EE 382 Applied Electromagnetics, EE382_Chapter 13_Antennas_notes.doc 1 / 45
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1 EE 382 Applied Electromagnetics, EE382_Chapter 13_Antennas_notes.doc 1 / Introduction I ll be drawing heavily on outside resources, e.g., my own notes, Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design (Fourth Edition) by C. Balanis, etc. Definition - That part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or to receive electromagnetic waves. (IEEE Std ). Types of Antennas Wire Antennas: Cheap, Reliable Car (whip/monopole) TV [Loop (UHF) + "bunny Helix ears"/dipole (VHF)) (Space comm.) Aperture Antennas: Rugged, High Gains Horns (Dish Feeds) Slotted Waveguides (Flush Mounted - military) Microstrip Antennas: Cheap + easy to manufacture
2 EE 382 Applied Electromagnetics, EE382_Chapter 13_Antennas_notes.doc 2 / 45 Reflector Antennas Very common for space applications Fed by other antenna Can achieve very large gains Parabolic Dish w/ Cassegrain feed Corner reflector (side view) Lens Antennas Not very common Convex-convex Convex-plane Arrays Use more than one antenna to achieve design goal More flexibility to get desired radiation pattern, beam steering Yagi-Uda Array Slotted Waveguide
3 EE 382 Applied Electromagnetics, EE382_Chapter 13_Antennas_notes.doc 3 / 45 Radiation Mechanism How is radiation accomplished? I.e., How do we take a confined wave/field in a transmission line or waveguide and "detach" it to form a wave propagating in free space? For radiation to occur, we must have a time-varying current or an acceleration (deceleration) of charge. Examples- Consequences 1. No charge movement no current no radiation 2. Uniform charge velocity (speed + direction) a) No radiation if wire is straight + infinitely long b) Radiation only if Figure 1.10 above conditions met 3. If charge is oscillating (e.g. sinusoidal excitement), it radiates even if wire is straight.
4 EE 382 Applied Electromagnetics, EE382_Chapter 13_Antennas_notes.doc 4 / 45 Now let's consider how waves are radiated, using a two-wire example. 1) A voltage source creates an electric field between the conductors that propagates down the transmission line. Electric field lines act on free electrons so that they start on + charges and end on - charges. Remember electric field lines can: 1) Start on + charges and end on - charges. 2) Start on + charges and end at infinity. 3) Start at infinity and end on - charges. 4) Form closed loops (no charges involved). The movement of charges induces a magnetic field. Magnetic field lines are always closed loops, no known physical magnetic charges. [Note: Non-physical magnetic charges and current are sometimes used for mathematical convenience.] 2) Note that if the voltage source were to turn off, the electric/e and magnetic/h fields already created would continue to exist and be radiated. (Stone in pond analogy)
5 EE 382 Applied Electromagnetics, EE382_Chapter 13_Antennas_notes.doc 5 / 45 3) Let the electric field continue to progress down the transmission line and antenna. For clarity, only a single cycle is shown.
6 EE 382 Applied Electromagnetics, EE382_Chapter 13_Antennas_notes.doc 6 / 45 Abbreviated History Maxwell Maxwell's Equations Radiated waves are electromagnetic. Hertz 1886 demonstrated first wireless electromagnetic radiation (used spark gap generator, dipole and loop antennas). Marconi 1901 achieved transatlantic wireless transmission 's WWII years Late 1940's-50's Most antenna work focused on wire antennas up to UHF ( MHz) and related electronics. MIT Radiation Lab. (huge burst of theoretical as well as practical research) Aperture antennas. (horns, waveguide slots, reflectors ) High power RF/microwave sources such as klystron and magnetron developed. Frequency independent antennas. E.g., LPDA, ) Helical antennas. 1960's -present huge impact of computers making numerical methods practical (e.g. MoM, FOTO )
7 EE 382 Applied Electromagnetics, EE382_Chapter 13_Antennas_notes.doc 7 / Antenna Characteristics Definitions of various parameters are needed to describe performance of antennas.
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9 EE 382 Applied Electromagnetics, EE382_Chapter 13_Antennas_notes.doc 9 / 45 Plotting antenna radiation patterns: polar.m from MATLAB: >> help polar POLAR Polar coordinate plot. POLAR(THETA, RHO) makes a plot using polar coordinates of the angle THETA, in radians, versus the radius RHO. POLAR(THETA,RHO,S) uses the linestyle specified in string S. See PLOT for a description of legal linestyles. See also PLOT, LOGLOG, SEMILOGX, SEMILOGY. Example: (From MATLAB Command Window) >> ang1 = 0:1:359; % angles in degrees >> rho1 = cos(ang1*pi/180).*cos(ang1*pi/180); % radial values >> polar(ang1*pi/180,rho1,'r-') % plot (converted angles to radians) Notes: These plots are strictly linear and radial values must be positive.
