capacity Uplink power-limited capacity Static system level model Link level aspects Propagation data Equipment modelling Transmit powers and power control Sen'ices and user-specific properties Soft handover Complete mode! I4X Applications of a static system-level network model Power control at cell level Equation system solving Dynamic system level model / Similarities and differences between static and dynamic models Generic system model Input/output parameters Mobility models Traffic models Path loss models Shadowing models 16S

5 6.5.8 Modelling of small scale fading SIR calculation 170 References Business Modelling Goals and Methods 177 Marcin Ney 7.1 Business modelling goals New business planning Infrastructure development Budgeting Business modelling methods Trends and statistical approach Benchmarking and drivers Detailed quantitative models Other non-quantitative methods 182 References 183 PART III PLANNING Fundamentals of Business Planning for Mobile Networks 187 Marcin Ney 8.1 Process description Market analysis and forecasting Modelling the system Financial issues Recommendations Technical investment calculation CAPEX calculation methods OPEX calculation methods The role of drivers: Sanity checking Revenue and non-technical related investment calculation 198 H.3.1 Input parameters and assumptions Revenue calculation methods Non-technical related investments Business planning results Business plan output parameters Business plan assessment methods 200 References Fundamentals of Network Characteristics 203 Maciej J. Nawrocki 9.1 Power characteristics estimation Distance to home base station dependency Traffic load dependency Network capacity considerations Irregular base station distribution grid Improper antenna azimuth arrangement Required minimum network size for calculations 214 References 218

6 10 Fundamentals of Practical Radio Access Network Design 219 Ziemowit Neyman and Mischa Dottier 10.1 Introduction Input parameters Base station classification Hardware parameters Environmental specifics Technology essentials Network dimensioning Coverage versus capacity Cell coverage Cell Erlang capacity Detailed network planning Site-to-site distance and antenna height Site location Sectorisation Antenna and sector direction Electrical and mechanical tilt Temporal aspects in HCS 263 References Compatibility of UMTS Systems 271 Maciej J. Grzybkowski 11.1 Scenarios of interference Interference between UMTS and other systems Intra-system interference Approaches to compatibility calculations Principles of compatibility calculations Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) method Monte Carlo (MC) method Propagation models for compatibility calculations Characteristics of UTRA stations for the compatibility calculations Internal electromagnetic compatibility External electromagnetic compatibility UMTS TDD versus DECT WLL Compatibility between UMTS and Radio Astronomy Senice Compatibility between UMTS and MMDS International cross-border coordination Principles of coordination Propagation models for coordination calculations Application of preferential frequencies Use of preferential codes Examples of coordination agreements 301 References Network Design - Specialised Aspects 309 Marcin Ney, Peter Gould and Karsten Erlebach 12.1 Network infrastructure sharing Network sharing methods 309

7 Legal aspects Drivers for sharing Adjacent channel interference control Fundamentals of Ultra High Site deployment 318 References 320 PART IV OPTIMISATION Introduction to Optimisation of the UMTS Radio Network 323 Roni Abiri and Maciej J. Nawrocki 13.1 Automation of radio network optimisation What should be optimised and why? How do we benchmark the optimisation results? Location based information Sectors and network statistical data Cost and optimisation efforts 330 References Theory of Automated Network Optimisation 333 Alexander Gerdenitsch, Andreas Eisenblatter, Hans-Florian Geerdes, Roni Abiri, Michael Livschitz, Ziemowit Neyman and Maciej J. Nawrocki 14.1 Introduction From practice to optimisation models Optimisation techniques Optimisation parameters for static models Site location and configuration Antenna related parameter CPICH power Optimisation targets and objective function Coverage Capacity Soft handover areas and pilot pollution Cost of implementation Combination and further possibilities Additional practical and technical constraints Example of objective function properties Network optimisation with evolutionary algorithms Genetic algorithms Evolution strategies Practical implementation of GA for tilt and CPICH Optimisation without simulation Geometry-based configuration methods Coverage-driven approaches Advanced models Expected coupling matrices Comparison and suitability of algorithms General strategies Discussion of methods Combination of methods 375 References 375

8 15 Automatic Network Design 379 Roni Abiri, Ziemowit Neyman, Andreas Eisenb/atter and Hans-Florian Geerdes 15.1 The key challenges in UMTS network optimisation Problem definition Matching UMTS coverage to GSM Supporting high bit rale data seirices 38 I Handling dual technology networks Engineering case studies for network optimisation Example network description Pre-launched (unloaded) network optimisation Loaded network optimisation Case study: optimising base station location and parameters Data setting Optimisation approach Results Conclusions 402 References Auto-tuning of RRM Parameters in UMTS Networks 405 Zwi Altman, HeiTe Dubreil, Ridha Nasri. Ouassim Ben Amor, Jean-Marc Picard. Vincent Diascorn and Maurice Clerc 16.1 Introduction Radio resource management for controlling network quality Auto-tuning of RRM parameters Parameter selection for auto-tuning Target selection for auto-tuning Fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) Case study: Auto-tuning of macrodiversity Optimisation strategies of the auto-tuning process Off-line optimisation using Particle Swarm approach On-line optimisation using reinforcement learning Conclusions 425 Acknowledgement 425 References UTRAN Transmission Infrastructure Planning and Optimisation 427 Karsten Erlebach, Zbigniew Jdskiewicz and Marcin Ney 17.1 Introduction Short UTRAN oven-iew Requirements for UTRAN transmission infrastructure Protocol solutions for UTRAN transmission infrastructure Main considerations for ATM layer protocols in current 3G networks MPLS-architecture for future 3G transmissions The path to direct IP transmission networking End-to-end transmission dimensioning approach Dimensioning of Node B throughput Traffic dimensioning of the ATM network Traffic dimensioning of the IP-Network 452

9 17.4 Network solutions for UTRAN transmission infrastructure Leased lines Point-to-point systems Point-to-multipoint systems - LMDS WiMAX as a potential UTRAN backhaul solution Efficient use of WiMAX in UTRAN Dimensioning of WiMAX for UTRAN infrastructure All Current WiMAX limitations Cost-effective radio solution for UTRAN infrastructure RF planning aspects Throughput dimensioning Methods of finding optimal LMDS network configurations Costs evaluation of UTRAN infrastructure - software example Example calculations and comparison of results 487 References 493 Concluding Remarks 497 Index 501