Principles of Space- Time Adaptive Processing 3rd Edition. By Richard Klemm. The Institution of Engineering and Technology

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1 Principles of Space- Time Adaptive Processing 3rd Edition By Richard Klemm The Institution of Engineering and Technology

2 Contents Biography Preface to the first edition Preface to the second edition Preface to the third edition xv xvii xxi xxiii 1 Introduction Preliminary remarks Basics ofmtiradar One-dimensional clutter cancellation Aspects of air-and spaceborne radar Impact of platform motion Some notes on phased array radar Systems and experiments Validity of modeis Historical overview Radar signal processing tools The optimum processor Orthogonal projection Linear subspace transforms Clutter suppression with digital filters Examples Angle or frequency domain processing Spectral estimation Signal match (SM) Minimum variance estimator, MVE Maximum entropy method, MEM Orthogonal projection, MUSIC Comparison of spectral estimators Summary 50

3 viii Contents 2 Signal and interference modeis Transmit and receive process The Doppler effect Space-time Signals The spatial dimension: array geometry The temporal dimension: pulse trains Interference Ground clutter Moving clutter Jamming Noise Decorrelation effects Temporal decorrelation Spatial decorrelation: effect of System bandwidth Doppler spread within ränge gate System Doppler spread Total correlation model The Standard parameter set Multiple-time around clutter Remark on image quality Summary 69 3 Properties of airborne clutter Space-Doppler characteristics Isodops Doppler-azimuth clutter trajectories The space-time covariance matrix The components The displaced phase centre antenna (DPCA) principle Eigenspectra Power spectra Fourier spectra High-resolution spectra Effect of radar parameters on interference spectra Array orientation Temporal and spatial sampling Decorrelation effects Clutter and jammer spectra Aspects of adaptive space-time clutter rejection Illustration of the principle Some conclusions Summary 118

4 Contents ix 4 Fully adaptive space-time processors Introduction General description The Optimum adaptive processor (OAP) The orthogonal projection processor (OPP) Optimum processing and motion compensation Principle of RF motion compensation Correction patterns Interrelation with the Optimum processor Influence of radar parameters Transmit beamwidth Array and sample size Sampling effects Influence of the CNR Bandwidth effects Moving clutter Range-Doppler IF matrix Summary Space-time subspace techniques Principle of space-time subspace transforms The auxiliary eigenvector processor (AEP) Comparison with the optimum adaptive processor (OAP) Reduction of the number of Channels Bandwidth effects Auxiliary Channel processor (ACP) Comparison with optimum processor Reduction of the number of Channels Bandwidth effects Other space-time transforms Single auxiliary elements and echo samples transform Space-time sample subgroups Space-time blocking matrices TheJDL-GLR Aspects of implementation General properties Auxiliary eigenvector processor Auxiliary Channel processor Summary Spatial transforms for linear arrays Subarrays Overlapping uniform subarrays (OUS) Effect of subarray displacement Non-uniform subarrays Auxiliary sensor techniques 191

5 x Contents Symmetrie auxiliary sensor configuration (SAS) Bandwidth effects Asymmetrie auxiliary sensor configuration Optimum planar antennas Other techniques Spatial blocking matrix transform S-A-processing CPCT Processing Summary Adaptive space-time digital filters Least Squares FIR filters Principle of space-time least Squares FIR filters Füll antennaarray Spatial transforms and FIR nltering Impact of radar parameters Sample size Decorrelation effects Depth of the clutter noteh Computation of the filter coefficients Other filter techniques FIR filters for spatial and temporal dimension The projeetion technique Space-time HR filters Adaptive DPCA (ADPCA) Summary Antenna related aspects Introduction Non-linear array configurations Circular planar arrays Randomly spaced arrays Conformal arrays Array coneepts with omnidirectional coverage Four linear arrays Circular ring arrays Horizontal planar arrays STAP and conventional MTI processing Introduction Linear arrays Circular planar array Volume array Other antenna related aspects Sparse arrays for spacebased radar Polarisation-space-time processing Radome effects 286

