Index. fiber feed network, 138 tapped-delay line, 138 weight matrix, 138 TFD. See traveling-fringes detector

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1 Index A acousto-optic deflector, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 155 self-organizing cavities oscillation of laser, 257 aerial information density (D), 44 all-digital system demonstration, BER. See bit error rates differential coding scheme, 33 differential encoding technique, 34 35, 37 pixel sequence, 34, 35 pixel-to-bit ratio, 35 probability of an error, 34, 35 diffraction efficiency of the stored holograms, 33 Hamming error-correcting code, bit error rates, 35, 36 pixel capacity, 36 application to 4-level lasers dye laser, Nd:YVO 4 laser, associative memories (AM), 78, 105, 118, 123, 127 analog optical computing, 78 neural network architectures, 78 B beam combiners and laser diode stabilizers beam combiners, 316 Bragg-selective feedback, grating feedback, advantages of, 317 bit error rates, 33, 36, 93 broadband efficient adaptive method for true-time-delay array processing (BEAMTAP) algorithm output time delay, 138 AOD. See acousto-optic deflector electro-optic modulators (EOMs), fiber feed network, 138 tapped-delay line, 138 weight matrix, 138 TFD. See traveling-fringes detector C coherent erasure and updating of holograms, 120 superimposed recording of a π-phase-shifted image, 120 D data readout system achieving 1 Gbit/sec 6:8 channel code, 36, 39 pixel-matched detector array, 38 degenerate four-wave mixing, 122, 124 degenerate four-wave mixing in photorefractive mesogenic composites, absorption spectrum of the photorefractive mesogenic composite film, 176 phase-conjugate reflectivity, spatial intensity modulations, 177 steady-state value of the phase conjugate reflectance, 178 demonstration platforms 100-GB capacity and 1 Gbit/sec readout system demonstrator, data readout system achieving 1 Gbit/sec, digital system demonstration, electronic readout at video rates, holographic digital data-storage test platforms, ultrahigh >10 Gbits/sec optical data rate demonstration, 45 ultrashort-access-time-testbed, video demonstration,

2 356 Index diffraction efficiency, 110, 181 for hologram pages, 111, 114 for volume hologram, 115 figure of merit, 230 of the gratings in LiNbO3 crystals, 291 for neutrons, 342 digital holographic memories optical data storage devices, 7 dynamic holographic interferometry (HI). See also holographic camera with continuous laser illumination application of 2E-HI to transparent objects, 224 diffraction anisotropy, HI [1 3], OPD. See optical path difference E edge enhancement of optical image, experimental setup Fourier transform holographic operation, 184, 185 grating constant of the interference light, 185 electro neutron-optic coefficient, 328, 329, 341, 342, 344, 348 electronic readout at video rates, error-correction coding, 30, 31 experimental implementation of BEAMTAP beam forming and jammer nulling, electronic RF setup for the full optical system, phase stabilization subsystem, 159 broadband adaptive processing, jammer informational bandwidth, 164 impedance matched TFD, 158 narrowband adaptive processing, AOA. See angle of arrival feedback gain, jammer power, 160, 162, 163 phased-array jamming signal, 160, 162 SINR. See signal-to-interferenceplus-noise ratio phase-stabilization in BEAMTAP, jammer phase, 158 reference for phase stabilization, 159 experiments of photo-(neutron) refraction higher harmonics, Fourier coefficients, 335 nonlinear response to light exposure, 335 polymer chains in d-pmma, 335 HOLONS. See holography and neutron scattering neutron experimental setup, neutron interferometer, interference pattern, 340 perfect-crystal neutron interferometer, small-angle scattering with cold neutrons, 338 photo-neutron-refractive material using a slab of PMMA, 330 temporal evolution of polymerization, diffraction efficiency, 332, 333 light and neutron diffraction from photoinduced refractive-index, 332 F fast light in photorefractive materials Gaussian pulse propagating in Bi 12 SiO 20 crystal, transmitted signal pulse, 287 filters in telecommunication applications, lifetime of thermally fixed holograms, 304 decay of the ionic pattern, ion diffusion coefficient, 305 fully automated video demonstration, recording of video imagery and sound in LiNbO 3,36 H hologram fixing and nondestructive readout

