R.B.V.R.R. WOMEN S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) Narayanaguda, Hyderabad.
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1 R.B.V.R.R. WOMEN S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) Narayanaguda, Hyderabad. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS QUESTION BANK FOR SEMESTER III PAPER III OPTICS UNIT I: 1. MATRIX METHODS IN PARAXIAL OPTICS 2. ABERATIONS UNIT II : INTERFERENCE 1. INTERFERENCE BY DIVISION OF WAVE FRONT 2. INTERFERENCE BY DIVISION OF WAVE AMPLITUDE UNIT III: DIFFRACTION 1. FRAUNHOFFER DIFFRACTION & FRESNEL DIFFRACTION 2. FIBRE OPTICS UNIT IV: 1. POLARISATION 2. LASER & HOLOGRAPHY H.O.D.
2 UNIT I 1. MATRIX METHODS IN PARAXIAL OPTICS Long answer questions for five marks: 1. Define and explain system matrix. Obtain the system matrix for a thick lens. 2. What are the cardinal points of a lens system? What are their characteristics? 3. Explain the translation, reflection and system matrices. 4. Obtain the system matrix for a thick lens and hence obtain the formula for a thin lens. 5. Write the system matrix for a thin lens and hence derive a relation for the focal length for a combination of two thin lenses separated by a distance. 6. Obtain the system matrix for a thick lens and hence obtain the formula for a thin lens. 7. Define unit points and nodal points of an optical system. And show that when the optical system is placed in air, the nodal points coincide with the unit points. 8. Deduce an expression for the focal length of the thin lens using matrix method. 2
3 2. ABERATIONS Long answer questions for five marks: 1. Explain what is meant by chromatic aberration of lens. Discuss longitudinal and lateral chromatic aberrations. 2. Arrive at the condition for two thin lenses of the same material separated by a distance from an achromatic combination. 3. Obtain an expression for the focal length of combination of two thin lenses separated by a distance from an achromatic combination. 4. Obtain an expression for the focal length of combination of two thin lenses which are in contact with each other, from an achromatic combination 5. What is spherical aberration? How can this defect be minimized in lenses. 6. Explain how the defect coma arises in a lens by a diagram. How is it minimized? 7. Write a note on astigmatism. 8. Explain chromatic and spherical aberrations. 9. Write a note on working of a camera. 10. What is spherical aberration? Obtain the condition for the removal of spherical aberration when two Plano convex lenses are separated by certain distance. 11. Explain chromatic aberration. Obtain an expression for the longitudinal chromatic aberration when object is situated at infinite distance. 3
4 1. MATRIX METHODS IN PARAXIAL OPTICS Short answer questions for two marks: 1. Explain translation matrix. 2. Explain refraction matrix. 3. Explain system matrix. 4. Write short notes on cardinal points. 2. ABERATIONS Short answer questions for two marks: 1. Tabulate differences between chromatic and monochromatic aberration. 2. Write a short note on spherical aberration. 3. What is achromatism. How do you find achromatism in optical devices. 4. Explain Aplanatic lens. 5. Explain defect of coma and its minimization. 6. What is the importance of Abbe s sine condition in coma aberration elimination. 7. Explain how the defect is eliminated in a camera working and mention the parts of camera where it is done. 8. Explain working of a camera. 9. Explain curvature aberration and its minimization. 10. Explain distortion and its elimination methods. 4
5 1. MATRIX METHODS IN PARAXIAL OPTICS Problems for two marks: 1. A thick lens of thickness 2 cm and refractive index 1.5 placed in air has radii of curvature 8 cm and - 8 cm. Find the system matrix and focal length of thin thick lens. 2. A thick bi convex lens having radii of curvature 6cm each for its surface is made up of a material of refractive index 1.5. If the thickness of the lens is 3 cm. Find 1) Refraction matrix at the first surface 2) translation matrix from the first to second surface 3) refractive matrix at the second surface and 4) system matrix of the lens. (Each bit carries 2 marks) 2. ABERATIONS Problems for two marks: 1. Two thin converging lenses of powers 5 and 4 diapters are placed coaxially 10 cm apart. Find the focal length of the combination. 2. Obtain the system matrix for a thin lens placed in air and made of glass of refractive index 1.5 and radii of curvature 100 cm each. What is the focal length of the lens. 3. The radii of curvature of the surface of a double convex lens are 25 cm and -25 cm. The refractive index of material of lens is 1.5. Find the power of the lens. 4. Calculate the focal length of a lens of dispersive power which should be placed in contact with a convex lens of focal length 84 cm and dispersive power to make the achromatic combination. 5. The focal length of thin convex lens are 100 cm and 96.8 cm for red and blue color respectively. Find the dispersive power of the material of the lens. 6. The dispersive power of material of lens B is twice that of lens A. The achromatic doublet made of these materials has a focal length 20 cm. Find the focal length of each lens in the doublet. 5
