Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications

Transcription

1 Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications Peter S. Hall Yang Hao Editors ARTECH H O U S E BOSTON LONDON artechhouse.com

2 Preface CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Body-Centric Wireless Communications 1.1 What Are Body-Centric Communications Systems? 1.2 Off-Body to On-Body Communications 1.3 On-Body Communications 1.4 Medical Implants and Sensor Networks 1.5 Layout of the Book References CHAPTER 2 Electromagnetic Properties and Modeling of the Human Body 2.1 Electromagnetic Characteristics of Human Tissues 2.2 Physical Body Phantoms Liquid Phantoms Semisolid (Gel) or Solid (Wet) Phantoms Solid (Dry) Phantoms Examples of Physical Phantoms 2.3 Numerical Phantoms Theoretical Phantoms Voxel Phantoms 2.4 Numerical Modeling Techniques for Body-Centric Wireless Communications Introduction of Numerical Techniques On-Body Radio Channel Modeling References XI CHAPTER 3 Antennas and Propagation for On-Body Communication at Microwave Frequencies Introduction On-Body Channel Measurement and Modeling Antenna Design Comparison of Antenna Types Antenna Match and Efficiency Simulation and Modeling 56

3 VI 3.5 Systems Modeling Conclusions 62 Acknowledgments 63 References 63 CHAPTER 4 Transmission Mechanism of Wearable Devices Using the Human Body as a Transmission Channel Introduction to Communications Using Circuits in Direct Contact with the Human Body Numerical Analysis and Equivalent Circuit Models Whole Body Models Arm Models Effective Electrode Structure Equivalent Circuit Models Experiments Using Human Phantom Measurement of the Signal Distributions Comparison Between Measurement and Calculation Electric Field Distributions in and Around the Arm Received Signal Voltage of the Receiver Investigation of the Dominant Signal Transmission Path Calculation Model Electric Field Distributions and Received Signal Voltages Conclusions 89 References 91 CHAPTER 5 Body-Centric UWB Communications Overview Antennas Design and Analysis Measurements Concluding Remarks Channel Simulation and Measurement Methodology Simulation of the Radio Propagation in Body-Centric Communication Scenarios Measurement of the Radio Propagation in Body-Centric Communication Scenarios Concluding Remarks Channel Characterization and Modeling General Aspects Personal Area Network Scenarios Body Area Network Scenarios Concluding Remarks 144 References 147

4 VII CHAPTER 6 Wearable Antennas: Advances in Design, Characterization, and Application Background Wearable Antennas: Critical Design Issues Textile Materials Effects of Substrate Materials: An Example of the Fabric GPS Antenna Effects of Ground Plane Size Attached to the Fabric Substrate on GPS Antenna Performance Effect of Various Conductive Materials of Patch Antennas: An Example of WLAN Antenna on Fleece Fabric Dual Frequency Wearable Antenna Design: An Example of a U-Slot Patch Experimental Results and Discussions: Fleece and Vellux Fabrics Wearable Electromagnetic Bandgap Antenna: An Example of WLAN Antenna Remarks on Antenna Bending Wearable Antennas Near the Human Body: An Example of a WLAN Antenna Models and Methods Results Conclusions 184 Acknowledgments 186 References 186 CHAPTER 7 Body-Sensor Networks for Space and Military Applications Introduction Biosensor System and Basics of Biomedical RF Telemetry Implantable Pressure Sensor Integrated Inductor/Antenna External Pickup Antenna Antenna Design for Body Sensors Implantable Antennas Antennas for External Handheld Devices Space, Military, and Civilian Applications Sensors for Space Environment Battlefield Sensors Sensors in Hospitals and Smart Homes 207 References 208 CHAPTER 8 Antennas and Propagation for Telemedicine and Telecare: On-Body Systems Telemedicine and Telecare Applications Physiological Signals for Patient Monitoring Technologies for Ward-Based Systems 213

5 8.1.3 Technologies for Home-Based and Full-Mobility Systems Emerging Technologies and Novel Applications Wireless Telemedicine Link Design Antennas and Human Body Interaction in Personal Telemedicine Antenna-Body Effects (Less Than 1 GHz) Antenna-Body Effects (Greater Than 1 GHz) Emerging Antennas System Design Issues Channel Effects Radio Frequency Interference Conclusion 236 References 236 CHAPTER 9 Medical Implant Communication Systems Introduction Inductive Coupling MICS Standard GHz ISM Band Lossy Dispersive Media Matter Material Data and Measurements Phantoms Skin Depth Wave Propagation: One-Dimensional FDTD Simulations Influence of Patient Phantom Influence on Antenna Low-Profile Antennas for Implantable Medical Devices What Is the Antenna? Antenna Efficiency Calculations in Matter Electric Versus Magnetic Antennas Implantable Antenna Designs Dependence on Insulation Thickness SAR Conclusion 268 References 269 CHAPTER 10 Summary and Conclusions Overview and Conclusions Overview of Narrowband Systems Overview of Wideband Systems Overview of Applications Conclusions Future Challenges Towards Air Interfaces and New Standards Novel Antennas for Body-Centric Wireless Communications 276

6 IX Medical Implant Systems Characterization of Time-Domain Systems 277 References 277 About the Authors 279 Index 289