3 Index 357 space-charge field replication due to trapped charge, spectral sensitivity of the photorefractive material, two-color illumination, thermal fixing procedure, 118 erase-time constant at room temperature, 118 mobile ions, 118 hologram-multiplexing methods. See also holographic data storage systems (HDSS) technology angular multiplexing, diffraction efficiency, 83 recording step, 83 reference-beam angle of incidence, 84 phase multiplexing, addresses of the stored images, 84 binary phase encoding, 85 phase-only spatial light modulator, 84, 85 wavelength multiplexing, diffraction efficiency of a weak reflection, 86 grating vectors, 86 reflection gratings, 86 tunable solid-state laser diode, 86 holographic associative memories, ghost image of a stored image, 105 content-addressable memory, 105 off-axis holography, 105 page-oriented holographic memories, 106 content-addressable reading, 106 readout reference, 106 reconstructed wave front, 105 storage capacity, 105 holographic camera with continuous laser illumination. See also dynamic holographic interferometry (HI) dynamic displacements, single-frame analysis technique, 238 extension to tridimensional displacements, phase difference, 240 sensitivity vector, 241 quasi-static displacements, nondestructive testing of aeronautical composite structures, 236 full-field displacement metrology, 237 RT-HI technique, 234 two phase-quantification techniques, behavior of a microelectronic chip, response time, 235 stroboscopic technique, 239 vibratory displacements, holographic camera with continuous laser illumination, for transparent objects holographic camera to transparent objects, microgravity fluid-monitoring holographic camera, BSO crystal implementation, 243 holographic camera with pulsed lasers early experiments, anisotropy of diffraction configuration, camera operating in the pulse regime, energies for recording and readout, 246 four-pulse vibration measurement technique, vibration measurement method, 246 holographic data storage systems (HDSS) technology. See also Hologrammultiplexing methods angular multiplexing, angular selectivity, 17, 18 separation angle, 18 signal-amplitude spatial light modulator (signal ASLM), 17 superimposed pages readable with a certain SNR, 30 correlation multiplexing/ shift multiplexing, 21 autocorrelation function, 21 diffraction efficiency of the hologram, 21 spatial autocorrelation function, 21

4 358 Index holographic data storage systems (cont.) Fourier transform configuration, focal plane, 14, 15 signal page, 15 signal path, grating vectors accessible data channels, total number of, 15, 16 maximum wave vector length, 15 signal-to-noise ratio, 16 holographic recording materials, 21 material parameters for optimized holographic performance, 22 parameters of, 22 photopolymer materials, 22 properties of, 21 phase-encoded multiplexing, crosstalk, 20 diffracted signal, 20 phase spatial-light modulator, 19 phase-encoded reference beam, 19 photorefractive materials interference pattern, 23 linear electrooptic (Pockels) effect, 24 photoexcited states, 23 photorefractive effect in diffusion-dominated materials, signal processing and en/decoding coding and signal processing, elements of, 31 differential decoding, 32 ECC. See error-correction coding modulation coding, 31 signal path in a holographic data storage system, 31 threshold detection, 32 recorded hologram (s), SNR. See signal-to-noise ratio photorefractive crystals, 9 angular multiplexing, 9 photosensitive organic media, 8 9 shift or phase multiplexing techniques, 9 11 wavelength multiplexing, wavelength selectivity, 18 holographic filters optical add-drop multiplexers for telecommunication networks, photorefractive crystals, 295 properties of, 295 VHGs. See volume holographic gratings wavelength-division multiplexing, 295 holographic recording. See also recorded hologram(s) binary phase mask, 307 collimated beams, 306 thermally fixed gratings in lithium niobate, 309 wavelength filters for WDM applications, center wavelength of the WDM filter, 307 isolation of WDM filters, 308 holography and neutron scattering, benefits of, I image amplification in photorefractive mesogenic composites, two-dimensional optical image reconstruction from nonlocal gratings, output image-intensity distribution, 184 injection-locked laser diode mutually pumped phase-conjugate mirror, broad stripe LD (BS-LD), 212 injection-locking, 212 lasing spectrum of the slave laser, 214 MPPCM. See mutually pumped phase conjugate mirror single-mode master laser diode, 213 slave laser, 213 phase-conjugate feedback, collimating optics for the laser beam, 216 filtered laser beam, 217 Rh-doped BaTiO 3 crystal, 216