6 UNIT II INTERFERENCE 1.INTERFERENCE BY DIVISION OF WAVE FRONT Long answer questions for five marks: 1. Describe Young s double slit experiment. 2. Derive an expression for the intensity at a point in the region of superposition of two coherent waves of the same period and wavelength? 3. Explain the features of the interference pattern produced with a Fresnel s biprism experiment. 4. Describe with full experimental details the method for determination of wavelength of light. 5. Derive the expression for fringe width in biprism experiment. Discuss the conditions for interference of light. 6. Calculate the displacement of the fringes when a transparent lamina is introduced in the path of one of the interfering beams in biprism. Show that how this method is used for finding the thickness of mica sheet. 7. How is the wavelength of monochromatic light determined using a biprism? 8. What are coherent sources? Discuss the important conditions for interference of light. 6
7 2. INTERFERENCE BY DIVISION OF AMPLITUDE Long answer questions for five marks: 1. Explain the phenomenon of interference by a plane parallel film when illuminated by a plane wave? 2. Obtain cosine law in reflected light? Derive an expression for their films due to transmitted light? 3. Describe the principle and applications of non reflecting films. 4. Explain the formation of colours in thin films. 5. Write notes on interference fringes by wedge shaped film. 6. Explain briefly the working of Michelson s interferometer? 7. What is wedge shaped film? Describe the fringes observed when a wedge shaped film by normally reflected light. 8. Describe the arrangement to observe Newton s rings by reflected light. Obtain an expression for the wavelength of light. 9. Describe how the wavelength of sodium yellow light can be determined using Newton s rings. Derive the formula used. 10. Discuss the theory of Newton s rings. 11. Explain the method of Tracking and reading of a CD. 12. How does the phenomenon of interference useful in studying of the colours of a butterfly wing? 7
8 1.INTERFERENCE BY DIVISION OF WAVE FRONT Short answer questions for two marks: 1. What are coherent sources? 2. What is interference of light? 3. Outline the various methods of obtaining coherent sources? 4. Explain why two independent sources of light of the same wavelength cannot produce observable interference pattern. 5. Mention the applications of interference through Fresnel s Biprism experiment. 2. INTERFERENCE BY DIVISION OF AMPLITUDE Short answer questions for two marks: 1. What is meant by phase change on reflection? 2. Write a short note on a) Division of amplitude b) Division of wave front. 3. Distinguish between two types of interference and give examples of each. 4. Explain white light interference. 5. Explain cosine law. 6. Explain the formation of colours in thin films. 7. Mention uses of Michelson s interferometer. 8. Explain why Newton s rings are circular. 8
9 1.INTERFERENCE BY DIVISION OF WAVE FRONT Problems for two marks: 1. Two coherent sources whose intensity ratio is 81:1 produce interference fringes. Deduce the ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity. 2. Two pin holes in a screen are illuminated with light of wavelength 5000 A O. The fringes observed on a screen at a distance 1 m have a fringe width of 0.5mm. Find the distance between the holes. 3. Sodium light of wavelength 5890 A O passes the two narrow slits 2 mm apart. The interference pattern is seen at a distance of 1.25 m away from the centre of the slit. Determine fringe width. 4. In young s double slit experiment the distance between the slits is 0.5 mm and the distance of the screen from coherent sources is 50 cm. if fringe width = Find the wavelength of light. 5. Two coherent sources are placed 0.9 mm apart and the fringes are observed one metre away. The wavelength of monochromatic light = 3.6X10-5 cm and if it produces the second dark fringe at a distance x from centre fringe. Find the value of x. 6. A Biprism is placed 5cm from a slit illuminated by sodium light (λ = 5890 A O ) the width of the fringes obtained on a screen 75 cm from the Biprism is 9.424X10-2 cm. What is the distance between the two coherent sources. 7. In an interference pattern, at a point we observe 11 th order maximum for λ1 = 6000 A O what order will be visible here if the source is replaced by light of λ2 = 4800A O fringes are displaced when a thin glass plate is introduced in one of the paths of interfering beams. Find the thickness if its refractive index is 1.5 and λ = 6000A O. 9
