Yong Soo Cho Jaekwon Kim Won Young Yang Chung G. Kang. MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB

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1 Yong Soo Cho Jaekwon Kim Won Young Yang Chung G. Kang MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB

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3 MIMO-OFDM WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS WITH MATLAB Ò

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5 MIMO-OFDM WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS WITH MATLAB Ò Yong Soo Cho Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea Jaekwon Kim Yonsei University, Republic of Korea Won Young Yang Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea Chung G. Kang Korea University, Republic of Korea

6 Copyright Ó 2010 John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop, # 02-01, Singapore Visit our Home Page on All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as expressly permitted by law, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate photocopy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center. Requests for permission should be addressed to the Publisher, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop, #02-01, Singapore , tel: , fax: , enquiry@wiley.com. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. All trademarks referred to in the text of this publication are the property of their respective owners. MATLAB Ò is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book s use or discussion of MATLAB Ò software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB Ò software. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA , USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstrasse 12, D Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 5353 Dundas Street West, Suite 400, Toronto, ONT, M9B 6H8, Canada Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data MIMO-OFDM wireless communications with MATLAB Ò / Yong Soo Cho... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (cloth) 1. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. 2. MIMO systems. 3. MATLAB Ò. I. Cho, Yong Soo. TK M dc Print ISBN: epdf ISBN: obook ISBN: Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Digital, Noida, India. This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

7 To our parents and families who love and support us and to our students who enriched our knowledge

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9 Contents Preface Limits of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty of Software xiii xv 1 The Wireless Channel: Propagation and Fading Large-Scale Fading General Path Loss Model Okumura/Hata Model IEEE d Model Small-Scale Fading Parameters for Small-Scale Fading Time-Dispersive vs. Frequency-Dispersive Fading Statistical Characterization and Generation of Fading Channel 19 2 SISO Channel Models Indoor Channel Models General Indoor Channel Models IEEE Channel Model Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Channel Model UWB Channel Model Outdoor Channel Models FWGN Model Jakes Model Ray-Based Channel Model Frequency-Selective Fading Channel Model SUI Channel Model 65 3 MIMO Channel Models Statistical MIMO Model Spatial Correlation PAS Model I-METRA MIMO Channel Model Statistical Model of Correlated MIMO Fading Channel Generation of Correlated MIMO Channel Coefficients 88

10 viii Contents I-METRA MIMO Channel Model GPP MIMO Channel Model SCM MIMO Channel Model SCM Link-Level Channel Parameters SCM Link-Level Channel Modeling Spatial Correlation of Ray-Based Channel Model Introduction to OFDM Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier Transmission Single-Carrier Transmission Multi-Carrier Transmission Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier Transmission Basic Principle of OFDM OFDM Modulation and Demodulation OFDM Guard Interval OFDM Guard Band BER of OFDM Scheme Water-Filling Algorithm for Frequency-Domain Link Adaptation Coded OFDM OFDMA: Multiple Access Extensions of OFDM Resource Allocation Subchannel Allocation Types Resource Allocation Subchannelization Duplexing Synchronization for OFDM Effect of STO Effect of CFO Effect of Integer Carrier Frequency Offset (IFO) Effect of Fractional Carrier Frequency Offset (FFO) Estimation Techniques for STO Time-Domain Estimation Techniques for STO Frequency-Domain Estimation Techniques for STO Estimation Techniques for CFO Time-Domain Estimation Techniques for CFO Frequency-Domain Estimation Techniques for CFO Effect of Sampling Clock Offset Effect of Phase Offset in Sampling Clocks Effect of Frequency Offset in Sampling Clocks Compensation for Sampling Clock Offset Synchronization in Cellular Systems Downlink Synchronization Uplink Synchronization Channel Estimation Pilot Structure Block Type 187

11 Contents ix Comb Type Lattice Type Training Symbol-Based Channel Estimation LS Channel Estimation MMSE Channel Estimation DFT-Based Channel Estimation Decision-Directed Channel Estimation Advanced Channel Estimation Techniques Channel Estimation Using a Superimposed Signal Channel Estimation in Fast Time-Varying Channels EM Algorithm-Based Channel Estimation Blind Channel Estimation PAPR Reduction Introduction to PAPR Definition of PAPR Distribution of OFDM Signal PAPR and Oversampling Clipping and SQNR PAPR Reduction Techniques Clipping and Filtering PAPR Reduction Code Selective Mapping Partial Transmit Sequence Tone Reservation Tone Injection DFT Spreading Inter-Cell Interference Mitigation Techniques Inter-Cell Interference Coordination Technique Fractional Frequency Reuse Soft Frequency Reuse Flexible Fractional Frequency Reuse Dynamic Channel Allocation Inter-Cell Interference Randomization Technique Cell-Specific Scrambling Cell-Specific Interleaving Frequency-Hopping OFDMA Random Subcarrier Allocation Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation Technique Interference Rejection Combining Technique IDMA Multiuser Detection MIMO: Channel Capacity Useful Matrix Theory Deterministic MIMO Channel Capacity 265

