Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering

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1 Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering Second Edition M. Ghavami King's College London, UK L. B. Michael Japan R. Kohno Yokohama National University, Japan BICENTENNIAL 3 I CE NTE N NIA L John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Contents Preface Acknowledgments List of Figures List of Tables Introduction LI Ultra wideband overview 1.2 A note on terminology 1.3 Historical development of UWB 1.4 UWB regulation overview 1.

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgments List of Figures List of Tables Introduction LI Ultra wideband overview 1.2 A note on terminology 1.3 Historical development of UWB 1.4 UWB regulation overview Basic definitions and rules 1.5 Key benefits of UWB 1.6 UWB and Shannon's theory 1.7 Challenges for UWB 1.8 Summary Basic properties of UWB Signals and Systems 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Power spectral density 1.3 Pulse shape xiii xvii xix JbJb LJü

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.

3 Pulse trains Spectral masks Multipath Penetration characteristics Spatial and spectral capacities Speed of data transmission Cost Size Power consumption Summary Generation of UWB waveforms Introduction Damped sine waves Gaussian waveforms Designing waveforms for specific spectral masks Introduction Multiband modulation Practical constraints and effects of imperfections Summary 40 Signal-processing techniques for UWB Systems The effects of a lossy medium on a UWB transmitted signal Time domain analysis Classification of signals Some useful functions Some useful Operations Classification of Systems Impulse response Distortionless transmission Frequency domain techniques Fourier transforms Frequency response approaches Transfer function Laplace transform z-transform The relationship between the Laplace transform, the Fourier transform, and the z-transform 67

vu 3-4 UWB signal-processing issues and algorithms 68 3.5 Detection and amplification 71 3.6 Summary 72 4 UWB channel modeling 75 4-1 A simplified UWB multipath Channel model 76 4-1.

4 vu 3-4 UWB signal-processing issues and algorithms Detection and amplification Summary 72 4 UWB channel modeling A simplified UWB multipath Channel model Number of resolvable multipath components Multipath delay spread Multipath intensity profile Multipath amplitude-fading distribution Multipath arrival times Path loss model Free space loss Refraction Reflection Diffraction Wave clutter Aperture-medium coupling loss Absorption Example of free space path loss model Two-ray UWB propagation model Two-ray path loss Two-ray path loss model Impact of path loss frequency selectivity on UWB transmission Frequency domain autoregressive model I Poles of the AR model IEEE proposals for UWB channel modeis An analytical description of the IEEE UWB indoor channel model Summary UWB Communications Introduction UWB modulation methods PPM BPM Other modulation methods OPM 115

5.3.2 PAM 115 5.3.3 OOK 116 5.3.4 Suvamary of UWB modulation methods 116 5.4 Pulse trains 116 5.4-1 Gaussian pulse train 111 5-4-2 PN Channel coding 111 5-4-3 Time-hopping PPM UWB system 119 5.

5 5.3.2 PAM OOK Suvamary of UWB modulation methods Pulse trains Gaussian pulse train PN Channel coding Time-hopping PPM UWB system UWB transmitter UWB receiver Detection Pulse Integration Tracking Rake receivers Multiple access techniques in UWB Frequency division multiple access UWB Time division multiple access Code division multiple access Orthogonal pulse multiple access system Capacity of UWB Systems Comparison of UWB with other wideband communication Systems CDMA Comparison of UWB with DSSS and FHSS OFDM Interference and coexistence of UWB with other Systems WLANs Bluetooth GPS Cellular Systems Wi-Max ' The effect of narrowband interference on UWB Systems Summary 146 Advanced UWB pulse generation Hermite pulses Hermite polynomials Orthogonal modified Hermite pulses 151

IX 6.1.3 Modulated and modified Hermite pulses 154 6.2 Orthogonal prolate spheroidal wave functions 156 6.2.1 Introduction 157 6.2.2 Fundamentals of PSWFs 158 6.2.3 PSWF pulse generator 161 6.

