Gerhard K. Ackermann and Jurgen Eichler. Holography. A Practical Approach BICENTENNIAL. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

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1 Gerhard K. Ackermann and Jurgen Eichler Holography A Practical Approach BICENTENNIAL BICENTENNIAL WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

2 Contents Preface XVII Part 1 Fundamentals of Holography 1 1 Introduction Photography and Holography Object Wave Photography Holography Interference and Diffraction Interference During Recording Diffraction During Reconstruction History of Holography 7 Problems 7 ' 2 General View of Holography Interference of Light Waves Wave Interference Visibility Influence of Polarization Holographic Recording and Reconstruction Recording Reconstruction Mathematical Approach Object and Reference Wave Recording Gratings Reconstruction IS Holography: A Practical Approach. Gerhard K. Ackermann and Jurgen Eichler Copyright 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN:

3 VI Contents 2.4 Conjugated Image Conjugated Object Wave Position of the Conjugated Image Reversal of the Reconstruction Wave Spatial Frequencies Diffraction Grating and Fresnel Lens Diffraction Grating Fresnel Zone Lens 25 Problems 27 3 Fundamental Imaging Techniques in Holography In-Line Hologram (Gabor) Off-Axis Hologram (Leith-Upatnieks) Fourier Hologram (Lensless) Fraunhofer Hologram Reflection Hologram (Denisyuk) 35 Problems 36 4 Holograms of Holographic Images Image-Plane Hologram Transmission and Reflection Hologram in Two Steps Rainbow Hologram Double-Sided Hologram Fourier Hologram Principle Calculation 46 Problems 48 5 Optical Properties of Holographic Images Hologram of an Object Point Image Equations Magnification Angular Magnification Longitudinal Magnification 51 ** Image Aberrations Properties of the Light Source Spectral Bandwidth Image-Plane Holograms Image Luminance Without-Pupil With Pupil Image-Plane Holograms 56

4 Contents VII 5.4 Speckles Diffuser Resolution 57 5 A3 Incoherent Illumination Further Techniques Resolution 58 Problems 58 6 Types of Holograms Introduction Transmission and Reflection Holograms Thick and Thin Holograms Thin Holograms Thin Amplitude Holograms Thin Phase Holograms Volume Holograms Theory of Coupled Waves Phase Holograms Amplitude Holograms A Comparison of Diffraction Efficiency Distinction Criteria for Holograms 70 Problems 72 Part 2 Basic Experiments 73 7 Optical Systems and Lasers for Holography Coherence and Interferometers Coherence Spatial Coherence Temporal Coherence Modes and Coherence Gaussian Beam Longitudinal Modes 79 * Coherence Length Etalon Gas Lasers for Holography He-Ne Laser Ion Laser He-Cd Laser 84 7A Solid-State Lasers for Holography 84 7A.I Ruby Laser 84

5 VIII Contents Nd:YAG Laser Lenses and Spatial Filters Gaussian Beam Focusing Geometrical Optics Spatial Filters Beam Expansion Polarizers and Beam Splitters Polarization Dichroitic Filters Polarization by Reflection Polarization Prisms Thin Film Polarizers A/4-andA/2-plates Beam Splitter Metal Mirrors Dielectric Multilayer Mirrors Nonreflective Coating Laser Mirrors Vibration Isolation Isolators Table Tops Vibration Isolated Table Optical Fibers and Diode Lasers Monomode Fibers Diode Lasers 202, Problems Basic Experiments in the Holographic Laboratory Polarization and Brewster Angle Experiment 1: Analyzer and Polarizer Experiment 2: Rotation of the Polarization Plane Experiment 3: Brewster Angle Experiment 4: Variable Beam Splitter T Experiments with Lenses Experiment 5: Measuring Focal Length Experiment 6: Adjusting Lenses Experiment 7: Adjusting a Spatial Filter Experiments on Diffraction and Interference Experiment 8: Diffraction at an Edge or Slit Experiment 9a: Interferences at a Glass Plate Experiment 9b: Newton Rings and "Index-Matching" 222

6 Contents IX Experiment 10: Diffraction of a Grating Experiment 11: Divergence of the Laser Beam Experiment 12: Optical Filtering Experiment 13: Granulation of Laser Radiation Measurements with Interferometers Experiment 14: Setup of a Michelson Interferometer Experiment 15: Measuring Coherence Length Experiment 16: Investigation of Stability Production of Gratings and Simple Holograms Experiment 17: Production of Diffraction Gratings Exposure and Developing Experiment 18: White Light Hologram Experiment 19: Transmission Hologram Experiments in the Darkroom Experiment 20: Developing Experiment 21: Solving Bleach Bath Experiment 22: Rehalogenizing Bleach Bath 222 Problems Experimental Setups for Single-Beam Holography Setups for Reflection Holograms Experimental Setups Index Matching of Holographic Films Setups without Index Matching Intensity Loss at Brewster-Angle Setting Vacuum Film Support ( Simple Single-Beam Setups Holographic Table Visibility Setups for Transmission Holograms Experiments for Image Reconstruction Reconstruction Angle Reconstruction Light Source for Transmission Holograms Reconstruction of the Real Image 232 * Reconstruction of Reflection Holograms Wavelength Shift Reconstruction of the Real Image Trouble Shooting 234 Problems 235

