Advances in Direction-of-Arrival Estimation

Transcription

1 Advances in Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Sathish Chandran Editor ARTECH HOUSE BOSTON LONDON artechhouse.com

2 Contents Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Overview CHAPTER 1 Antenna Arrays for Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Introduction Spinning DF Antenna Common DF Antennas Antenna Arrays Linear Arrays Adcock Array Array Element Spacing Butler Matrix Monopulse Wullenweber Array Planar Array DF Algorithms and Arrays 18 References 19 CHAPTER 2 Detection-Estimation of Gaussian Sources by Nonuniform Linear Antenna Arrays: An Overview of the Generalized Likelihood-Ratio Test Approach Introduction GLRT Philosophy for the Detection-Estimation Problem GLRT Detection-Estimation Results for Uniform and Sparse Antenna Arrays Superior Case Conventional Case Conclusions 39 References 42

3 VIII Contents DOA Methods 47 CHAPTER 3 DOA Estimation of Wideband Signals Incoherent Wideband DOA Estimation Coherent Wideband DOA Estimation Coherent Signal Subspace Method BICSSM WAVES TOPS Theory Signal Subspace Projection Performance Assessment Modification of TOPS for Localization Conclusions 67 Acknowledgments 68 References 68 CHAPTER 4 Coherent Broadband DOA Estimation Using Modal Space Processing Introduction System Model Focusing Matrices for Coherent Wideband Processing Spatial Resampling Method Modal Decomposition Linear Arrays Modal Truncation Modal Space Processing Focusing Matrices Spatial Resampling Matrices Modal Space Algorithm Simulation A Group of Two Sources Three Groups of Five Sources Conclusions 85 References 85 CHAPTER 5 Target Localization in Three Dimensions Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Method Extraction of y, Extraction of z; Extraction of d; Pairing y ; -, г,, and dj Complex Amplitude Estimation Noisy Signals 92

4 Contents IX 5.2 Distance Estimation Method Target Location Estimation and Simulation Results Conclusions 101 References 101 CHAPTER 6 Polarimetrie Time-Frequency MUSIC for Direction Finding of Moving Sources with Time-Varying Polarizations Introduction Signal Model Time-Frequency Distributions Spatial Time-Frequency Distributions Spatial Polarimetrie Time-Frequency Distributions Polarimetrie Modeling Polarimetrie Time-Frequency Distributions Spatial Polarimetrie Time-Frequency Distributions Polarimetrie Time-Frequency MUSIC Spatio-Polarimetric Correlations Moving Sources with Time-Varying Polarizations Polarization Diversity and Selection of Data Samples Polarization Diversity Consideration in PTF-MUSIC Simulation Results Conclusions 118 References 120 CHAPTER 7 A One-Dimensional Tree Structure-Based Algorithm for DOA-Delay Joint Estimation Introduction System Model The Proposed Algorithm S-ESPRIT T-ESPRIT TST-ESPRIT Simulations and Discussions Conclusions 141 References 141 Appendix 7.A Noise Property in (7.24) 142 CHAPTER 8 Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Approach Using Switched Parasitic Arrays Introduction Switched Parasitic Arrays Wideband Direction-Finding Method for a Two-Path Model Wideband Signaling in Multipath Environments Method Description Method Performance Analysis 151

5 Contents 8.4 A Modified MUSIC Algorithm for Switched Parasitic Arrays Method Performance Analysis Conclusions 157 References 159 CHAPTER 9 DOA Estimation for Noncircular Signals: Performance Bounds and Algorithms Introduction Array Signal Model MUSIC-Like Algorithms MUSIC-Like Algorithms Built Only from R^T MUSIC-Like Algorithms Built from Both Ry' >T and R;, T Asymptotically Minimum Variance Estimation Stochastic Cramer-Rao Bound for Noncircular Gaussian Signals Stochastic Cramer-Rao Bound for BPSK Signals Illustrative Examples Conclusions 187 References 188 CHAPTER 10 Localization of Scattered Sources Introduction Array Model Coherently Distributed Source Model Incoherently Distributed Source Model Parameter Estimation Techniques Estimation Techniques for CD Sources Estimation Techniques for ID Sources Conclusions 209 References 209 Source Localization Problems 211 CHAPTER 11 Direct Position Determination of Multiple Radio Transmitters Introduction Mathematical Preliminaries Position Determination Unknown Waveforms Signals Known Waveform Signals Numerical Examples Example Example 2 223

