J. C. Wyant Fall, 2012 Optics Optical Testing and Testing Instrumentation

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1 J. C. Wyant Fall, 2012 Optics Optical Testing and Testing Instrumentation Introduction 1. Measurement of Paraxial Properties of Optical Systems 1.1 Thin Lenses Measurements Based on Image Equation Autocollimation Technique Geneva Gauge Neutralization Test Focometer 1.2 Thick Lenses Focal Collimator Reciprocal Magnification Nodal-Slide Lens Bench 2. Qualification of Optical Material 2.1 Internal Defects 2.2 Measurement of Refractive Index Spectrometer Basic Spectrometer Technique Autocollimating Goniometer Hilger Chance Refractometer Critical Angle Systems Abbe Refractometer Pulfrich Refractometer Ellipsometry 2.3 Strain 2.4 Mechanical and Thermal Properties 3. Aberrations 3.1 Sign Conventions 3.2 Aberration Free Image 3.3 Spherical Wavefront, Defocus, and Lateral Shift 3.4 Angular, Transverse, and Longitudinal Aberration 3.5 Seidel Aberrations Spherical Aberration Coma Astigmatism Field Curvature Distortion 3.6 Zernike Polynomials 3.7 Relationship between Zernike Polynomials and Third-Order Aberrations 3.8 Peak-Valley and RMS Wavefront Aberration

2 3.9 Strehl Ratio 3.10 Chromatic Aberrations 3.11 Aberrations Introduced by Plane Parallel Plates 3.12 Aberrations of Simple Thin Lenses 3.13 Conics Basic Properties Spherical Aberration Coma Astigmatism 3.14 General Aspheres 4. Basic Interferometry and Optical Testing 4.1 Two Beam Interference 4.2 Pioneer Fizeau Interferometer 4.3 Twyman-Green Interferometer 4.4 Fizeau Interferometer Laser Source 4.5 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 4.6 Typical Interferograms 4.7 Interferograms and Moiré Patterns 4.8 Classical techniques for inputting data into computer 5. Direct Phase Measurement Interferometry 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Zero-Crossing Technique 5.3 Phase-Lock Interferometry 5.4 Up-Down Counters 5.5 Phase-Stepping and Phase-Shifting Interferometry Introduction Phase Shifters Moving Mirror Diffraction Grating Bragg Cell Polarization Phase Shifters Rotating Half-Wave Plate Rotating polarizer in Circularly Polarized Beam Zeeman Laser Frequency Shifting Source Algorithms Phase-Unwrapping Phase Shifter Calibration Errors Error Due to Stray Reflections Quantization Error Detector Nonlinearity Source Instabilities Error Due to Incorrect Phase-Shift Between Data Frames

3 5.5.7 Solving the Vibration Problem Algorithm Measure vibration and introduce vibration 180 degrees out of phase to cancel vibration Spatial Synchronous and Fourier Methods Spatial Carrier Technique Simultaneous Phase-Measurement Interferometer Single-Shot Holographic Polarization Dynamic Interferometer Pixelated Polarizer Array Dynamic Interferometer 5.6 Phase-Shifting Nondestructive Testing 5.7 Multiple Wavelength and White Light Phase-Shifting Interferometry 5.8 Vertical Scanning (Coherence Probe) Techniques 6. Measurement of Surface Quality 6.1 View transmitted or reflected light 6.2 Mechanical Probe Stylus Profilometry 6.3 AFM Atomic Force Microscope or SPM Scanning Probe Microscope 6.4 Lyot Test (Zernike Phase Contrast) 6.5 FECO Fringes of Equal Chromatic Order 6.6 Nomarski Interferometer - Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) 6.7 Interference Microscope 7. Testing Flat Surface Optical Components 7.1 Mirrors Fizeau Interferometer Twyman-Green Interferometer Ritchey-Common Test Naked Eye Test 7.2 Windows Interferometer Autocollimator 7.3 Prisms Interferometer Goniometer Autocollimator Naked Eye Tests 7.4 Corner Cubes 7.5 Diffraction Gratings 7.6 Index inhomogeneity 8. Testing of Curved Surfaces and/or Lenses 8.1 Radius of Curvature Spherometer Autostigmatic Measurement Newton's Rings

4 8.2 Surface Figure Test Plate Twyman-Green Interferometer (LUPI) Fizeau Interferometer (Laser source) Spherical Wave Multiple Beam Interferometer (SWIM) Shack Cube Interferometer Scatterplate Interferometer Smartt Point Diffraction Interferometer Sommargren Diffraction Interferometer Measurement of Cylindrical Surfaces Long-Wavelength Interferometry Star Test Shack-Hartmann Test Foucault Knife-Edge Test Wire Test Ronchi Test Lateral Shear Interferometry Radial Shear Interferometry 9. Special Interferometric Tests for Aspherical Surfaces 9.1 Aspheric Surfaces Conics Sag for Aspheres 9.2 Null Test Conventional Null Optics Holographic Null Optics Computer Generated Holograms 9.3 Non-Null Test SCOTS Scanning Pentaprism Test Lateral Shear Interferometry Radial Shear Interferometry High-Density Detector Arrays Sub-Nyquist Interferometry Long-Wavelength Interferometry Two-Wavelength Holography Two-Wavelength Interferometry Moiré Interferometry (Projected Fringes) Stitching Interferograms 10. Absolute Measurements 10.1 Flat Surfaces 10.2 Spherical Surfaces Three Measurements of Spherical Mirror Ball Averager 10.3 Surface Roughness

5 Perfect Mirror Generate Reference Absolute rms Measurement 11. System Evaluation 11.1 Resolution Tests 11.2 Veiling Glare 11.3 Spread Function Measurement 11.4 Encircled Energy Measurement 11.5 Optical Transfer Function Measurement Scanning Methods Interferogram Analysis Autocorrelation Method

Index. Optical Shop Testing, Third Edition Edited by Daniel Malacara Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Index. Optical Shop Testing, Third Edition Edited by Daniel Malacara Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Index Aberration function, 499 Aberration, spherical of aspherical surfaces, 839 Aberration function secondary, 504 Schwarzschild, 504 Aberrations, 83, 259, 348, 408, 410, 416 astigmatism of a concave