COMM 907:Spread Spectrum Communications

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1 COMM 907: Spread Spectrum Communications Dr. Ahmed El-Mahdy Professor in Communications Department The German University in Cairo

2 Text Book [1] R. Michael Buehrer, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Morgan & Claypool Publishers series, [2] Don Torrieri, Principles of Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems, Springer Science, Inc., 2005.

3 Grading Quizzes 20% Project 20% Midterm Exam 20% Final Exam 40%

4 Course Contents Introduction to Spread Spectrum Systems and mobile evolution. Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum System Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum System Cellular Code Division Multiple Access System Detection Techniques and Interference Cancellation of CDMA Systems Multicarrier Transmission: MC-Frequency Hopping, MC-CDMA,... Introduction to LTE : OFDMA, SC-FDMA, Relaying in LTE, advantages, limitations, Introduction to 5G: Heterogeneous cell, MIMO, challenges,

5 COMM 907: Spread Spectrum Communications Lecture 1 1-Introduction to Spread Spectrum Systems

6 Evolution of Mobile Telecommunications 1G: (First generation): refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology (mobile telecommunications).1g is analog telecommunications standards that was introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G. 2G: (Second generation): Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland in Radio signals on 2G networks are digital. The primary benefits of 2G networks are: - 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum (since it is digital, compression techniques can be used to decrease the bandwidth). - 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. 2G cannot support multi-media service.

7 Evolution of Mobile Telecommunications (Cont.) 2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMAbased standards. Depending on the type of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are: - GSM (Global Systems for Mobile communications) it is TDMA-based. - IS-95 (Interim Standard 95): It is the first CDMA based digital cellular standard. 2.5 G services enable high-speed data transfer over upgraded existing 2G systems.

8 Evolution of Mobile Telecommunications (Cont.) 3G: (Third generation): - Application services of 3G include: mobile internet access, video calls, and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. - Compared to the 2G and 2.5 G standards, a 3G system must allow simultaneous use of speech and data services, and provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s according to the IMT-2000 (international mobile telecommunications-2000) specifications. - Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to laptop computers,.. - Some 3G systems and radio interfaces are based on spread spectrum radio transmission technology such as the CDMA2000 system.

9 Evolution of Mobile Telecommunications (Cont.) 4G: (4th generation): 4G accommodates services such as: - multimedia messaging services (MMS), - mobile broadband access (high speed internet access), - video chat, mobile TV, but also new services like HDTV. - 4G may allow roaming with wireless local area networks, and may interact with digital video broadcasting systems. For mobile use, including smartphones and tablets, connection speeds need to have a peak of at least 100 megabits per second, and for more stationary uses such as mobile hotspots (internet access point), at least 1 gigabit per second. LTE stands for Long Term Evolution, and isn t as much a technology as it is the path followed to achieve 4G speeds.

10 Concept of Spread Spectrum Spread spectrum systems is a class of wireless digital communication systems that offer three main advantages: (1) Spread-spectrum transmissions can share a frequency band with many types of conventional transmissions with minimal interference. i.e: The spread-spectrum signals add minimal noise to the narrow-band frequency communications. As a result, bandwidth can be utilized more efficiently.

11 Concept of Spread Spectrum (2) Spread-spectrum signals are difficult to intercept. An interception receiver would only be able to intercept the transmission if the pseudorandom sequence was known. (3) Spread-spectrum signals are resistant to narrowband interference. i.e: The process of re-collecting a spread signal spreads out the interfering signal

12 Applications of Spread Spectrum (SS) Communications 1. CDMA radios: SS is useful in multiple access communications where many users communicate over a shared channel. Ex: in cellular phones IS-95 standard and CDMA2000 system 2. The United States GPS, Russian Glonass, and European Galileo satellite navigation systems. 3. WLAN: Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks) widely use spread spectrum communications. IEEE is Wi-Fi a standard that is developed for mobile Cmmunication, and widely implemented throughout the world.

13 Applications of Spread Spectrum (SS) Communications 4. Cellular base stations interconnection. 5. Cordless Phones: Several manufacturers implement Spread Spectrum in Cordless phones. The advantages of using SS in cordless phone include the following: a. Security: Inherently, a SS communication is coded. b. Immunity to Noise: SS modulation is immune to noise when compared with other modulation schemes such as AM and FM. c. Longer Range: Due to noise immunity, it is possible to achieve a longer range of communications, for a very small transmitted power.

14 General Model of Spread Spectrum System

15 Types of Spread Spectrum Systems Direct Sequence Frequency Hopping Hybrid DS/FH system

16 2-Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System

17 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System with BPSK Modulation Direct sequence spread spectrum system (DSSSS), achieves bandwidth spreading through the use of a high rate symbol sequence (termed a chip sequence) that directly multiplies the information symbol stream. Since the chip sequence has a rate much higher than the data rate, the bandwidth is increased. The simplest form of DSSSS uses binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation and is illustrated in Fig. 1.1.

18 Transmitter Block Diagram of DSSSS with BPSK Modulation Transmitter Fig. 1.1 s( t) 2Pb( t) c( t) cos 2 f t c

19 The transmitted signal can be represented by s( t) 2Pb( t) c( t) cos 2 f t c i where b ( t) bi pb ( t itb ) is the information signal 1, 1 each bit has duration T b b i (t) p b is the unit energy pulse shape used for the information waveform (assumed to be rectangular) i c ( t) ci pc ( t itc ) is the spreading sequence where each symbol (usually called a chip) has duration T T N c b / N is the number of spreading symbols (chips); it is called also. Processing gain. Bandwidth expansion factor.

20 Data and Chip sequences C(t)

21 Definitions baseband Spreading Factor

22 Power Spectral Density

23 Power Spectral Density

24 Transmitter Block Diagram of DSSSS with BPSK Modulation Transmitter Fig. 1.1 s( t) 2Pb( t) c( t) cos 2 f t c

25 Receiver Block Diagram of DSSSS with BPSK Modulation Sampler every Tb Receiver

26 Receiver Analysis

27 Receiver analysis (Cont.) b o 1, 1

28 Performance of DSSSS with BPSK Modulation

29 Performance of the DSSSS with BPSK Mod.

30 Appendix A: Noise Variance in DSSSS The variance of noise term is given by: Since the noise is wide sense stationary random process, then Thus the autocorrelation is given by: Then:

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