6 XI ПАЗ Example Example Example Conclusions 225 References 227 Appendix 11.A Cramer-Rao Bound for Known Waveforms 228 Appendix 11.В CRB for Unknown Gaussian Waveforms 230 Appendix 11.С DPD Performance Analysis for Unknown Waveforms 233 ll.c.l Expressions for ft C.2 Expressions for Ф C.3 Special Case: Uniform Linear Array 237 Appendix ll.d The Frequency Domain Representation of Finite Length Observations 238 CHAPTER 12 Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Under Uncertainty Introduction Basic DOA Estimation Signal Model Uncertainties in Signal Model and System Parameters Sources of Uncertainty Improving the Robustness Uncertainty in Noise Model Qualitative and Quantitative Robustness Robust Procedures Array Processing Examples Conclusions 255 References 256 CHAPTER 13 Coupling Model in DOA Antenna Arrays Introduction Antenna Steering Vector Model Steering Vector Errors and Their Influence in DOA Estimation Coupling Model Coupling Influence in DOA Estimation Error Compensation Conclusions 278 References 280 PART IV Specific Applications of DOA Estimation 283 CHAPTER 14 Maximum Likelihood Estimate of Target Angular Coordinates Under Main Beam Interference: Application to Recorded Live Data Introduction 285

7 XII Contents 14.2 MLE Algorithm for Estimation of Target Angular Coordinates CRLB of Estimation of Target Angular Coordinates MLE Algorithm Simulation Results Test on Recorded Live Data Description of the Radar for Data Capture Data Capture Experimental Setup Comparison Between the Theoretical and Real Radar Beams MLE on Recorded Live Data Conclusions 301 References 302 CHAPTER 15 Direction Estimation of Broadband Sources for Auditory Localization and Spatially Selective Listening Introduction Scenario and Model Characteristics of Natural Sound Sources Decomposing into Spectral Components DOA Estimation Based on Time Delays and Relative Attenuation General Approach DOA Estimation Using Time Delay Between the Sensors Subspace Methods in a Reverberant Room DOA Estimation Using Relative Attenuation Between the Sensors Spectrally Weighted DOA Estimate Source Separation Algorithm Experimental Results Parameter Values Used in the Implementation Performance of the Algorithm When the Sources Are Sinusoidal Performance of the Algorithm with Increasing Number of Sources Performance of the Algorithm When the Sensor Spacing Is Varied Resolvability of the Algorithm When Sources Are Closely Spaced Performance of the Sound Source Separation from Real Two Sensor Array Recordings in Multitalker Scenario Performance Measure for Listening Tests Performance of the Algorithm with Headlike Structure Conclusions 323 References 323 Selected Bibliography 324 CHAPTER 16 Multiple Target Estimation in a Surveillance Radar System with a Mechanically Rotating Antenna Introduction 327

8 Contents Kill 16.2 Data Model and Problem Statement The Estimation Algorithm Asymptotic Maximum Likelihood Estimation The AML-RELAX Estimator Numerical Performance Analysis Conclusions 342 References 342 CHAPTER 17 Joint DOA/DOD/DTOA Estimation System for UWB Double Directional Channel Modeling Introduction UWB Double Directional Channel Sounding System Parametric Multipath Modeling for UWB Multipath Model Subband Model Spherical Wave Model Two Single Directional Measurements, Pairing, and Clusterization ML-Based Parameter Estimation for UWB Directional Channel Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation Expectation Maximization Algorithm SAGE Algorithm Successive Interference Cancellation-Type Procedure Consideration About the Subband Deconvolution of Antenna Directivity Experiments Specification of Measurement Equipment Measurement Environment Results Conclusions 358 References 360 CHAPTER 18 Conventional Method Improvement by Signal Property Exploitation Cyclostationarity Data Model High-Resolution Techniques Cyclic MUSIC Algorithm Extended Cyclic MUSIC Algorithm Root Cyclic MUSIC Algorithm Nonselective Beamforming Techniques Data Model Beamforming for Cyclostationary Signals 374

9 XIV Contents Minimum Variance Beamforming for Cyclostationary Signals Discussion Simulations Conclusions 376 References 377 Experimental Setup and Results 379 CHAPTER 19 DOA Antenna Array Measurement and System Calibration Introduction Steering Vector Model Calibration Process Coupling Through Terminals Radiation Pattern Measurements Calibration Process for the RF Subsystem Application Example Conclusions 392 References 393 CHAPTER 20 ESPAR Antenna Signal Processing for DOA Estimation Introduction ESPAR Antenna Fundamentals Structure and Formulation Signal Model High-Precision DOA Estimation Correlation Matrix for Single-Port Antennas Reactance-Domain Signal Processing Computer Simulations Experimental Verification Practical System Applications Satellite Attitude and Direction Control Wireless Locator and Homing System Wireless Ad Hoc Network Conclusions 414 Acknowledgments 415 References 415 CHAPTER 21 A New DOA Estimation Method for Pulsed Doppler Radar Introduction Review of MUSIC and BS-MUSIC Model for HF Radar 423

10 Contents xv 21.4 Two-Dimensional Prefiltering-Based MUSIC Algorithm Summary for 2DP-MUSIC Performance Analysis Formulation of Sample Null Spectra for MUSIC, BS-MUSIC, and 2DP-MUSIC Expectation of 2DP-MUSIC's Null Spectrum Resolution Threshold Simulations Experimental Result Conclusions 435 References 435 Appendix 21.A Derivation of (21.24) 437 Appendix 21.В Resolution of Spectral MUSIC 438 List of Symbols 441 Acronyms 443 About the Authors 445 Index 459