6 IX Modulated and modified Hermite pulses Orthogonal prolate spheroidal wave functions Introduction Fundamentals of PSWFs PSWF pulse generator Wavelet packets in UWB PSM PSM system model Receiver structure Summary 170 UWB antennas and arrays Antenna fundamentals Maxwell's equations for free space Wavelength Antenna duality Impedance matching Voltage standing wave ratio and reflected power Antenna bandwidth Directivity and gain Antenna field regions Antenna directional pattern Beammdth Antenna radiation for UWB signals Dispersion due to near-field effects Suitability of conventional antennas for the UWB system Resonant antennas Nonresonant antennas Difficulties with UWB antenna design Impulse antennas Conical antenna Monopole antenna D-dot probe antenna TEM hörn antenna Small-size UWB antenna Conclusion 192

X 7.5 Beamforming for UWB signals 192 7.5.1 Basic concepts 193 7.5.2 A simple delay-line transmitter wideband array 194 7.6 Radar UWB array Systems 201 7.

7 X 7.5 Beamforming for UWB signals Basic concepts A simple delay-line transmitter wideband array Radar UWB array Systems Summary Position and location with UWB signals Wireless positioning and location Types of wireless positioning Systems Wireless distance measurement Microwave positioning Systems GPS techniques Differential GPS (DGPS) GPS tracking modes GPS error sources Positioning techniques Introduction Network-based techniques Handset-based techniques Hybrid techniques Other techniques Time resolution issues Narrowband Systems Wideband Systems Super-resolution techniques UWB Systems UWB positioning and Communications Potential user scenarios Potential applications Summary Applications using UWB Systems Military applications Precision asset location System Commercial applications Time Domain Xtreme Spectrum Intel Corporation 236

XI 9.2.4 Motorola 237 9.2.5 Freescale 237 9.2.6 Communication Research Laboratory 238 9.2.7 General atomics 238 9.2.8 Wisair 239 9.2.9 Artimi 239 9.2.10 Ubisense 240 9.2.11 Home networking and home electronics 240 9.

8 XI Motorola Freescale Communication Research Laboratory General atomics Wisair Artimi Ubisense Home networking and home electronics PAL system UWB potentials in medicine Fundamentals of medical UWB radar UWB radar for remote monitoring of patient's vital activities UWB respiratory monitoring system Summary UWB communication Standards UWB standardization in wireless personal area networks WPAN standardization overview IEEE a IEEE a DS-UWB proposal DS-UWB operating bands Advantages of DS-UWB MB-OFDM UWB proposal Frequency band allocation Channelization Advantages of MB-OFDM UWB A short comment on the term 'impulse radio' Summary Advanced topics in UWB communication Systems UWB ad-hoc networks Introduction Applications of an UWB ad-hoc network Technologies involved in UWB ad-hoc networks UWB sensor networks 267

Xll 11.3 Multiple inputs multiple Outputs and space-time coding for UWB Systems 270 11.4 Self-interference in high-data-rate UWB Communications 271 11.5 Coexistence of DS-UWB with Wi-Max 275 11.5.1 Interference thresholds 276 11.

9 Xll 11.3 Multiple inputs multiple Outputs and space-time coding for UWB Systems Self-interference in high-data-rate UWB Communications Coexistence of DS-UWB with Wi-Max Interference thresholds UWB signal model Interference model Interference scenario Some numerical results Conclusion Vehicular radars in the GHz band Environment sensing for vehicular radar Summary 286 References 287 Index 297

Research in Ultra Wide Band(UWB) Wireless Communications

Research in Ultra Wide Band(UWB) Wireless Communications The IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC'2003) Panel session on Ultra-wideband (UWB) Technology Ernest N. Memorial Convention Center, New Orleans, LA USA 11:05 am - 12:30 pm, Wednesday,