6 Contents xi Alternating transmit approach Summary Space-frequency processing Introduction The auxiliary space-time Channel processor (ACP) The Symmetrie auxiliary sensor/echo processor Computing the inverses of the spectral covariance matrices Frequency domain FIR filier (FDFF) Frequency-dependent spatial processing (FDSP) Spatial blocking matrices Comparison of processors Angle-Doppler subgroups General description Comparison angle-doppler subgroup architectures with other techniques Other post-doppler techniques Summary Radar ambiguities Range ambiguities Multiple-time-around clutter, linear arrays Multiple-time-around clutter, circular planar arrays Doppler ambiguities Preliminaries Clutter and target modeis Pseudorandom staggering Quadratic staggering Impact of platform acceleration Space-time FIR filter processing Summary STAP under jamming conditions Introduction Simultaneous Jammer and clutter cancellation Optimum adaptive processing (OAP) Coherent repeaterjammers Space-time auxiliary Channel processors Spatial auxiliary Channel processors Circular arrays with subarray processing Adaptive space-time processing versus temporal clutter filtering Two-dimensional arrays in multi-jammer scenarios Separate jammer and clutter cancellation Optimum jammer cancellation and auxiliary Channel clutter filter Jammer and clutter auxiliary Channel Alters cascaded Jamming in the range-doppler IF matrix 369

7 xii Contents 11.6 Terrain scatteredjamming Transmit waveform Adaptive multipath cancellation Summary Space-time processing for bistatic radar Effect of bistatic radar on STAP processing Discussion of the bistatic clutter Doppler Numerical examples Realistic bistatic geometries (tandem coniiguration) Two aircraft with aligned flight paths Two aircraft with parallel flight paths (horizontal across-track) Two aircraft, transmitter above receiver (vertical across-track) A note on ränge dependence Ambiguities in bistatic STAP radar Range ambiguities Range and Doppler ambiguities Use of sparse arrays in bistatic spaceborne GMTI radar Introduction DPCA in bistatic configurations Some numerical examples Comparison with fully filled array Summary Interrelated problems in SAR and ISAR Clutter rejection for multichannel ISAR Models Space-time FIR fütering Effect of clutter cancellation on ISAR resolution Jammer nulling for multichannel radar/sar Models Comparison of modeis MV spectra of Jammers and noise Space-TIME FIR filter approach Effect of broadband Jammer cancellation on SAR resolution Summary Target parameter estimation CRB for space-time ML estimation Theprinciple The Cramer-Rao bound Some properties of the Cramer-Rao bound Impact of radar parameters on the CRB Environmental effects Impact of System parameters Order reducing transform processors 442

8 Contents xiii Conventional processing Space-time transforms Spatial transforms Auxiliary sensor/echo processing (ASEP) Space-time monopulse processing Nickel 's approach Numerical examples Ground target tracking with monopulse radar Summary Influence of the radar equation Fundamentals From notional radar concepts to realistic Operation The radar equation SNIR and probability of detection Mapping SNIR onto probability of detection Numerical examples Optimum space-time processing at subarray level Suboptimum space-time processors One-dimensional processing Summary Special aspects of airborne MTI radar Antenna array errors Tolerances of sensor positions Array Channel errors Channel equalisation Range dependence of clutter Doppler Impact on adaptation and filtering Doppler compensation Aspects of implementation Comparison of techniques in terms of computational complexity Comparison of pre-and post-doppler architectures Effect of short-time data processing Inclusion of signal in adaptation Homogeneity of clutter background Non-adaptive space-time filtering Further limitations Adaptive algorithms Approximations of the optimum processor QR-decomposition Orthogonal projection algorithms Alternative processor concepts Least Squares predictive transform Direct datadomain (D 3 ) approaches Frequency hopping 542

9 xiv Contents 16.6 Summary 542 A Sonar applications 545 A.l Introduction 545 A.2 Signal processing in the modal environment 546 A.2.1 Signal modeis 547 A.2.2 Extension to space-time matched field processing 552 A.3 Active sonar application: suppression of reverberation 554 A.4 Estimation of target position and velocity 556 A.4.1 Influence of surface fluctuations 558 A.4.2 Application: a multistatic CW surveillance system 558 A.5 Summary 558 Bibliography 559 Glossary 615 Index 620

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