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1 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ii iii iv v vi vii xi xiv 1 INTRODUCTION Overview Problem Statement Complex Background Design Environmental Illumination Light Reflection Position Adjustment Round and Shiny Surfaces Objective Scope of Work Proposal Outline 6

2 viii 1.6 Summary 6 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Illumination Systems Single Point LED Linear Multiple LED Laser LED Imager Microcontroller Barcode Scanner with Adjustable Light Source Light Sensitive Automatic Flash control Circuit Smart Camera with Light Controller Synthetic Barcode System Integral Ambient Light and Occupancy Sensor Optical Scanner Head for Processing Barcode Data Portable Barcode Simulator Device and Method Understanding Lighting Systems Used in Barcode Readers Finding Suitable Automatic Illumination Control Circuit 19 for the Barcode Readers Light Source Techniques to Reduce Glare and Uneven Illumination Summary 23 3 METHODOLOGY Introduction Function of the Lighting System Flowchart of the Entire System 25

3 ix Computing the K Output Value Computing the Output Value K Under 30 Different Light Conditions 3.4 Software Part Desktop Computer Flowchart for Programming the Microcontroller Hardware Part Light Source Design Control Circuit Microcontroller Higher Current Load Interface Programming the Microcontroller The Digital to Analogue Convertor Section General Biasing Requirements Output Considerations The Power Section 41 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Introduction Laboratory Experiment Experiment No Experiment No. 2 45

4 x Experiment No Experiment No Experiment No Discussions 53 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS Conclusions Recommendations for Future Work 56 REFERENCES 57 APPENDICES (A-C) 60-80

5 xi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1(a) Barcode printed on shiny book cover 2 1.1(b) Barcode printed on plastic wrap A barcode in low light Specula effect caused by the light reflected from the camera light source Uneven illuminations on barcode from unusual angle Barcode printed on a shiny round object Block diagram of an operable light intensity control A camera flash circuit Smart Camera Block diagram of components of an exemplary synthetic 15 barcode module circuit 2.5 Block diagram of electrical circuitry that controls the 17 operation of the sensor 2.6(a) Optical barcode scanner (b) System to transfer barcode data to host 18

6 xii 2.7 Block diagram of an electronic bar code simulator (EBCS) 19 device 2.8 Barcode scanner with adjustable light source Automatic light detection circuits LED light detection circuit Motor controlled movable light source Bare bulbs covered by shaded glass Color coated anti-reflection objects The block diagram of entire system Flow chart of entire system Frame with a pixel (a) Position of histogram to the left (b) Position of histogram to the right Microcontroller programming flowchart Reflector design details Schematic diagram of control circuit Pin layout diagram of PIC16F877A Microcontroller Microcontroller programmer Schematic diagram of the interface between DAC0800 and 40 operational amplifier 3.11 Schematic diagram of the power circuit Captured barcode printed on perfume bottle using conventional camera 4.2 Captured barcode printed on perfume bottle using developed system 4.3 Captured barcode printed on dove therapy plastic tube using conventional camera

7 xiii 4.4 Captured barcode printed on dove therapy plastic tube using developed system 4.5 Captured barcode printed on Akkord webcam carton using conventional camera 4.6 Captured barcode printed on Akkord webcam carton using developed system 4.7 Captured barcode printed on Sun Quick juice bottle using conventional camera 4.8 Captured barcode printed on Sun Quick juice bottle using developed system 4.9 Captured barcode printed on a text book using conventional camera 4.10 Captured barcode printed on a text book using developed system

8 xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A/D - Analogue to Digital Convertor CCD - Charged Coupled Device. CD - Compact Disk CDS - Cadmium Sulfide CLK - Clock CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide COM - Communication CPU - Central Processing Unit 3-D - Three Dimensional D/A - Digital to Analogue Convertor EBCS - Electronic Barcode Stimulator FET - Field Effect Transistor FPS - Frame Per Second I/O - Input- Output IR - Infrared Red K - Kilo-pixel LDR - Light Dependent Resistor LED - Light Emitting Diode

9 xv LVDS - Low Voltage Differential Signal ma - Mill ampere MCU - Microcontroller Unit OP-AMP - Operational Amplifier PC - Personal Computer PDA - Personal Digital Assistant RAM - Read Access Memory ROM - Read Only Memory SI - Start Integration USB - Universal Serial Bus VGA - Video Graphics Array

10 xvi LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX. TITLE PAGE A Schematic Diagram for the Control Circuit 60 B Data Sheet 61 C Source Code (C++) 65

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