Aperture antennas. Ahmed FACHAR, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Technical University of Madrid, UPM)
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1 Aperture antennas Ahmed FACHAR, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Technical University of Madrid, UPM) Outline Introduction Horn antennas Introduction Rectangular horns Conical horns Horn antennas applications Reflector antennas Introduction Analysis techniques Reflector types Feeders for reflector antennas Gain of reflector antennas Reflector antennas Shaping Shaped reflectors Reflector Shaping tool Multi-fed reflector antennas 2
2 Apertures antennas Definition Definition : Aperture antennas radiate the energy toward the space that surrounds them through an aperture. The analysis of this kind of antennas is based on the Equivalence Principles: 3 Aperture antennas - Equations Fields in the aperture: E xe ( x, y ) ye ( x, y ) a ax ay Radiated fields: jkr e E (, r, ) jk ( PxcosPysin ) 2 r jkr e E (, r, ) jk cos ( PxsinPycos ) 2 r jk0 ( ux vy P ) xy, ( u, v) Eaxay, ( x, y ) e dx dy Huygens Principle: Sa Each point on a primary wavefront can where: u sin cos be considered to be a new source of a secondary spherical wave and that a v sin sin secondary wavefront ca be constructed as the envelope of these secondary spherical waves. 4
3 Horn antennas 5 Horn Antennas - Definition A horn antenna is a hollow pipe of different cross sections which has been tapered to a larger opening. Horn is the simplest and probably the most used microwave antenna, because they provide a high gain, a good matching to the feeding waveguide (low VSWR), a relative large bandwidth and they are easy to design and to manufacture. Horn antennas divide mainly in: Pyramidal horn, which is generated from a rectangular waveguide. Conical horn, which is feed by a circular waveguide. 6
4 Types of Horn Antennas Pyramidal Horn Conical Horn Pyramidal horn Pyramidal horn a x b dimensions where id propagated the fundamental mode TE 10. x Eay ye e A cos j R 0 k0 1 k0 2A 2 2 With the wavelength. 8
5 1 - Pyramidal horn In the phase of the electrical field in the aperture has to be included a cuadratic phase error, which is related with the path difference of the cylindrical phase front in the different points of the aperture. The difference in path in the two main planes: R( x) R x R x 2R 1 R ( y) R y R y 2R Pyramidal horn Finally the electrical field in the aperture can be written as: cos x j x 2 2 R 2 1 y 2 R E 2 ay ye0 e A Where E 0 is amplitude of the electrical field, and is the phase constant which in the aperture is equal to the propagation constant in the free space if A>>: With the wavelength. k0 1 k0 2A
6 2 - Conical horn Conical horn is fed by circular waveguides, where the fundamental mode TE 11 is propagated. Crosspolar radiation in the bisectors planes: at =45º and =135º. With lobes at very high levels when aperture is large (about -19dB) Corrugated conical horn Corrugations of about /4 of depth in the inner face of a conical horn achieve an hybrid mode HE 11 as the field in the aperture: 12
7 4 - Horn antennas applications Some horn antennas applications are: They serves as a universal standard for calibration and gain measurements of other high gain antennas. They can be used in satellites to achieved global coverage of the Earth. It is a common element in phased arrays. They are widely used as a feed element of reflectors antennas and lenses, for large radio astronomy, satellite tracking and communication dishes (for instance, satellite TV). 13 Reflector antennas 14
8 1 - Definition Metallic reflector to concentrate the low directive radiation of a small feeder in a beam very directive. Applications : radio astronomy microwave communications satellite tracking and communication deep space communications radar Analysis techniques (I) Geometrical Optics (GO): It allows to calculate the fields over the aperture and then the radiated fields using the equivalent principles. Itis based on the Fermat principle and the Snell s laws. 16
9 2 - Analysis techniques (II) Physical Optics (PO): It calculates the radiated fields with the induced currents over the metallic reflector. Geometrical theory diffraction (GTD): It provides us the best results for the radiated fields, overall for the secondary far lobes. They are analysed the direct rays and the diffracted rays in the edges Single-fed reflectors Center-fed parabolic reflector: the metallic surface is parabolic and the feeder is over the spotlight. GO FFT Offset-fed parabolic reflector: It has a reflector which is a section of a normal parabolic reflector. If this section does not include the center of the dish, then none of the radiated beam is blocked by the feed antenna and support structure. 18
10 3.2 - Dual reflectors Cassegrain reflector: Main reflector : Parabola Subreflector : Hyperboloide Gregorian reflector: Main reflector : Parabola Subreflector : Elipsoide 19 Images 20
11 4 - Feeders for reflector antennas Waveguide Horns Dipoles Gain of reflector antennas 22
12 Reflector Antennas Shaping 23 Conformal basis Conformal antennas allow flexible design options. It is possible to configurate ad hoc radiation patterns. Used in satellite communications. Two alternatives: Multifeeding and Conforming surfaces Multifeeding Conformal surfaces 24
13 Aperture optimization Conforming a reflector can improve the aperture efficiency. The goal is to get more uniform amplitude distributions in the aperture. The phase front must be plane in the aperture. Two constraints and two design elements: reflector and subreflector. Cassegrain optimized design 25 Reflector Shaping Tool (I) 26
14 Reflector Shaping Tool (II) 27 Reflector Shaping Tool (III) 28
15 Multi-fed Reflector Antennas 29 Hispasat 1A 30
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