5 Index 359 J Joint Fourier transform correlator, correlation theorem, 95 dual-axis JTC correlator, 96 intensity distribution, 95 transparency with a real transmittance, 95 L liquid-crystal light valves, 108 local area network, 298, 299 Ethernet transmission protocol, 298 long-haul (LH) networks, 300 amplification region of erbium-doped optical amplifiers (EDFA), 300 M mesogenic composites for photorefractive applications, dye-doped low-molar-mass liquid crystals, 170 mesophase without phase separation, 171 orientational photorefractive effects, 170 PDLC. See polymer-dispersed liquid crystals PDLCC. See polymer dissolved liquid crystal composite metropolitan networks, interconnecting city areas through access nodes, 299 transceivers, 299 multiplexed hologram, 45 mutually pumped phase conjugate mirror, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216 N narrowband processing and limitations beam steering and jammer nulling, 136 RF signals from one-dimensional (1-D) antenna arrays, 136 narrowband processing, 136 neutron physics with photorefractive materials holographic gratings, diffraction efficiency, 323 light-induced refractive-index gratings, preparation of, 322 neutron optics, 324 coherent elastic scattering, 324 influence of a (static) electric field E(x) on neutron-optical potential, 325 neutron-refractive index, 326 photo-neutron-refractive effect, 321 PMMA. See polymethylmethacrylate nonlinear holographic associative memories (NHAM) hybrid NHAM LCLV. See liquid-crystal light valves video detectors, 108 PCM. See phase-conjugating mirror perfect thresholding, 108 reconstructed reference beams, sequential recording of Fourier transforms of objects, 106 storage capacity, 106 O optical add-drop modules (OADM) OADM architectures, wavelength blocker, 300 (R)OADM, optical correlators, buffer memory for JTC-type correlators, 121 correlation at video rate, 121 compact photorefractive JTC system based on abi 12 SiO 20 (BSO), 121 response time, 121 permanent storage of matched filters, semiconductor multiple quantum well (MQW) devices, 122 optical data storage, commercial devices, optical path difference, 224, 226 optical pattern recognition for optical correlators JTC. See Joint Fourier Transform Correlator VanderLugt-type correlator, 97 98

6 360 Index optical pattern recognition using volume holograms Joint Fourier transform correlator with volume media, Bragg condition, 98 99, 100 complex wave amplitude, 99 crosstalk effects, 100 sinc function, 100 VanderLugt correlator with volume media complex amplitude at the output plane, 102 holographic matched filter, shift invariance, two-dimensional output intensity distribution, 103 optical phase conjugation for solid-state lasers distortion due to intense pumping mechanism, optical phase conjugation in a rod geometry, 195 depolarization, 195 refractive index distribution, 195 thermal lensing with dioptic power, 195 lamp-pumped Nd:YAG, photon energy defect, 196 thermal effects, 195 self-pumped phase-conjugation scheme, 197 photorefractive crystal, barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ), 197 semiconductor diode lasers, 196 output power, 196 solid-state lasers photorefractive PCM, 196 stress-induced birefringence, 195 optical response of volume holograms angular and wavelength detuning, angle selectivity of slab-shaped hologram, 65 hologram response, 64 parallelepiped-shaped hologram, volume hologram, 64 wavelength degeneracy, wavelength selectivity of slab-shaped hologram, Bragg-matched reconstruction field-dependent apodization parameter, 62 hologram shape function, 59 dielectric modulation, 59 refractive index of the holographic material, 59 shift-variant transfer function, 63 superposition integral, 60 light amplitude distribution at the back focal plane of L2, D modulation of dielectric index, 56 diffracted field, 57 Fourier-plane filter, 56 system input output relation, longitudinal detuning (defocus) Bragg selectivity of the hologram, cylinder-shaped hologram, 69 hologram vicinity, 69 successive values of z 0,70 P phase-conjugate diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser amplifiers cw regime, amplified signal beam, 201 BaTiO 3 crystal, 202 double-pass amplifier, 202 far-field spatial patterns of the amplified signal beam, 203 signal laser beam, 201 single-pass gain of the amplifier, 202 nanosecond regime, 208 flash-lamp-pumped Nd:YAG four-pass amplifier with a CAT-PCM, 208 numerical simulation of output power, 198, 199 elliptical gain volume, 198 output power, 198 signal and phase-conjugate beams, 198 photorefractive phase-conjugate reflectivity, photorefractive ring-pcm based on a BaTiO 3 crystal, 198 reflectivity in ring-pcm, 199 picosecond regime,