10 9. A parallel beam of light (λ = 5890 X 10-8 cm) is incident on a thin glass plate (µ = 1.5) such that angle of refraction into the plate is 60 O. Calculate the smallest thickness of the glass plate which will appear dark by reflection. 2. INTERFERENCE BY DIVISION OF AMPLITUDE Problems for two marks: 1. In Newton s rings experiment the diameter of the 10 th dark ring is cm. Find the wavelength of incident light, if the radius of curvature of the lens is 70 cm. 2. In a Michelson s interferometer 200 fringes cross the field of view when the movable mirror is displaced the mm. calculate the wavelength of monochromatic light used. 10
11 UNIT III DIFFRACTION 1. FRAUNHOFFER AND FRESNEL DIFFRACTION Long answer questions for five marks: 1. Explain diffraction of light. Distinguish between the Fraunhofer and Fresnel classes of diffraction. 2. How do diffraction differ from interference? Explain what is meant by diffraction of light. 3. Describe the Fraunhofer diffraction due to a single slit and deduce the positions of maxima and minima using Fourier method. 4. Discuss the Fraunhofer diffraction due to a double slit and deduce intensity distribution using fourier method. 5. Discuss the intensity distribution due to Fraunhofer diffraction at a circular aperture. 6. What do you mean by limit of resolution? Discuss the Rayleigh s criterion. 7. What is a diffraction grating? Explain the formation of spectra by diffraction grating. 8. Find the maxima number of orders available with a grating. Show that if the width of the grating element is less than twice the wavelength of light them only first order is available. 9. Define dispersive power of a grating and obtain an expression for it. 10. Distinguish between resolving power and dispersive power of a grating. 11. Obtain the formula for the resolving power of an optical grating. 12. Describe Fraunhofer diffraction due to a double slit with necessary theory and discuss the intensity distribution. 13. Describe Fraunhofer diffraction due to a double slit with necessary theory and discuss the intensity distribution. Why missing orders occur in this? 11
12 14. Distinguish between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction. Define dispersive power of a grating and obtain an expression for it. 15. Discuss the Fraunhofer diffraction due to N slit and obtain the intensity distribution and positions of maxima and minima. 16. What is Rayleigh s criterion of the resolving power of optical instruments? 17. Deduce an expression for the resolving power of a plane transmission grating placed perpendicular to the path of the rays. 18. Explain how Fresnel obtained resultant intensity with the help of half period zones. 2. FIBRE OPTICS Long answer questions for five marks: 19. Discuss the modes : step and graded index of optical fibres with their structures. 20. Define acceptance angle and numerical aperture. Derive their expressions. 21. Write a note on fibre optic sensors. 22. Write a note on optical fibres in communications. 12
13 1. FRAUNHOFFER AND FRESNEL DIFFRACTION Short answer questions for two marks: 1. What is meant by diffraction of light. 2. Distinguish between the Fraunhoffer and Fresnel classes of diffraction. 3. How is diffraction different from interference. 4. Write a short note on Fourier transform. 5. Discuss any two features of Fraunhofer diffraction due to single slit using Fourier analysis. 6. Discuss any two features of Fraunhofer diffraction due to double slit using Fourier analysis. 7. Distinguish between resolving power and dispersive power of grating. 8. What is diffraction grating? 9. Write a short note on zone plate? 10. Explain half period Zones in relation to a plane wave front. 11. Explain the nature of diffraction at a straight edge. 2. FIBRE OPTICS Short answer questions for two marks: 1. What is an optical fibre. 2. On which principle does optical fibre works? 3. Describe step index fibre. 4. Describe graded index fibre. 5. Define acceptance angle and numerical aperture. 6. What is the difference between single and multimode transmission of optical fibre. 7. What are applications of optical fibres. 13
14 1. FRAUNHOFFER AND FRESNEL DIFFRACTION Problems for two marks: 1. How many half period elements are contained in a circular plate (plane wave front) of radius 1 cm for a λ = 5.56X10-5 cm with respect to a point 60 cm away. 2. Find the radii of first and hundredth circles on a zone plate behaving like a convex lens of focal length 50 cm. 3. A monochromatic beam of light on passing the a slit 1.6 mm wide falls on a screen held close to the slit. The screen is then gradually moved away and the middle of the path of light on it becomes dark when the screen is 50 cm from the slit. Calculate λ. 4. What requirements must be met for the central maximum of the diffraction envelope of the double slit pattern to contain exactly nine interference fringes. 