Contents. Preface to the Third Edition

Transcription

1

2 Contents Preface to the Third Edition xvii Chapter 1 Importance of Antennas in Mobile Systems and Recent Trends Introduction Trends Mobile Systems Increasing Information Flow Propagation Modern Mobile Antenna Design Objectives of This Book 19 References 22 Chapter 2 Essential Techniques in Mobile Antenna Systems Design Mobile Communication Systems Technologies in Mobile Communications Frequencies Used in Mobile Systems System Design and Antennas Fundamentals in Land Mobile Propagation Propagation Problems in Land Mobile Communications Multipath Propagation Fundamentals Classification of Multipath Propagation Models: NB, WB, and UWB Spatio-Temporal Propagation Channel Model Relation Between Space Correlation Characteristics and Space Diversity Effect Propagation Modeling for OFDM Propagation Studies for UWB 50 References 51 vii

3 viii Chapter 3 Advances in Mobile Propagation Prediction Methods Introduction Macrocells Definition of Parameters Empirical Path Loss Models Physical Models Comparison of Models Computerized Planning Tools Conclusions Microcells Dual-Slope Empirical Models Physical Models Nonline-of-Sight Models Microcell Propagation Models: Discussion Microcell Shadowing Conclusions Picocells Empirical Models of Propagation Within Buildings Empirical Models of Propagation into Buildings Physical Models of Indoor Propagation Constitutive Parameters for Physical Models Propagation in Picocells: Discussion Multipath Effects Conclusions Megacells Shadowing and Fast Fading Local Shadowing Effects Empirical Narrowband Models Statistical Models Physical-Statistical Models for Built-Up Areas Wideband Models Multisatellite Correlations Overall Mobile-Satellite Channel Model The Future Intelligent Antennas Multidimensional Channel Models High-Resolution Data Analytical Formulations Physical-Statistical Channel Modeling Real-Time Channel Predictions Overall 136 References 137

4 ix Chapter 4 Antennas for Base Stations Basic Techniques for Base Station Antennas System Requirements Types of Antennas Radio Zone Design Diversity Design and Practice of Japanese Systems Multiband Antennas Remote Beam Tilting System Antennas for Radio Blind Areas Antennas for CDMA Systems Adaptive Antenna Systems Personal Handy Phone System W-OAM i-burst System Experimental System of Adaptive Array for WCDMA Experimental System of Adaptive Array for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Design and Practice II (European Systems) Antenna Configurations Antenna Solutions Antenna Units Antenna Development Trends 203 References 208 Chapter 5 Antennas for Mobile Terminals Basic Techniques for Mobile Terminal Antennas General Brief Historical Review of Design Concept Modern Antenna Technology Design and Practice of Antennas for Handsets I Some Fundamental Issues Various Multiband Antenna Concepts Antenna Integration and Some Practical Issues The Multichannel Antenna Applications Human Body Interaction with Terminal Antennas and Some Measurement Methods Design and Practice of Antennas for Handsets Multiband and Broad Band Antenna Technologies Diversity Antenna Technologies Antenna Technologies Mitigating Human Body Effect Antenna Technologies for Reducing SAR 298

5 x Technique of Omitting Balun Technology of Downsizing PIFA Evaluation of Antenna Performance Measurement Method Using Optical Fiber 309 References 313 Chapter 6 Radio Frequency Exposure and Compliance Standards for Mobile Communication Devices Introduction Physical Parameters Types of RF Safety Standards Exposure Standards ICNIRP IEEE C Similarities and Differences Between the 1998 ICNIRP Guidelines and IEEE C Regulations Based on Older Standards Compliance Standards Main Features of IEEE (Including 1528a-2005) and IEC Other Standards Related to Mobile Communication Discussion and Conclusions 339 References 341 Chapter 7 Applications of Modern EM Computational Techniques: Antennas and Humans in Personal Communications Introduction Definition of Design Parameters for Handset Antennas Absorbed Power and Specific Absorption Rate Directivity and Gain Antenna Impedance and S Finite-Difference Time-Domain Formulation Eigenfunction Expansion Method EEM Implementation Hybridization of the EEM and MoM Results Using EEM Human Head Model EM Interaction Characterizations Effects of Size of the Head Model: Adult and Child Comparison Between Homogeneous and Multilayered Spheres Vertical Location of Antennas Comparison with EEM and FDTD 364

6 xi Anatomical Head Versus Spherical Head Directional Antennas High-Frequency Effect Results Using the FDTD Method Tissue Models Input Impedance and the Importance of the Hand Position Gain Patterns Near Fields and SAR Assessment of Dual-Antenna Handset Diversity Performance Dual-Antenna Handset Geometries Simulated Assessment of Diversity Performance Experimental Assessment of Diversity Performance Results 394 References 396 Chapter 8 Digital TV Antennas for Land Vehicles Reception Systems Digital Television Services in Japan Problems of Mobile Reception Diversity Reception Methods Demonstration Digital Television Antennas Quarter Glass Antenna for a Van Thin Antenna Omnidirectional Pattern Synthesis Technique for a Car Antennas Currently on the Market 410 References 415 Chapter 9 Antennas for the Bullet Train Introduction Train Radio Communication Systems Antenna Systems LCX Cable Train Antenna 421 References 425 Chapter 10 Antennas for ITS General Antenna Design Communication Beam Coverage Antenna Fundamental Design 431