10 EE 382 Applied Electromagnetics, EE382_Chapter 13_Antennas_notes.doc 10 / 45 radpat.m found on course webpage: function radpat(ang1,r1,st1,ang2,r2,st2,ang3,r3,st3,ang4,r4,st4) %RADPAT Polar coordinate plot used for antenna radiation patterns. % RADPAT(ANG1,R1,ST1,ANG2,R2,ST2,ANG3,R3,ST3,ANG4,R4,ST4) % plots up to four curves in db format. % % ANGi are angles in degrees, % Ri are radiation pattern values (radii for plot traces), & % STi are the linestyles. % See PLOT for a description of legal linestyles. % % Ri can be in db or not in db (resulting plot is in db). % Axis labels can be placed on horizontal or vertical axis. % Choice of normalized or unnormalized (show gains) patterns. % Minimum db level at plot center can be specified. % Maximum db level at outermost plot circle can be specified for unnormalized patterns. % Line width of radiation patterns can be specified. % Legend can be placed. To move the legend, press left mouse button on the legend and % drag to the desired location. % Grid linetype can be specified. % Default values are inside [], press Enter to chose default. % 0 degrees can be at North/Top or East/Right side of plot. % % Example: radpat(a1,r1,'r-',a2,r2,'y--') % % Based on polarpat.m by D. Liu, 9/13/1996. % T.J. Watson Research center, IBM % P.O.Box 218 % Yorktown Heights, NY % dliu@watson.ibm.com % % Updated by Thomas P. Montoya, SDSM&T, 1/23/2006 % * allow up to four traces % * added degree symbols to plot spoke labels % * for plots vs. theta keep spoke labels in 0 to +180 deg % range and indicate that negative theta angles are for % phi+180 deg and % * orient plot so that 0 degrees at the top (North) Note: The resulting radiation pattern plot is in db regardless of whether the input variable(s) (e.g., rho1) is originally in db or not.
11 EE 382 Applied Electromagnetics, EE382_Chapter 13_Antennas_notes.doc 11 / 45 Example: (From MATLAB Command Window) >> ang = 0:1:359; % Define angles in degrees >> rho1 = cos(ang1*pi/180).*cos(ang1*pi/180); % Define radiation patterns >> rho2 = 0.5*rho1; >> rho3 = 0.5*rho2; >> rho4 = 0.5*rho3; >> radpat(ang,rho1,'r-',ang,rho2,'b-',ang,rho3,'y-.',ang,rho4,'k--') Are input values in db (Y/N)[Y]? n Normalize to the Maximum Gain Value (Y/N)[Y]? y Minimum db value at plot center [-40]? -20 Are the angles theta values? (Y/N)[Y]? y Labels on Vertical or Horizontal axis (V/H)[V]? v Pattern line width [1.25]: Legend for traces on graph (Y/N)[N]? y Enter label for trace 1: trace 1 Enter label for trace 2: trace 2 Enter label for trace 3: trace 3 Enter label for trace 4: trace 4 Put a box around the legend (Y/N)[Y]? Line type of grid(-, --, -., :)[:]? trace db trace 2 30 trace 3-4 trace Notes: You may need to move labels around on the MatLab figure window using the mouse (click arrow icon, then left click and drag with mouse).
12 EE 382 Applied Electromagnetics, EE382_Chapter 13_Antennas_notes.doc 12 / 45 polarpat.m found on internet & course webpage: function polarpat(ang1,rho1,st1,ang2,rho2,st2,ang3,rho3,st3) % POLARPAT Polar coordinate plot used for antenna radiation patterns. % POLARPAT(ANG1,RHO1,ST1,ANG2,RHO2,ST2,ANG3,RHO3,ST3) plots up to % three curves. ANGi is angles in degress, RHOi is radius, and % STi is linestyle. % RHOi can be in db or not in db. % Axis labels can be placed horzontally or vertically. % Choice of normalized or unnormalized (showing gains) patterns. % Minimum level at the polar center can be specified. % Maximum level at the polar outmost circle can be specified for % unnormalized patterns. % Line width of radiation patternns can be specified. % Legend can be placed. To move the legend, press the left mouse % button on the legend and drag to the desired location. % Grid linetypes can be specified. % Default value is inside [], press Enter to chose default. % See PLOT for a description of legal linestyles. % 0 degree can be in the East or North direction. % Example: polarpat(a1,r1,'r-',a2,r2,'y--') % Written by Duixian Liu, on September 13, % T.J. Watson Research center % IBM % P.O.Box 218 % Yorktown Heights, NY % dliu@watson.ibm.com Note: The resulting radiation pattern plot is in db regardless of whether the input variable(s) (e.g., rho1) is originally in db or not.
13 EE 382 Applied Electromagnetics, EE382_Chapter 13_Antennas_notes.doc 13 / 45 Example: (From MATLAB Command Window) >> ang1 = 0:1:359; % define angles in degrees >> rho1 = cos(ang1*pi/180).*cos(ang1*pi/180); >> polarpat(ang1,rho1,'r-') Are input values in db (Y/N)[Y]? N Normalize to the Maximum Gain Value (Y/N)[Y]? Y The minimum db value at polar center [-50]? -30 Put axis label Vertically or Horizontally (V/H)[H]? Pattern line width [1.0]: 1 Is 0 degree in the North or East (N/E)[E]? N Line type of grid(-, --, -., :)[-]? - >> Notes: You may need to move labels around on the MatLab figure window using the mouse (click arrow icon, then left click and drag with mouse).
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