7 Index 361 amplified signal laser, 206 frequency-narrowing effects, 205 operation of a 7.4-watt picosecond output, 204 output power as a function of pump diode power, output power from the double-pass amplifier, 206 picosecond Nd:YVO4 amplifier with PCM, second harmonic generation in a 5-mm KTP crystal, wavelength selectivity of a photorefractive phase-conjugate mirror, 200 two-wave-mixing gain-band of refractive index gratings, 200 phase-conjugate laser resonator, phase-conjugate resonator (PCR), 209, 210, 211, 212 full suppression of the higher-order transverse modes, master resonator, 209 phase-conjugate reflection, 209 phase-conjugate mirror, 194, 209, 211, 212, phase-conjugating mirror, , 122, 123, 124, 194, 198, 202, 203, 205, 206 phase-coupling-induced slow and fast lights, 280 group velocity of light with dispersive phase coupling, light propagation in photorefractive materials, 281 tunability of the group velocity of lights, limited bandwidths, 282 response rate of the photorefractive two-beam coupling, 282 photo-(neutron) refraction electro neutron-optic effect angular dependence of diffraction efficiency for hydrated sample, 344 ENOC. See electro neutron-optic coefficient photo-neutron-refractive mechanism in LiNbO 3, linear electrooptic effect, 328 space-charge density, 327 photo-neutron-refractive mechanism in PMMA polymerization process, neutron holography, atomic resolution holography, 345 lensless microscope with atomic resolution,construction of, 345 neutron-absorbing isotopes acting as pointlike detectors, photorefractive crystals for HI choice of the crystal, ferroelectric crystals, 231 semiconductors, 231 sillenite crystals, 231 figures of merit n, photoinduced refractive index variation, 239 diffraction efficiency, 230 temporal characteristics of hologram recording, photorefractive configurations, anisotropy of diffraction, beam coupling, 232 recording geometries, geometry of beams, 233 polarization-angle, read-write multiplexing with BaTiO 3 BEAMTAP arm of the processor, feedback AOD DC reference beam, 156 tap-delay line, 155 detected beam-formed output for a single 1GHz tone, 157 e-polarized read beam, 157 rf feedthrough, 157 isolating the writing beams from the reading beam, 154 array emulator arm of the processor, 155 ô- and ê-polarized beams, 155 polymer-dispersed liquid crystals, , 174 polymer dispersed liquid crystal composite, , , 184, 185, 187 Polymethylmethacrylate, 321, 323, 326

