Phased Array Antennas

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Phased Array Antennas"

Willa Hoover
5 years ago
Views:

1 Phased Array Antennas Second Edition R. С HANSEN Consulting Engineer R. C. Hansen, Inc. WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

Contents Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition xv xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Array Background 1 1.2 Systems Factors 2 1.3

2 Contents Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition xv xvii 1 Introduction Array Background Systems Factors Annotated Reference Sources Adaptive Antenna Reference Books 5 References 5 2 Basic Array Characteristics Uniformly Excited Linear Arrays Patterns Beamwidth Sidelobes Grating Lobes Bandwidth Planar Arrays Array Coordinates Beamwidth Grating Lobes: Rectangular Lattice Grating Lobes: Hexagonal Lattice Beam Steering and Quantization Lobes Steering Increment Steering Bandwidth Time Delay Deployment 27 VII

viii CONTENTS 2.3.4 Phaser Quantization Lobes 28 2.3.5 Sub-array Quantization Lobes 32 2.3.6 QL Decollimation: Overlapped Sub-arrays 35 2.4 Directivity 36 2.4.1 Linear Array Directivity 36 2.4.2 Directivity of Arrays of Short Dipoles 39 2.

3 viii CONTENTS Phaser Quantization Lobes Sub-array Quantization Lobes QL Decollimation: Overlapped Sub-arrays Directivity Linear Array Directivity Directivity of Arrays of Short Dipoles Directivity of Arrays of Resonant Elements Planar Array Directivity 42 References 46 3 Linear Array Pattern Synthesis Introduction Pattern Formulations Physics versus Mathematics Taylor Narrow-Beam Design Principles Dolph-Chebyshev Arrays Half-Wave Spacing Spacing Less Than Half-Wave Taylor One-Parameter Distribution One-Parameter Design Bickmore-Spellmire Two-Parameter Distribution Taylor /V-Bar Aperture Distribution Low-Sidelobe Distributions Comparison of Distributions Average Sidelobe Level Villeneuve /V-Bar Array Distribution Difference Patterns Canonical Patterns Bayliss Patterns Sum and Difference Optimization Discrete Zolotarev Distributions Sidelobe Envelope Shaping Shaped Beam Synthesis Woodward-Lawson Synthesis Elliott Synthesis Thinned Arrays Probabilistic Design Space Tapering Minimum Redundancy Arrays 103 Acknowledgment 104 References

CONTENTS ix 4 Planar and Circular Array Pattern Synthesis 109 4.1 Circular Planar Arrays 109 4.1.1 Flat Plane Slot Arrays 109 4.1.2 Hansen One-Parameter Pattern 110 4.1.3 Taylor Circular n Pattern 114 4.

4 CONTENTS ix 4 Planar and Circular Array Pattern Synthesis Circular Planar Arrays Flat Plane Slot Arrays Hansen One-Parameter Pattern Taylor Circular n Pattern Circular Bayliss Difference Pattern Difference Pattern Optimization Noncircular Apertures Two-Dimensional Optimization Ring Sidelobe Synthesis 126 Acknowledgment 127 References Array Elements Dipoles Thin Dipoles Bow-Tie and Open-Sleeve Dipoles Waveguide Slots Broad Wall Longitudinal Slots Edge Slots Stripline Slots Open-End Waveguides Substrate Integrated Waveguide ТЕМ Horns Development of ТЕМ Horns Analysis and Design of Horns ТЕМ Horn Arrays Millimeter Wave Antennas Microstrip Patches and Dipoles Transmission Line Model Cavity and Other Models Parasitic Patch Antennas Balanced-Fed Patches 163 Acknowledgments 163 References Array Feeds Series Feeds Resonant Arrays Impedance and Bandwidth Resonant Slot Array Design 176

X CONTENTS 6.1.2 Traveling Wave Arrays 178 6.1.2.1 Frequency Squint and Single-Beam Condition 178 6.1.2.2 Calculation of Element Conductance 181 6.1.2.3 TW Slot Array Design 185 6.1.3 Frequency Scanning 188 6.

5 X CONTENTS Traveling Wave Arrays Frequency Squint and Single-Beam Condition Calculation of Element Conductance TW Slot Array Design Frequency Scanning Phaser Scanning Shunt (Parallel) Feeds Corporate Feeds Distributed Arrays Two-Dimensional Feeds Fixed-Beam Arrays Sequential Excitation Arrays Electronic Scan in One Plane Electronic Scan in Two Planes Photonic Feed Systems Fiber Optic Delay Feeds Binary Delay Lines Acousto-Optical Switched Delay Modulators and Photodetectors Wavelength Division Fiber Delay Dispersive Fiber Delay Bragg Fiber Grating Delay Traveling Wave Fiber Delay Optical Delay Optical Fourier Transform Systematic Errors Parallel Phasers Series Phasers Systematic Error Compensation 216 Acknowledgments 216 References Mutual Coupling Introduction Fundamentals of Scanning Arrays Current Sheet Model Free and Forced Excitations Scan Impedance and Scan Element Pattern Transmit versus Receive SEP Measurement of Scan Impedance Minimum Scattering Antennas 233

CONTENTS XI 7.3 Spatial Domain Approaches to Mutual Coupling 235 7.3.1 Canonical Couplings 235 7.3.1.1 Dipole and Slot Mutual Impedance 235 7.3.1.2 Microstrip Patch Mutual Impedance 239 7.3.1.3 Horn Mutual Impedance 241 7.

