Antennas and Propagation. Chapter 1: Introduction
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1 Antennas and Propagation : Introduction
2 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices/mimo 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 2
3 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices, MIMO 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 3
4 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices, MIMO 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 4
5 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices/mimo 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 5
6 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices/mimo 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 6
7 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices/mimo 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 7
8 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices/mimo 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 8
9 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices/mimo 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 9
10 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices/mimo 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 10
11 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices/mimo 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 11
12 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices/mimo 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 12
13 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices/mimo 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 13
14 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices/mimo 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 14
15 History of Antennas and Propagation Timeline 1870 Maxwell s Equations 80 Heinrich Hertz s Loop Experiment (1886) Guglielmo Marconi (1901) Transatlantic Transmission 10 Spark gap telegraphy 20 Audio broadcasting WWII: Microwave sources Radar 1950 MTS system in USA 60 Computers, Numerical CEM 70 Analog Cellular 80 GPS satellites launched 90 Digital cellular, wireless LAN 2000 Advanced integrated devices/mimo 10??? Antennas and Propagation Slide 15
16 Antennas Definition Antennas are transducers that convert electrical signals into propagating electromagnetic waves and vice versa. Analogy Sound: Speakers, Microphones Antennas and Propagation Slide 16
17 Basic Antenna System (1) Source Equivalent circuit that generates signals E.g. DSP, D/A converter, microwave oscillator, mixer V g Generator voltage Z g Generator input impedance Antennas and Propagation Slide 17
18 Basic Antenna System (2) Transmission Line Carries signals from source to antenna E.g. coaxial cable, waveguide, circuit board trace Propagating, standing waves can be present Antennas and Propagation Slide 18
19 Basic Antenna System (3) Antenna (Load) R L Power dissipated in the antenna, ohmic losses Rr Radiation resistance. Good loss! X A Reactance of antenna. Stored energy. Can make matching more difficult. Matching Important to ensure nearly all available power delivered to antenna. Antennas and Propagation Slide 19
20 Antenna Design Goals Should be low-loss = high efficiency Matched to a convenient impedance Radiate (or receive) power in right directions and polarizations Be as compact as possible Operate over required bandwidth Propagation aspects Right directions depends on environment User/nearby objects affect antenna operation Antennas and Propagation Slide 20
21 Importance of Good Antenna Design Analogy: Camera Antenna is like lens, camera optics Possible impairments: Dirt/scratches on lens Improper focus Inadequate lighting DSP techniques can enhance image But... impossible to restore lost information Well-designed antennas Provide huge improvement to later DSP algorithms and operations Can ease system constraints (e.g. filtering) Often must consider propagation environment for optimal solution Antennas and Propagation Slide 21
22 Antenna Types: Wire Antennas Wire Antennas Dipole Monopole Loop Properties Simple Low cost (a bent wire!) Efficient Single frequency Antennas and Propagation Slide 22
23 Antenna Types: Microstrip Antennas Microstrip Antennas Patch Spiral Properties Planar (low profile) Rigid / Robust Can be low cost (integrated with PC board) Versatile Antennas and Propagation Slide 23
24 Antenna Types: Aperture Antennas Aperture Antennas Horn Vivaldi Waveguide Properties Rigid (especially horn) Wideband operation Useful for aerospace applications antenna measurements But, can be bulky / heavy Antennas and Propagation Slide 24
25 Antenna Types: Conformal Conformal Antennas Cone Properties Surface is a degree of freedom to optimize pattern Or, given an existing surface, can use for antenna Example: airplane wing, window, etc. Design / fabrication more involved Antennas and Propagation Slide 25
26 Antenna Types: Reflector Antennas Reflector Antennas Parabolic Dish Corner Reflector Properties Very narrow beam (high gain) possible Bandwidth only limited by feed and size of reflector But, can be bulky, expensive Antennas and Propagation Slide 26
27 Antenna Types: Antenna Arrays Antenna Arrays Patch Array (WLAN) NRAO VLA Properties Gain enhancement over a single element Dynamic/electronic steering of beam Spatial diversity / multiplexing Antennas and Propagation Slide 27
28 Antenna Operational Principles 1. Resonant Antennas Designed to operate at one frequency. Analogy: guitar string. Dipoles, loops, patches 2. Waveguide type antennas Smooth transition from waveguide to free-space. Analogy: speaker Very wide operational bandwidth Horn antennas Reflectors / Arrays Can be considered method of modifying/focusing pattern of other basic antenna types Antennas and Propagation Slide 28
29 Propagation Free Space Through air or vacuum Simple to describe mathematically Line-of-sight, space channels (scatterers not in main path) Ionosphere Looks conductive at many uw frequencies = loss! Faraday (polarization) rotation Multipath Propagation Multiple paths from TX to RX create fading of signal Human Body Interactions Antennas and Propagation Slide 29
30 Course Organization 1. Electromagnetic (EM) Analysis (2 weeks) Transmission Lines (review) Vector Potentials / Wave Equation Derive waves generated by source currents in an arbitrary antenna Far-field Radiation Exact computation of fields can be costly Often we are interested in fields far from antenna (radar, comm) Far-field expressions usually much simpler Duality/Reciprocity Extremely useful properties of EM fields Motivation Funamental mathematical tools to predict antenna behavior Antennas and Propagation Slide 30
31 Course Organization 2. Antenna Parameters (1 week) Standard Antenna Terms and Parameters Patterns Gain Bandwidth Polarization Input Impedance Coupling Motivation Language to describe / compare antenna operation Antennas and Propagation Slide 31
32 Course Organization 3. Antenna Types (2 weeks) Basic Antenna Types Show at least one example of each antenna type Wire Antennas: Dipoles and loops Planar Antennas: Patches Aperture Antennas, Reflectors Broadband, frequency-independent antennas Motivation See techniques (tricks) to analyze most antennas Gain intuition: see how antennas work Antennas and Propagation Slide 32
33 Course Organization 4. Antenna Arrays (2 weeks) Element/Array Factor Separate effect of individual elements, array Mutual coupling For closely-spaced antennas, fields interact Beamforming, Nulling Most basic and useful applications of arrays Enhance signals of interest, suppress interference Motivation Array processing used in most advanced modern systems Overcomes deficiencies of single elements Antennas and Propagation Slide 33
34 Course Organization 5. Propagation (3 weeks) Channel Modeling Power laws (radar range equation) Multipath: rays and clusters Fading: Rayleigh, Rician, Shadowing MIMO Modeling/Analysis Random matrix models Channel covariance Diversity techniques Channel capacity Motivation Understand how channel influences communications Learn most important terms for research in this area Antennas and Propagation Slide 34
35 Course Organization 6. Applications / Research (2 weeks) MIMO Space-Time Coding Alamouti Scheme, VBLAST Reconfigurable Antennas Antennas whose properties can be dynamically changed / tuned Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Ultra-Wideband Systems (UWB) Motivation See recent advances / uses of antennas Get better picture of complete system Antennas and Propagation Slide 35
36 Conclusion Antennas and Propagation Still an important area of research / development Course gives basic tools to be proficient in this area Antennas and Propagation Slide 36
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