8 362 Index pulse-broadening effect, Gaussian pulse without a severe broadening effect, 290 R rainbow method, 54 read-write multiplexing for the BEAMTAP system, parallel-tangents, equal-curvature condition, 144 Bragg matching condition, 144 grating vector (s), 144 parallel-tangents, equal-curvature condition in BaTiO 3, Bragg efficiency, 147, 148 Bragg-matching diffraction efficiency, 150 equal-curvature angle, 146, 147 equal-curvature condition, 145, 147 momentum mismatch, 147 θeq, extraordinary angle, 145 real-time holography in photorefractive mesogenic composites, diffraction efficiency versus applied dc fields and writing power, frequency-doubled Nd-YAG laser with a 532-nm wavelength, diffracted beam intensity, 181 diffraction efficiency, 181 reconfigurable optical-add-drop multiplexer, 298, 301, 303 recorded hologram (s). See also holographic recording Bragg selectivity, 12, 13, 14 wave vector, 12 dynamic range of the index grating, material sensitivity, 13 electric field amplitude of, propagating reference wave, 11 propagating signalwave, 11 reflection gratings, refractive index modulation, 301 apodization, 302 resulting diffraction efficiency versus the reading wavelength, 301 holographic interferometry (HI) ideal holographic measurement device, electronic speckle pattern interferometer (ESPI), 226 properties of a holographic measurement tool, phase quantification and associated techniques, Fourier transform (FT) processing, 227 heterodyning, 227 phase-shifting or phase-stepping (PS), 227 polarization separation technique, 229 ring resonator NHAM, eigenmodes representing orthogonal patterns, 108 reference beam (s), 109 ring phase conjugate resonator, 108, 109 ultrashort-access-time-testbed, access times, 41 S saturable absorber correlation with associative readout, 124 thresholding effect, 125 enhancing the intensity ratio, 125 self-organizing cavities laser cavities, operating on the transverse structure, 273 with 4-level laser amplifiers, with adaptive Fabry-Perot filters, with semiconductor amplifiers, self-organizing cavities operating on the transverse structure, 273 light diffraction, 273 transverse mode oscillation, 273 self-organizing cavities with 4-level laser amplifiers, laser oscillation on a single-longitudinal mode, 263 modeling 4-level lasers, cw standing-wave laser cavity, 264 frequency of oscillating mode at maximum gain curve, gain and losses of the oscillating mode, 264

9 Index 363 self-organizing cavities with adaptive Fabry-Perot filters, Fabry-Perot filter, 255 reflectivity, 255 photorefractive Bragg grating, stable single-mode oscillation, self-organizing laser cavities, nonlinear effects taking place inside the laser amplifier, 253 single-mode oscillation, thermal holograms in a nonsaturable absorbing medium, 254 self-organizing cavities with semiconductor amplifiers, gain medium characteristics, laser diode, spectral characteristics of an extended cavity laser diode, 270 wavelength-tunable diffraction-limited laser diode, 270 Littman configuration, 271 oscillating-mode wavelength, 271 photorefractive filter, 272 reflectivity of this feedback system, 271 signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, 141, 161, 164 signal-to-noise ratio, 8, 91, 93, 126 slow and fast lights in photorefractive materials dispersive photorefractive phase coupling, associated light-induced space-charge field E sc, 278 induced refractive index grating, 278 experimental demonstrations, fast light in photorefractive materials, measurement of group velocity of light, pulse-broadening effect, slow light in photorefractive materials, tunability and transition between slow and fast lights, 288, 289 phase-coupling-induced slow and fast lights, photorefractive wave coupling, 277 slow and fast lights with a stationary refractive index grating, stationary refractive index gratings, 290 slow light in photorefractive materials, steady-state temporal traces in a Bi 12 SiO 20 crystal, solid-state lasers with a photorefractive phase-conjugate mirror, correction of the distortions in a laser amplifier, 193 spatial frequency selective reconstruction of optical images, edge enhancement of the optical image, Raman-Nath thin-grating regime, reference beam profile, 187 spatial heterodyning, spatial light modulator, 2, 19, 86 steady-state spectral characteristics of the adaptive Fabry-Perot Filter, 257 Fabry-Perot reflectivity versus the wavelength Bragg mismatch, Fabry-Perot reflectivity, 258 Kogelnik s formalism, transfer matrix formulation, wave-mixing formalism, storage capacity of photorefractive holographic media, conventional error-encoding techniques, 117 Nmax, maximum number of storable holograms, 116, 117 η min, minimum allowable signal diffraction efficiency, 115, 116, 117 storage capacity of volume media interpage crosstalk and storage density, (SNR) min, worst signal-to-noise ratio, 91 coupled wave theory in the Fourier regime, Nmax, maximal number of multiplexed holograms, 90, 91 limitation due to optical system, 87, 89 90