5. A parallel beam of sodium light is allowed to be incident normally on a plane grating having 420 lines per cm and a second order spectral line is observed to be deviated the 30 O. Calculate the wavelength of spectral line. 6. Calculate the angular separation between the first order minima on either side of central maxima when the slit is 6X10-4 cm width and light illuminating it has λ = 6000A O. 2. FIBRE OPTICS Problems for two marks: 1. Determine the numerical aperture of a step index fibre when the core refractive index n1=1.5 and the cladding refractive index n2= A Fibre optics has acceptance angle of 30 0 and a core index of refraction equal to 1.4.calculate the refractive index of the cladding. 3. An optical fibre has NA of 0.20 and cladding refractive index of determine the acceptance Angle for the fibre in water which has refractive index of In an optical fibre,core has refractive index of 1.52 and the cladding has refractive index =1.45, Calculate the critical angle of the system. 14
15 UNIT IV 1. POLARISATION Long answer questions for five marks: 1. Describe the phenomenon of double refraction in a uniaxial crystals. 2. Explain the production of elliptically and circularly polarized lights. 3. Explain how elliptically polarized light can be produced by quarter wave plate. Mention few applications of polarized light. 4. Explain Brewster s law. 5. Show from this law that when light is incident on the transparent substance at polarizing angle, the reflected and refracted rays are right angles. 6. Explain Huygen s theory of double refraction in uniaxial crystals. What is the quarter wave plate? Mention its uses. 7. Describe the construction and working of Nicol prism. Explain how it can be used as polarizer and analyzer? 8. What is meant by polarized light? How is polarized light produced by reflection? 9. Write short note on Malus law and pile of plates. 10. What is optical activity? Describe how specific rotation of sugar solution is determined experimentally. 11. Give the construction of Babinet s compensator and explain how you would use it to analyzer elliptically polarized light? 12. Define specific rotation Describe the construction and working of Laurent s half shade polarimeter. 13. Define specific rotation. Explain how you would use it to determine the specific rotation of sugar solution. 15
16 2. LASERS Long answer questions for five marks: 1. Define Einstein s coefficients of absorption, spontaneous emission and induced emission. Obtain relation ship between them. 2. What do you mean by population inversion? How the population inversion is achieved in He Ne laser? 3. Describe the construction and working of Ruby laser. 4. Discuss briefly a semiconductor laser. 3. HOLOGRAPHY Long answer questions for five marks: 1. Explain Gabor hologram and discuss its limitations. 2. What is the basic principle of holography? Mention its applications. 3. Explain How is hologram is prepared and viewed. 16
17 1. POLARISATION Short answer questions for two marks: 1. Write a short note on law of Malus? 2. Light wave can be polarized but sound waves cannot. Why? 3. What do you understand by the terms polarization of light? 4. Explain the terms plane of vibration and plane of polarization. 5. Mention applications of polarization. 6. Explain the methods of detecting polarized light. 7. Explain double refraction. 8. Explain Quarter wave plate and its properties. 9. Explain half wave plate and its properties. 10. Explain how you can distinguish between different kinds of polarized light. 11. Explain Brewster s law 12. What is the optical rotation. 13. Write a short note on nicol s prism. 14. Write a short note on Babinet compensator. 2. LASERS Short answer questions for two marks: 1. What is a LASER. Explain the full form of it. 2. What is a lasing action. 3. Explain the importance of a) Active Medium b) Population inversion c) pumping 4. What are the properties of lasers. 5. Write a short note on Einstein coefficients of laser. 6. Difference between stimulated and spontaneous Emission. Explain. 7. What is the action of optical resonator in laser construction? 8. What are the applications of lasers. 17
18 3. HOLOGRAPHY Short answer questions for two marks: 1. What is holography? 2. What is a Gabor hologram. 3. Describe the basic principle of holography 4. What are the limitations of Gabor s hologram? 5. Discuss the applications of holography. 18
19 1. POLARISATION Problems for two marks: 1. A 15 cm tube containing cane sugar solution and specific rotation = 66 O shows optical rotation 7 O. Calculate the strength of the solution. 2. Calculate the specific rotation if the plane of polarization is tuned the 26.4 O traversing 20 cm length of 230 % sugar solution. 3. The critical angle of light in a certain substance is 45 O. What is the polarizing angle. 4. With a slab of flint glass, the angle of polarization is found to be 62 O 24. Calculate the refractive index of the flint glass. 5. Calculate the thickness of a mica sheet required for making a quarter wave plate λ = 5460A O. The indices of refraction for ordinary and extraordinary rays in mica are &
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