6 CONTENTS XI 7.3 Spatial Domain Approaches to Mutual Coupling Canonical Couplings Dipole and Slot Mutual Impedance Microstrip Patch Mutual Impedance Horn Mutual Impedance Impedance Matrix Solution The Grating Lobe Series Spectral Domain Approaches Dipoles and Slots Microstrip Patches Printed Dipoles Printed ТЕМ Horns Unit Cell Simulators Scan Compensation and Blind Angles Blind Angles Scan Compensation Coupling Reduction Compensating Feed Networks Multimode Elements External Wave Filter 276 Acknowledgment 276 References Finite Arrays Methods of Analysis Overview Finite-by-infinite Arrays Scan Performance of Small Arrays Finite-by-infinite Array Gibbsian Model Salient Scan Impedance Characteristics A Gibbsian Model for Finite Arrays 310 References Superdirective Arrays Historical Notes Maximum Array Directivity Broadside Directivity for Fixed Spacing Directivity as Spacing Approaches Zero Endfire Directivity Bandwidth, Efficiency, and Tolerances 322

xii CONTENTS 9.3 Constrained Optimization 330 9.3.1 Dolph-Chebyshev Superdirectivity 330 9.3.2 Constraint on Q or Tolerances 336 9.4 Matching of Superdirective Arrays 338 9.4.1 Network Loss Magnification 338 9.

7 xii CONTENTS 9.3 Constrained Optimization Dolph-Chebyshev Superdirectivity Constraint on Q or Tolerances Matching of Superdirective Arrays Network Loss Magnification HTS Arrays 340 References Multiple-Beam Antennas Introdu ction Beamformers Networks Lenses Power Divider BFN Butler Matrix Blass and Nolen Matrices The 2D BFN McFarland 2D Matrix Rotman Lens BFN Bootlace Lenses Dome Lenses Other Lenses Digital Beamforming Low Sidelobes and Beam Interpolation Low-Sidelobe Techniques Interlaced Beams Resistive Tapering Lower Sidelobes via Lossy Networks Beam Superposition Beam Interpolation Circuits 10.4 Beam Orthogonality Orthogonal Beams Meaning of Orthogonality Orthogonality of Distributions Orthogonality of Arrays Effects of Nonorthogonality Efficiency Loss Sidelobe Changes Acknowledgments References

CONTENTS xiii 11 Conformal Arrays 399 11.1 Scope 399 11.2 Ring Arrays 400 11.2.1 Continuous Ring Antenna 400 11.2.2 Discrete Ring Array 403 11.2.3 Beam Cophasal Excitation 407 11.

8 CONTENTS xiii 11 Conformal Arrays Scope Ring Arrays Continuous Ring Antenna Discrete Ring Array Beam Cophasal Excitation Arrays on Cylinders Slot Patterns Array Pattern Grating Lobes Principal Sidelobes Cylindrical Depolarization Slot Mutual Admittance Modal Series Admittance Data Scan Element Pattern Sector Arrays on Cylinders Patterns and Directivity Comparison of Planar and Sector Arrays Ring and Cylindrical Array Hardware Arrays on Cones and Spheres Conical Arrays Lattices on a Cone AAA Conical Depolarization and Coordinate Systems Projective Synthesis Patterns and Mutual Coupling Conical Array Experiments Spherical Arrays 457 Acknowledgments 458 References Connected Arrays History of Connected Arrays Connected Array Principles Connected Dipole Currents Simulation Results: Current Phases Simulation Results: Current Amplitudes Simulation Results: SEP Connection by Reactance 474

xiv CONTENTS 12.5 Connected Array Extensions 476 References 476 13 Reflectarrays and Retrodirective Arrays 479 13.1 Reflectarrays 479 13.1.1 History of Reflectarrays 479 13.1.2 Geometric Design 480 13.

9 xiv CONTENTS 12.5 Connected Array Extensions 476 References Reflectarrays and Retrodirective Arrays Reflectarrays History of Reflectarrays Geometric Design Elements Phasing of Elements Bandwidth Reflectarray Extensions Retrodirective Arrays History of Retrodirective Arrays Recent Progress Advanced Applications 491 References Reflectors with Arrays Focal Plane Arrays Focal Plane Fields and Coma Recovering Coma Scan Loss Coma Correction Limitations Near-Field Electromagnetic Optics Near-Field Cassegrain System Trades and Restrictions Near-Field Gregorian 507 References Measurements and Tolerances Measurement of Low-Sidelobe Patterns Array Diagnostics Waveguide Simulators Array Tolerances Directivity Reduction and Average Sidelobe Level Beam Pointing Error Peak Sidelobes 527 Acknowledgment 529 References 529 Author Index 533 Subject Index 543

HHTEHHH THEORY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN. CONSTANTINE A. BALANIS Arizona State University

HHTEHHH THEORY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CONSTANTINE A. BALANIS Arizona State University JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore Contents Preface V CHAPTER 1 ANTENNAS 1.1 Introduction