12 x Contents Channel Capacity when CSI is Known to the Transmitter Side Channel Capacity when CSI is Not Available at the Transmitter Side Channel Capacity of SIMO and MISO Channels Channel Capacity of Random MIMO Channels Antenna Diversity and Space-Time Coding Techniques Antenna Diversity Receive Diversity Transmit Diversity Space-Time Coding (STC): Overview System Model Pairwise Error Probability Space-Time Code Design Space-Time Block Code (STBC) Alamouti Space-Time Code Generalization of Space-Time Block Coding Decoding for Space-Time Block Codes Space-Time Trellis Code Signal Detection for Spatially Multiplexed MIMO Systems Linear Signal Detection ZF Signal Detection MMSE Signal Detection OSIC Signal Detection ML Signal Detection Sphere Decoding Method QRM-MLD Method Lattice Reduction-Aided Detection Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz (LLL) Algorithm Application of Lattice Reduction Soft Decision for MIMO Systems Log-Likelihood-Ratio (LLR) for SISO Systems LLR for Linear Detector-Based MIMO System LLR for MIMO System with a Candidate Vector Set LLR for MIMO System Using a Limited Candidate Vector Set 364 Appendix 11.A Derivation of Equation (11.23) Exploiting Channel State Information at the Transmitter Side Channel Estimation on the Transmitter Side Using Channel Reciprocity CSI Feedback Precoded OSTBC 375

13 Contents xi 12.3 Precoded Spatial-Multiplexing System Antenna Selection Techniques Optimum Antenna Selection Technique Complexity-Reduced Antenna Selection Antenna Selection for OSTBC Multi-User MIMO Mathematical Model for Multi-User MIMO System Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System Capacity of MAC Capacity of BC Transmission Methods for Broadcast Channel Channel Inversion Block Diagonalization Dirty Paper Coding (DPC) Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding 412 References 419 Index 431

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15 Preface MIMO-OFDM is a key technology for next-generation cellular communications (3GPP-LTE, Mobile WiMAX, IMT-Advanced) as well as wireless LAN (IEEE a, IEEE n), wireless PAN (MB-OFDM), and broadcasting (DAB, DVB, DMB). This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the basic theory and practice of wireless channel modeling, OFDM, and MIMO, with MATLAB Ò programs to simulate the underlying techniques on MIMO-OFDM systems. This book is primarily designed for engineers and researchers who are interested in learning various MIMO-OFDM techniques and applying them to wireless communications. It can also be used as a textbook for graduate courses or senior-level undergraduate courses on advanced digital communications. The readers are assumed to have a basic knowledge on digital communications, digital signal processing, communication theory, signals and systems, as well as probability and random processes. The first aim of this book is to help readers understand the concepts, techniques, and equations appearing in the field of MIMO-OFDM communication, while simulating various techniques used in MIMO-OFDM systems. Readers are recommended to learn some basic usage of MATLAB Ò that is available from the MATLAB Ò help function or the on-line documents at the website However, they are not required to be an expert on MATLAB Ò since most programs in this book have been composed carefully and completely, so that they can be understood in connection with related/referred equations. The readers are expected to be familiar with the MATLAB Ò software while trying to use or modify the MATLAB Ò codes. The second aim of this book is to make even a novice at both MATLAB Ò and MIMO-OFDM become acquainted with MIMO-OFDM as well as MATLAB Ò, while running the MATLAB Ò program on his/her computer. The authors hope that this book can be used as a reference for practicing engineers and students who want to acquire basic concepts and develop an algorithm on MIMO-OFDM using the MATLAB Ò program. The features of this book can be summarized as follows:. Part I presents the fundamental concepts and MATLAB Ò programs for simulation of wireless channel modeling techniques, including large-scale fading, small-scale fading, indoor and outdoor channel modeling, SISO channel modeling, and MIMO channel modeling.. Part II presents the fundamental concepts and MATLAB Ò programs for simulation of OFDM transmission techniques including OFDM basics, synchronization, channel estimation, peak-to-average power ratio reduction, and intercell interference mitigation.. Part III presents the fundamental concepts and MATLAB Ò programs for simulation of MIMO techniques including MIMO channel capacity, space diversity and space-time codes,

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