Solid-State Laser Engineering
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1 Walter Koechner Solid-State Laser Engineering Fourth Extensively Revised and Updated Edition With 449 Figures Springer
2 Contents 1. Introduction Optical Amplification Interaction of Radiation with Matter Blackbody Radiation Boltzmann Statistics Einstein Coefficients Phase Coherence of Stimulated Emission Absorption and Optical Gain Atomic Lineshapes Absorption by Stimulated Transitions Population Inversion Creation of a Population Inversion The Three-Level System The Four-Level System The Metastable Level Laser Rate Equations Properties of Solid-State Laser Materials Overview Host Materials Active Ions Ruby Nd : Lasers Nd:YAG Nd : Glass Nd : Cr : GSGG Nd : YLF Er : Lasers Er : YAG Er : Glass Tunable Lasers Alexandrite Laser Ti : Sapphire Cr : LiSAF 78
3 VHI Contents 3. Laser Oscillator Operation at Threshold Gain Saturation Circulating Power Oscillator Performance Model Energy-Transfer Mechanisms Laser Output Relaxation Oscillations Theory Spike Suppression in Solid-State Lasers Gain Switching Examples of Regenerative Oscillators Ill Ruby Ill Nd : Glass Nd:YAG Alexandrite Laser-Diode-Pumped Systems Travelling-Wave Oscillator Laser Amplifier Pulse Amplification Ruby Amplifiers Nd : Glass Amplifiers Nd : YAG Amplifiers Steady-State Amplification Ruby Amplifier Nd : Glass Amplifier Signal Distortion Spatial Distortions Temporal Distortions Gain Limitation and Amplifier Stability Amplified Spontaneous Emission Prelasing and Parasitic Modes Optical Resonator Transverse Modes Intensity Distribution of Transverse Modes Characteristics of a Gaussian Beam Resonator Configurations Stability of Laser Resonators Diffraction Losses Higher-Order Modes Active Resonator Resonator Sensitivity 206
4 , Contents IX Mode-Selecting Techniques Examples of Advanced Stable Resonator Designs Longitudinal Modes Fabry-Perot Resonators Spectral Characteristics of the Laser Output Axial Mode Control Temporal and Spectral Stability Amplitude Fluctuations Frequency Control Hardware Design Unstable Resonators Confocal Positive-Branch Unstable Resonator Negative-Branch Unstable Resonators Variable Reflectivity Output Couplers Gain, Mode Size and Alignment Sensitivity Wavelength Selection Optical Pump Systems Pump Sources Noble Gas Flashlamps Continuous Arc Lamps Tungsten-Filament Lamps Laser Diodes Nonelectric Pump Sources Power Supplies Operation of Laser-Diode Arrays Operation of Arc Lamps Pump Cavities Pump Configurations for Arc Lamps and Laser Diodes Energy Transfer Characteristics Mechanical Design Thermo-Optic Effects and Heat Removal Cylindrical Geometry CW Operation Single-Shot Operation Repetitively Pulsed Lasers Cooling Techniques Liquid Cooling Air or Gas Cooling Conductive Cooling Slab and Disc Geometries End-Pumped Configurations 449
5 X Contents 8. Q-Switching Q-Switch Theory Mechanical Devices Electrooptical Q-Switches Acoustooptic Q-Switches Dye Q-Switch Cavity Dumping Mode Locking Pulse Formation Passive Mode Locking Pulsed Passive Mode Locking Continuous Wave Passive Mode Locking Active Mode Locking CW Mode Locking Transient Active Mode Locking Picosecond Lasers Oscillators Regenerative Amplifiers Femtosecond Lasers Oscillators Chirped Pulse Amplifiers Nonlinear Devices Harmonic Generation Basic Equations of Second-Harmonic Generation Parameters Affecting the Doubling Efficiency Properties of Nonlinear Crystals Intracavity Frequency Doubling Third-Harmonic Generation Examples of Harmonic Generation Parametric Oscillators Performance Modeling Materials Design and Performance of Optical Parametric Oscillators Raman Laser Theory Device Implementation Examples of Raman-Shifted Lasers Optical Phase Conjugation Basic Considerations Material Properties 633
6 Contents XI Focusing Geometry Pump Beam Properties System Design Damage of Optical Elements »Surface Damage Inclusion Damage Self-focusing Damage Threshold of Optical Materials Scaling Laws Laser Materials Damage in Optical Glass Damage Levels for Nonlinear Materials Laser Induced Damage in Dielectric Thin Films System Design Considerations 658 Appendix A Laser Safety 661 Appendix В Conversion Factors and Constants 667 References 669 Subject Index 702
Nd: YAG Laser Energy Levels 4 level laser Optical transitions from Ground to many upper levels Strong absorber in the yellow range None radiative to
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