ANTENNA THEORY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

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1 ANTENNA THEORY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN THIRD EDITION Constantine A. Balanis WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS. INC.. PUBLICATION

2 ial iel pi ial ial ial IBl ial ial ial pi Sl Contents Preface Xlll 1 Antennas 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types of Antennas 1.3 Radiation Mechanism 1.4 Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna 1.5 Historical Advancement 1.6 Multimedia 2 Fundamental Parameters of Antennas 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Radiation Pattern 2.3 Radiation Power Density 2.4 Radiation Intensity 2.5 Beamwidth 2.6 Directivity 2.7 Numerical Techniques 2.8 Antenna Efficiency 2.9 Gain 2.10 Beam Efficiency 2.11 Bandwidth 2.12 Polarization 2.13 Input Impedance 2.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency 2.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas 2.16 Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area 2.17 Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation 2.18 Antenna Temperature 2.19 Multimedia VII

3 Viii CONTENTS 3 Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions Introduction The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J The Vector Potential F for a Magnetic Current Source M Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M) Current Sources Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation Far-Field Radiation Duality Theorem Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems Linear Wire Antennas Introduction Infinitesimal Dipole Small Dipole Region Separation Finite Length Dipole Half-Wavelength Dipole Linear Elements Near or on Infinite Perfect Conductors Ground Effects Computer Codes Multimedia Loop Antennas Introduction Small Circular Loop Circular Loop of Constant Current Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops Polygonal Loop Antennas Ferrite Loop Mobile Communication Systems Applications Multimedia Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular Introduction Two-Element Array N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing /V-Element Linear Array: Directivity 313

4 CONTENTS JX 6.5 Design Procedure iv-element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution Af-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude Superdirectivity Planar Array Design Considerations Circular Array Multimedia Antenna Synthesis and Continuous Sources Introduction Continuous Sources Schelkunoff Polynomial Method Fourier Transform Method Woodward-Lawson Method Taylor Line-Source (Tschebyscheff-Error) Taylor Line-Source (One-Parameter) Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions Line-Source Phase Distributions Continuous Aperture Sources Multimedia Integral Equations, Moment Method, and Self and Mutual Impedances Introduction Integral Equation Method Finite Diameter Wires Moment Method Solution Self-Impedance Mutual Impedance Between Linear Elements Mutual Coupling in Arrays Multimedia Broadband Dipoles and Matching Techniques Introduction Biconical Antenna Triangular Sheet. Bow-Tie, and Wire Simulation Cylindrical Dipole 508

5 X CONTENTS 9.5 Folded Dipole Discone and Conical Skirt Monopole Matching Techniques Multimedia Traveling Wave and Broadband Antennas Introduction Traveling Wave Antennas Broadband Antennas Multimedia Frequency Independent Antennas, Antenna Miniaturization, and Fractal Antennas Introduction Theory Equiangular Spiral Antennas Log-Periodic Antennas Fundamental Limits of Electrically Small Antennas Fractal Antennas Multimedia Aperture Antennas Introduction Field Equivalence Principle: Huygens' Principle Radiation Equations Directivity Rectangular Apertures Circular Apertures Design Considerations Babinet's Principle Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna Theory Ground Plane Edge Effects: The Geometrical Theory of Diffraction Multimedia Horn Antennas Introduction Plane Sectoral Horn 739

6 CONHN1S XI //-['lane Sectoral Horn P\ramidal Horn Conical Horn Corrugated Horn Aperture-Matched lion Multimode Horns Dielectric-Loaded Horn Phase Center Multimedia 75> 7d l ) 783 7K5 7 ( >2 7'M 79') 802 S02 S(I5 14 Microstrip Antennas Introduction 81 I 14.2 Rectangular Patch Circular Patch Quality [-'actor. Bandwidth, and Efficient') Input Impedance Coupling Circular Polarization S5'J 14.8 Arrays and Iced Networks Multimedia 872 S Reflector Antennas Introduction Plane Reflector Corner Reflector Parabolic Reflector Spherical Reflector Multimedia Smart Antennas Introduction Smart-Antenna Analog) Cellular Radio Systems Evolution Signal Propagation Smart Antennas' Benefits Smart Antennas' Drawbacks Antenna Antenna Bcamforming Mobile Ad hoc Networks IMANETSI M Smart-Antenna Swem Design. Simulation, and Results l )S2

7 XII CONTENTS Beamforming, Diversity Combining, Rayleigh-Fading, and Trellis-Coded Modulation Other Geometries Multimedia 17 Antenna Measurements 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Antenna Ranges 17.3 Radiation Patterns 17.4 Gain Measurements 17.5 Directivity Measurements 17.6 Radiation Efficiency 17.7 Impedance Measurements 17.8 Current Measurements 17.9 Polarization Measurements Scale Model Measurements Appendix I: f(x) = 1049 Appendix II: sin (A 7 *) N si N = 1,3,5,10, Appendix III: Appendix IV: Appendix V: Appendix VI: Appendix VII: Appendix VIII: Appendix IX: Index Cosine and Sine Integrals Fresnel Integrals Bessel Functions Identities Vector Analysis Method of Stationary Phase Television, Radio, Telephone, and Radar Frequency Spectrums

ANTENNA THEORY. Analysis and Design. CONSTANTINE A. BALANIS Arizona State University. JOHN WILEY & SONS New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore

ANTENNA THEORY. Analysis and Design. CONSTANTINE A. BALANIS Arizona State University. JOHN WILEY & SONS New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore ANTENNA THEORY Analysis and Design CONSTANTINE A. BALANIS Arizona State University JOHN WILEY & SONS New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore Contents Preface xv Chapter 1 Antennas 1 1.1 Introduction