10 364 Index storage capacity of volume media (cont.) maximum storage density, 90 Rayleigh criterion, 89 limitations due to material quality, ratio between signal and scattered noise, 94 signal-to-noise ratio, 94 limiting storage capacity, D/λ 2, storage capacity of thin holograms, 88 system architecture electronic data stream, 87 encoding in case of angular multiplexing, H H holograms, 88 SLM. See spatial light modulator storage capacity and storage density at a given signal-to-noise ratio, transformation of light diffracted off the hologram, T telecommunication networks LAN. See local area network long-haul (LH) networks, 300, 301 MAN. See metropolitan networks OADM. See optical add-drop modules types of optical networks, 297 thermal fixing of lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) creation of fixed ionic gratings in lithium niobate, 27 electronic gratings formed at room temperature, 27 simultaneous formation of electronic and ionic gratings, 27 holographic gratings based on charge redistribution, lifetimes of fixed ionic holograms, using complementary gratings to establish stable holograms, charge density, 25, 26 ionic conductivity, 26 thin storage media implementations bistable Fabry Perot etalon, 123 mirror to retroreflect the reconstructed reference beams, 123 correlation peak, 123 thin thermoplastic Fourier transform holograms, DFWM. See degenerate four-wave mixing transfer function of volume holographic optical systems. See also derivation of optical response of volume holograms 3DSH. See 3D spatial heterodyning Bragg selectivity, three-dimensional (3D) grating, 51 traveling-fringes detector, , 166 opto-electronic conversion for broadband detection, drifting diffusion equation, 143 fractional bandwidth detection, 142 photo-conducting layer of gallium arsenide (GaAs), 141 true-time-delay array processing (BEAMTAP) broadband efficient adaptive method for true-timedelay algorithm array processing narrowband processing and limitations, 136 radio frequency (RF) signal processing, 135 RF antenna arrays, 135 wideband true-time-delay beam-steering techniques, 136 tapped-delay lines, 137 two-photon recording techniques, sensitivity and index changes as a function of stoichiometry, single-photon sensitivity, 29 two-wave mixing in photorefractive mesogenic composites, asymmetric energy transfer signals in two-beam coupling experiments, diffraction patterns for the photorefractive PDLCC sample, 173 Raman Nath regime of optical diffraction, 173, 175 theory of two-beam coupling,

11 Index 365 V VanderLugt-type correlator, detection of the correlation peak, 98 observed intensity pattern, 97 volume holographic gratings, 308, 309, 313, 316 beam combiners and laser diode stabilizers, integration of multiple volume-bragg gratings and tunable filters, 313, 314, 315 grating wave vector, 309 ROADM. See reconfigurable optical-add-drop multiplexer packaging cross-connects micro-electromechanical mirrors (MEMs), 316 ultrahigh-isolation add drop filters, 312, 313, 314 double-pass configuration using a mirror, 312 wavelength filters four-port device, 315 three-port device, 315 two-port device, volume storage in associative memories all-optical nonlinear holographic associative memory, 124, 125 photorefractive KNbO 3 crystal, 124 nonresonant cavity with image-bearing beams, 124 nematic liquid crystal, 124 photorefractive KNbO 3 crystal, 124 thresholding effect of the saturable absorber, 125 two images stored in a photorefractive BaTiO 3 crystal, hybrid optical electronic implementation, 124 recording the holographic memory, 123, 124 weighted storage method, 127 volumetric optical data storage hologram-multiplexing methods, light diffraction by volume gratings, angle of incidence, angular mismatch of the incident wave, 82 fixed transmission hologram, 81 holographic grating recording and readout, refractive index modulation amplitude, 80, 82 system architecture, W wide-angular aperture readout, experimental demonstration of Bragg mismatch, 153 charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, 151, 152 concept of the parallel-tangents, equal-curvature condition, reading beam angle, 151 light diffracted off hologram and captured by CCD camera,