RFID HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION

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5 RFID HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS IN CONTACTLESS SMART CARDS, RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION AND NEAR-FIELD COMMUNICATION, THIRD EDITION Klaus Finkenzeller Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, Munich, Germany Translated by Dörte Müller Powerwording.com A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

6 This edition first published , John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Finkenzeller, Klaus. [RFID Handbuch. English] Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Identification and Near-Field Communication, Third Edition / Klaus Finkenzeller ; translated by Dörte Müller. 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN (cloth) 1. Inventory control Automation. 2. Radio frequency identification systems. 3. Smart cards. I. Title. TS160.F dc A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: Typeset in 9/11 Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire, UK

7 Contents Preface to the Third Edition List of Abbreviations xi xiii 1 Introduction Automatic Identification Systems Barcode Systems Optical Character Recognition Biometric Procedures Smart Cards RFID Systems A Comparison of Different ID Systems Components of an RFID System 6 2 Differentiation Features of RFID Systems Fundamental Differentiation Features Transponder Construction Formats Disks and Coins Glass Housing Plastic Housing Tool and Gas Bottle Identification Keys and Key Fobs Clocks ID-1 Format, Contactless Smart Cards Smart Label Coil-on-Chip Other Formats Frequency, Range and Coupling Active and Passive Transponders Information Processing in the Transponder Selection Criteria for RFID Systems Operating Frequency Range Security Requirements Memory Capacity 28

8 vi Contents 3 Fundamental Operating Principles Bit Transponder Radio Frequency Microwaves Frequency Divider Electromagnetic Types Acoustomagnetic Full- and Half-Duplex Procedure Inductive Coupling Electromagnetic Backscatter Coupling Close-Coupling Data Transfer Reader Transponder Electrical Coupling Sequential Procedures Inductive Coupling Surface Acoustic Wave Transponder Near-Field Communication (NFC) Active Mode Passive Mode 59 4 Physical Principles of RFID Systems Magnetic Field Magnetic Field Strength H Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density Inductance L Mutual Inductance M Coupling Coefficient k Faraday s Law Resonance Practical Operation of the Transponder Interrogation Field Strength H min Total Transponder Reader System Measurement of System Parameters Magnetic Materials Electromagnetic Waves The Generation of Electromagnetic Waves Radiation Density S Characteristic Wave Impedance and Field Strength E Polarisation of Electromagnetic Waves Antennas Practical Operation of Microwave Transponders Surface Waves The Creation of a Surface Wave Reflection of a Surface Wave Functional Diagram of SAW Transponders The Sensor Effect Switched Sensors Frequency Ranges and Radio Licensing Regulations Frequency Ranges Used 155

9 Contents vii Frequency Range khz Frequency Range 6.78 MHz (ISM) Frequency Range MHz (ISM, SRD) Frequency Range MHz (ISM) Frequency Range MHz (ISM) Frequency Range MHz (ISM) UHF Frequency Range Frequency Range 2.45 GHz (ISM, SRD) Frequency Range 5.8 GHz (ISM, SRD) Frequency Range GHz Selection of a Suitable Frequency for Inductively Coupled RFID Systems The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) European Licensing Regulations CEPT/ERC REC Standardised Measuring Procedures National Licensing Regulations in Europe Germany National Licensing Regulations USA Comparison of National Regulations Conversion at MHz Conversion on UHF Coding and Modulation Coding in the Baseband Digital Modulation Procedures Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) FSK PSK Modulation Procedures with Subcarrier Data Integrity The Checksum Procedure Parity Checking LRC Procedure CRC Procedure Multi-Access Procedures Anticollision Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Frequency Domain Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Domain Multiple Access (TDMA) Examples of Anticollision Procedures Security of RFID Systems Attacks on RFID Systems Attacks on the Transponder Attacks on the RF Interface Protection by Cryptographic Measures Mutual Symmetrical Authentication Authentication using Derived Keys Encrypted Data Transfer 228

10 viii Contents 9 Standardisation Animal Identification ISO/IEC Code Structure ISO/IEC Technical Concept ISO/IEC Advanced Transponders Contactless Smart Cards ISO/IEC Close-Coupling Smart Cards ISO/IEC Proximity-Coupling Smart Cards ISO/IEC Vicinity-Coupling Smart Cards ISO/IEC Test Methods for Smart Cards ISO/IEC Data Carriers for Tools and Clamping Devices ISO/IEC Container Identification VDI 4470 Anti-theft Systems for Goods Part 1 Detection Gates Inspection Guidelines for Customers Part 2 Deactivation Devices Inspection Guidelines for Customers Item Management ISO/IEC Series GTAG Initiative EPCglobal Network The Architecture of Electronic Data Carriers Transponder with Memory Function RF Interface Address and Security Logic Memory Architecture Microprocessors Dual Interface Card Memory Technology RAM EEPROM FRAM Performance Comparison FRAM EEPROM Measuring Physical Variables Transponder with Sensor Functions Measurements Using Microwave Transponders Sensor Effect in Surface Wave Transponders Readers Data Flow in an Application Components of a Reader RF Interface Control Unit Integrated Reader ICs Integrated RF Interface Single-Chip Reader IC Connection of Antennas for Inductive Systems Connection Using Current Matching Supply via Coaxial Cable The Influence of the Q Factor Reader Designs 338

Preface to the Third Edition. List of Abbreviations

Preface to the Third Edition. List of Abbreviations Contents Preface to the Third Edition List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Automatic Identification Systems 2 1.1.1 Barcode Systems 2 1.1.2 Optical Character Recognition 3 1.1.3 Biometric Procedures