TABEL OF CONTENTS. vii CHAPTER TITLE PAGE. TITLE i DECLARATION ii DEDICATION. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT. iv ABSTRACT. v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

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1 vii TABEL OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE i DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF SYMBOLS xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii LIST OF APPENDICES vii 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Problem Statement Objective Scope of Research Research Methodology Specification Thesis Outline 6

2 viii 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Microstrip patch antenna Microstrip patch antenna properties Characteristic Impedance Reflection coefficient VSWR and Return Loss (RL) Radiation pattern Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) Bandwidth Polarization Radiating Microstrip Patch Microstrip patch Antenna Application Active Integrated Antennas Oscillator type AIA Frequency Conversion type AIA Amplifier type AIA Low Noise Amplifier Low noise amplifier design Gain & Noise Parameters Quarter-wave stubs Quarter-wave transformers Microstrip radial stub Amplifier s Biasing Circuit Design Previous works Summary 35

3 ix 3 DESIGN METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Square Patch Design Calculation for Single Frequency Dual Band Active Integrated Antenna Design Design Methodology Materials Selection Prototype Fabrication Dual band microstrip monopole antenna for WLAN Design specification of dual band microstrip monopole antenna for WLAN Simulation of dual band microstrip monopole antenna for WLAN Fabrication of dual band microstrip monopole antenna for WLAN Generate mask on transparency Photo exposure process Etching in developer solution Etching in Ferric Chloride Soldering the probe Measurement equipment Low Noise Amplifier Design for Dual Operating Frequency (2.4GHz) and (5.8GHz) Dual Band Active Integrated Antenna 53 Design Specifications and design Impedance matching network Low noise Amplifier s DC Bias network Stability Analysis Schematic and layout Active Antenna design

4 x 4 RESULTS COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction Dual-band miniaturized printed monopole antenna for wireless local area network Layout Dimensions Return Loss Radiation pattern Simple printed dual-band planar monopole antenna for Wireless Local Area Network Layout Dimensions Return Loss Radiation pattern Compact ring monopole antenna with double meander lines is proposed for wireless local area networks applications in IEEE b/g/a system Layout Dimensions Return Loss Radiation pattern The dual-band miniaturized printed microstrip monopole antenna for integration in modem wireless systems Layout Dimensions Return Loss Radiation pattern Comparison between the models Simulation and results of low noise amplifier GAIN (S21) at 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz Return loss at (S11) 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz Output return loss (S22) at 2.4 and 5.8GHz Noise Figure Measurement at 2.4& 5.8GHz

5 xi 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 5.1 Conclusion Proposed Future Works 97 REFERENCES 98 Appendices A - F

6 xii LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 3.1 Square microstrip patch antenna parameters Four models of Dual Band Microstrip Monopole Antenna for WLAN Low noise amplifier specification Simulation result (model1) Measurement result (model1) Simulation result (model2) Measurement result (model2) Simulation result (model3) Measurement result (model3) Simulation result (model4) Measurement result (model4) The cooperation measurement result between four models 91

7 xiii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Various antennas Common Shapes of Microstrip Patch Elements Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna (a) Three-dimensional antenna radiation polar pattern (b) Two-dimensional antenna radiation pattern a Geometry for analyzing the Edge-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna b Side view showing the electric fields c Top view showing the fringing electric fields that are responsible for radiation Configuration of active integrated microstrip antenna LNA conjugates matching LNA Circuit layout ADS models of open and short circuit stub The layout of a radial stub Amplifier biasing circuit layout Structure of a patch antenna Inset feed technique Integrated Receiving Antennas Circuit pattern on transparency Photo exposure machine Etching in developer solution Etching in ferric chloride 51

8 xiv 3.8 Soldering process Hand held spectrum analyzer Source matching Load matching DC Bias network ADS simulation with S2P data of the initial design Linecale a utility of ADS Complete schematic of low noise amplifier design with matching network Layout of the low noise amplifier Layout of the active antenna Layout dimensions (model1) Simulated and measured Return loss (model1) (a) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model1) (b) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model1) (c) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model1) (d) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model1) (a) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model1) (b) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model1) (c) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model1) (d) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model1) Layout dimensions (model1) Simulated and measured Return loss (model2) (a) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model 2) (b) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model 2) (c) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 2) (d) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 2) (a) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model 2) (b) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model 2) (c) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 2) (d) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 2) 76

9 xv 4.9 Layout dimension (model 3) Simulated and measured Return loss (model3) (a) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model 3) (b) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model 3) (c) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 3) (d) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 3) (a) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model 3) (b) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model 3) (c) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 3) (d) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 3) Layout dimensions (model 4) Simulated and measured Return loss (model4) (a) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model 4) (b) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model 4) (c) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 4) (d) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 4) (a) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model (b) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model 4) (c) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 4) (d) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 4) GAIN (S21) Return loss (S11) Output return loss (S22) Noise figure 95

10 xvi LIST OF SYMBOLS Zo - Characteristic Impedance ZL - Load Impedance Zin - Input Impedance RL - Return Loss S11 - S parameter from port 1 to port 1 - Wavelength g or d - Dielectric guided wavelength o - Free space wavelength tan - Dielectric loss tangent f - Frequency fc - Resonant Frequency reff - Effective dielectric constant o - Dielectric constant of free space r or d - Relative Dielectric constant / permittivity W or a - Conductor width W/L - Patch conductor width over length ratio h - Height of dielectric layer I - Current V - Voltage pf / F - Piko Farade / Farade T - Reflection coeffic

11 xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADS - Advanced Design System AIA - Active Integrated Antenna AIA with LNA - Active Integrated Antenna with Low Noise Amplifier BW - Bandwidth CAD - Computer Aided Design db - Decibel GHz - Giga Hertz MHz - Mega Hertz L - Length LAN - Local Area Network RF - Radio Frequency W - Width Z0 - Characteristic Impedance G - Gain LNA - Low Noise Amplifier ISM - Industrial Science Medical MIC - Microwave Integrated Circuit MMIC - Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit VSWR - Voltage Standered Wave Ratio RL - Return Loss HPBW - Half Power Beam Width DBS - Direct Broadcast Services EM - Electromagnetic UV - Ultraviolet NF - Noise Figure MOM - Method of Moment

12 xviii LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A Dual-band miniaturized printed monopole antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) 101 B Simple printed dual-band planar monopole antenna for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 102 C D Compact ring monopole antenna with double meander lines is proposed for wireless local area networks (WLAN) The dual-band printed microstrip monopole antenna for integration in modem wireless systems E F MGA-21108,Broadband Fully Integrated Matched Low-Noise Amplifier MMIC(Data sheet) Published Papers