7 X Contents Part 3 Advanced Experiments and Materials Experimental Setups for Split-Beam Holography Setups for Transmission Holograms Experimental Setup Vibration Object Avoidance of Scattered Light Index Matching Visibility Reconstruction of the Object Waves Reconstruction of the Reference Wave Setups for Reflection Holograms Object Reconstruction 244 Problems Experimental Setups for Holograms of Holographic Images Master Hologram (HI) Size and Position of the Object Object Distance and Position of the Reference Wave Preparation of the Reference Wave Duplicating Methods White Light Reflection Hologram (H2) Single-Beam Method Two-Beam Method, Image Aberrations White Light Transmission Hologram (H2) Image Plane Hologram Rainbow Hologram Reconstruction Calculation of a Rainbow Hologram Optical Basics Calculation Example 256 & Designing a Rainbow Hologram 256 Problems Other Methods in Holography Shadow Hologram Single-Beam Rainbow Hologram Multiple Exposure Multiplex Holograms 262

8 Contents XI Holography Color Holography Multilaser Techniques for Transmission Holograms Multilaser Techniques for Reflection Holograms Color Holograms Using Rainbow Technique Achromatic Images 267 Problems Properties of Holographic Emulsions Transmission and Phase Curves Optical Density Modulation Bleaching Resolution and Diffraction Efficiency Visibility Transfer Function Recording Efficiency Noise of Emulsion Layers Fourier Analysis Measurement Procedure Nonlinear Effects Influence of Harmonics Thick Holograms 177 Problems Recording Media for Holograms Silver Halide Emulsions Working Principle Resolution Spectral Resolution H&D Curves Diffraction Efficiency Scattered Light Exposure, Developing, and Bleaching * Exposure Phase Holograms Optical Density Phase Holograms by Bleaching Shrinkage of the Emulsions Pseudocolors, Preswelling Index Matching 189

9 XII Contents Developer Bleaching Dichromate Gelatin Working Principle Preparation of Dichromate Gelatin (DCG) Holographic Plates Properties of DCG Holographic Plates Exposure and Developing Photothermoplastic Films Structure of the Layers Optical Properties Photoresists Other Recording Media Photopolymers Photochromic Material Photorefractive Crystals 298 Problems 298 Part 4 Application of Holography Holographic Interferometry Double-Exposure Interferometry Principle Theory Practical Realization Sandwich Method Real-Time Interferometry Principle Phase Difference Between o and o' Intensity of the Interferograms Visibility Practical Realization Thermoplast Film Fundamental Equation of Holographic mterferometry The Holo Diagram Time Average Interferometry Theory Practical Realization Speckle Interferometry 215 Problems 226

10 Contents XIII 16 Holographic Optical Elements Lenses, Mirrors, and Gratings Lenses and Mirrors Focal Length Gratings Beam Splitters Computer-Generated Holograms 223 ' Complex HOEs Calculated HOEs Electronic Holography Angle of Diffraction in Electronic Holography Holographic Electronic Display 225 Problems Security and Packing Embossed Holograms Production of the Master (Figs and 17.2) Production of the Shim (Fig. 17.3) Embossing of Holograms (Fig. 17.4) Hot Stamping (Fig. 17.5) Properties of Embossed Holograms Dot Matrix Hologram Applications Holographic Security Devices in Industry (Counterfeiting) Counterfeiting Methods Countermeasures 236 Problems Holography and Information Technology Pattern Recognition Associative Storage Pattern Recognition Image Processing Neuro Computer 238» Recognition of Information Phase Conjugated Mirrors Digital Holographic Memories Stack Organized Memories Stack Organized DVD Microholographic DVD 242 Problems 242

11 XIV Contents 19 Holography and Communication Holographic Diffuser Display Screen Lambertian Diffuser Holographic Diffuser Screen [46,47] Holographic Display [47] Holographic TV and Movies Holographic TV Alternative Methods Holographic Movie State-of-the-Art 252 Problems Holography - Novel Art Medium Artistic Holographic Works Regarding the Critics on the Medium Holography Examples of Art and Holography Portrait Holography Lasers for Pulsed Portrait Holography Master (HI) and Reflection Copy (H2) Eye Safety Calculations Multiplexing Method 262 Problems Holography in Technology and Architecture Holography in Solar Energy Photovoltaic Concentration Holography, Daylighting, and IR Blocking Daylighting Thermal Blocking Other Applications Holography in Architecture Documentation and Visualization Embossed Holography Holography on Walls and Floors 271* HOE in Architectural Structures Detection of Particles Recording Reconstruction 273 Problems 274

12 Contents XV Appendix A Wave Functions and Complex Numbers 275 A.I Complex Numbers 275 A.2 Wave Functions, Sine and Cosine Waves 276 A.3 Wave Functions, Exponential Representation 278 B Bragg Diffraction 281 C Fourier Transform and Fourier Hologram 285 C.I Fourier Series 285 C.2 Exponential Form of Fourier Series 288 C.3 Fourier Transform 288 C.4 Convolution and Correlation 289 Solutions to the Problems 293 References 311 Index 315

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