Preface to the Third Edition. List of Abbreviations

Transcription

1 Contents Preface to the Third Edition List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction Automatic Identification Systems Barcode Systems Optical Character Recognition Biometric Procedures Smart Cards RFID Systems A Comparison of Different ID Systems Components of an RFID System 6 2 Differentiation Features of RFID Systems Fundamental Differentiation Features Transponder Construction Formats Disks and Coins Glass Housing Plastic Housing Tool and Gas Bottle Identification Keys and Key Fobs Clocks ID-1 Format, Contactless Smart Cards Smart Label Coil-on-Chip Other Formats Frequency, Range and Coupling Active and Passive Transponders Information Processing in the Transponder Selection Criteria for RFID Systems Operating Frequency Range Security Requirements Memory Capacity 28 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL xi xiii

2 vi Contents 3 Fundamental Operating Principles Bit Transponder Radio Frequency Microwaves Frequency Divider Electromagnetic Types Acoustomagnetic Full- and Half-Duplex Procedure Inductive Coupling Electromagnetic Backscatter Coupling Close-Coupling Data Transfer Reader Transponder Electrical Coupling Sequential Procedures Inductive Coupling Surface Acoustic Wave Transponder Near-Field Communication (NFC) Active Mode Passive Mode 59 4 Physical Principles of RFID Systems Magnetic Field Magnetic Field Strength H Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density Inductance L Mutual Inductance M Coupling Coefficient k Faraday s Law Resonance Practical Operation of the Transponder Interrogation Field Strength H min Total Transponder Reader System Measurement of System Parameters Magnetic Materials Electromagnetic Waves The Generation of Electromagnetic Waves Radiation Density S Characteristic Wave Impedance and Field Strength E Polarisation of Electromagnetic Waves Antennas Practical Operation of Microwave Transponders Surface Waves The Creation of a Surface Wave Reflection of a Surface Wave Functional Diagram of SAW Transponders The Sensor Effect Switched Sensors Frequency Ranges and Radio Licensing Regulations Frequency Ranges Used 155

3 Contents vii Frequency Range khz Frequency Range 6.78 MHz (ISM) Frequency Range MHz (ISM, SRD) Frequency Range MHz (ISM) Frequency Range MHz (ISM) Frequency Range MHz (ISM) UHF Frequency Range Frequency Range 2.45 GHz (ISM, SRD) Frequency Range 5.8 GHz (ISM, SRD) Frequency Range GHz Selection of a Suitable Frequency for Inductively Coupled RFID Systems The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) European Licensing Regulations CEPT/ERC REC Standardised Measuring Procedures National Licensing Regulations in Europe Germany National Licensing Regulations USA Comparison of National Regulations Conversion at MHz Conversion on UHF Coding and Modulation Coding in the Baseband Digital Modulation Procedures Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) FSK PSK Modulation Procedures with Subcarrier Data Integrity The Checksum Procedure Parity Checking LRC Procedure CRC Procedure Multi-Access Procedures Anticollision Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Frequency Domain Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Domain Multiple Access (TDMA) Examples of Anticollision Procedures Security of RFID Systems Attacks on RFID Systems Attacks on the Transponder Attacks on the RF Interface Protection by Cryptographic Measures Mutual Symmetrical Authentication Authentication using Derived Keys Encrypted Data Transfer 228

4 viii Contents 9 Standardisation Animal Identification ISO/IEC Code Structure ISO/IEC Technical Concept ISO/IEC Advanced Transponders Contactless Smart Cards ISO/IEC Close-Coupling Smart Cards ISO/IEC Proximity-Coupling Smart Cards ISO/IEC Vicinity-Coupling Smart Cards ISO/IEC Test Methods for Smart Cards ISO/IEC Data Carriers for Tools and Clamping Devices ISO/IEC Container Identification VDI 4470 Anti-theft Systems for Goods Part 1 Detection Gates Inspection Guidelines for Customers Part 2 Deactivation Devices Inspection Guidelines for Customers Item Management ISO/IEC Series GTAG Initiative EPCglobal Network The Architecture of Electronic Data Carriers Transponder with Memory Function RF Interface Address and Security Logic Memory Architecture Microprocessors Dual Interface Card Memory Technology RAM EEPROM FRAM Performance Comparison FRAM EEPROM Measuring Physical Variables Transponder with Sensor Functions Measurements Using Microwave Transponders Sensor Effect in Surface Wave Transponders Readers Data Flow in an Application Components of a Reader RF Interface Control Unit Integrated Reader ICs Integrated RF Interface Single-Chip Reader IC Connection of Antennas for Inductive Systems Connection Using Current Matching Supply via Coaxial Cable The Influence of the Q Factor Reader Designs 338

5 Contents ix OEM Readers Readers for Industrial Use Portable Readers Near-Field Communication Secure NFC The Manufacture of Transponders and Contactless Smart Cards Glass and Plastic Transponders Chip Manufacture Glass Transponders Plastic Transponders Contactless Smart Cards Coil Manufacture Connection Technique Lamination Example Applications Contactless Smart Cards Public Transport The Starting Point Requirements Benefits of RFID Systems Fare Systems using Electronic Payment Market Potential Example Projects Contactless Payment Systems MasterCard ExpressPay by American Express Visa Contactless ExxonMobil Speedpass NFC Applications Electronic Passport Ski Tickets Access Control Online Systems Offline Systems Transponders Transport Systems Eurobalise S International Container Transport Animal Identification Stock Keeping Carrier Pigeon Races Electronic Immobilisation The Functionality of an Immobilisation System Brief Success Story Predictions Container Identification Gas Bottles and Chemical Containers Waste Disposal 404

6 x Contents Sporting Events Industrial Automation Tool Identification Industrial Production Medical Applications Appendix Contact Addresses, Associations and Technical Periodicals Industrial Associations Technical Journals RFID on the Internet Relevant Standards and Regulations Standardisation Bodies List of Standards Sources for Standards and Regulations Printed Circuit Board Layouts Test Card in Accordance with ISO Field Generator Coil Reader for MHz 435 References 441 Index 449