7 xii Microstrip Antenna Design Communication Coverage Multiple Reflections Field Strength in Communication Area Multiple Reflections from Canopies Mitigation Using an Absorber at the ETC Gate Propagation in DSRC Coverage Data Rate of DSRC Antennas for DSRC Applications for DSRC 453 References 457 Chapter 11 Antennas for Mobile Satellite Systems Introduction System Requirements for Vehicle Antennas Mechanical Characteristics Electrical Characteristics Propagation Problems Omnidirectional Antennas for Mobile Satellite Communications Overview Quadrifilar Helical Antenna Crossed-Drooping Dipole Antenna Patch Antenna Directional Antennas for Mobile Satellite Communications Antennas for INMARSAT Directional Antennas in the ETS-V Program Airborne Phased Array Antenna in the Domestic Satellite Phone Program Directional Antennas in the MSAT Program Directional Antennas in the Ku-Band CBB Program Antenna Systems for GPS General Requirements for GPS Antennas Quadrifilar Helical Antennas Microstrip Antennas Multiband Antennas for Future GPS/ITS Services Slot Ring Multiband Antenna for Future Dual Bands (L 1,L 2 ) GPS Microstrip Multiband Antennas for GPS, VICS, and DSRC Satellite Constellation Systems and Antenna Requirements Constellation Systems and Demands on Antenna Design Handset Antennas for Satellite Systems 526 References 538

8 xiii Chapter 12 UWB Antennas UWB Systems: Introduction Requirements for UWB Antennas Basic Principle of UWB Antennas Modeling and Structure of Feeding Points Current Distributions of Circular Disc Monopole Antenna Characteristics of Popular UWB Antennas Three-Dimensional UWB Antennas Planar UWB Antennas CPW Feed Multilayer Technologies Band-Rejection for Coexistence with Other Wireless Systems Wire-Structured UWB Antennas and Wire-Grid Modeling Simulation High Efficiency Moment Method UWB Antennas in Specific Wireless Environments UWB Antennas Used in Unlicensed and Autonomous Wireless Environments Measurements of Multipath Propagation Environments for UWB Antennas Transmission Characteristics of UWB Antennas and Effects of the Human Body UWB Antennas Near the Human Body UWB Antenna Evaluation Indexes UWB Antenna Measurements Radiation Pattern Measurements Impedance Measurements Scale Model Measurements Impedance Measurements with Two Coaxial Cables Integrated Antenna Design Approach Based on LSI Technology Radio Wave Resource Sharing with Technology Leadership and the Role of the Antenna 583 References 584 Chapter 13 Antennas for RFID The Characteristics of an RFID System What Is RFID? Operating Frequencies Operating Principles Read Range Reader Antennas Fixed Reader Mobile Reader 599

9 xiv 13.3 Tag Antennas Structure of a Tag Antenna Impedance Matching Tags on Metallic Surface Bandwidth-Enhanced Tag Antennas SAW Tags Measurement of Tag Antennas Measurement of the Tag Antenna Impedance Read Range Measurement Efficiency Measurement 615 References 616 Chapter 14 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Systems Introduction Diversity in Wireless Communications Time Diversity Frequency Diversity Space Diversity Multiantenna Systems MIMO Systems Channel Capacity of the MIMO Systems Channel Known at the Transmitter Water-Filling Algorithm Channel Unknown at the Transmitter Alamouti Scheme Diversity-Multiplexing Trade-Off MIMO Under an Electromagnetic Viewpoint Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study Case Study Conclusions 643 References 644 Chapter 15 Smart Antennas Definition Why Smart Antennas? Introduction Background 652

10 xv 15.5 Beam Forming Minimum Mean Square Error Minimum Variance Distortionless Response Direct Data Domain Least Squares (D 3 LS) Approaches to Adaptive Processing Based on a Single Snapshot of Data Eigenvalue Method Forward Method Backward Method Forward-Backward Method Simulations Conclusion 671 References 671 Appendix A Glossary 675 A.1 Catalog of Antenna Types 675 A.1.1 Linear Antennas 676 A.1.2 Material Loading 678 A.1.3 Planar Antenna 679 A.1.4 Broadband and Multiband Antennas 680 A.1.5 Balance-Unbalance Transforming 681 A.1.6 Arrays and Diversity Systems 681 A.1.7 Recent Innovative Concepts 682 References 682 A.1.8 Key to Symbols and Acronyms Used in Sections A.2 to A A.2 Land Mobile Systems 704 A.2.1 Automobiles 704 A.2.2 Portable Equipment 711 A.2.3 Trains 718 A.2.4 Base Stations 719 A.2.5 Satellite Systems 723 A.2.6 UWB 727 A.2.7 RFID 729 A.3 Typical Antenna Types and Their Applications 732 Acronyms and Abbreviations 735 List of Contributors 739 Index 747