Chapter 1 Semiconductors and the p-n Junction Diode 1
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1 Preface xiv Chapter 1 Semiconductors and the p-n Junction Diode Semiconductors Impure Semiconductors Conduction Processes in Semiconductors Thep-nJunction 9' 1-5 The Meta1-Semiconductor Junction The Practicalp-n Junction Diode p-n Junction Diode Ratings Space-Charge, Transition, or Barrier Capacitance-Depletion Layer Width Diffusion Capacitance-Charge Control Switching thep-n Junction Diode-High-Frequency Effects Light-Emitting Diodes-LED's 29 Problems 30 Bibliography 32 Chapter 2 The Junction Transistor The Bipolar Junction Transistor Current-Voltage R~lations in the Junction Transistor 37 2-,3 Common-Base Characteristics Common-Emitter Ch'aracteristics-Active Region-Amplification Common-Emitter Characteristics-Saturation and Cutoff Regions TranSfer Characteristics of the Common-Emitter Transistor Configuration Common-Collector Configuration 53 v
2 vi CONTENTS 2-8 Switching Speed and High-Frequency Effects in the Junction Transistor Ratings of Junction Transistors 58 Problems 59 Bibliography 60 Chapter 3 The Field Effect Transistor The Junction Field Effect Transistor Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET-MOSPET; The Insulated-Gate FET-IGFET The FET Amplifier-Dynamic Parameters Saturation and Cutoff Operation of the FET Switching Speed and High-Frequency Response of the PET Ratings of FET's 79 Problems 81 Bibliography 83 Chapter 4 Integrated Circuit Fabrication Planar Fabrication Processes for Transistors and Integrated Circuits Monolithic Transistors-lsolation Techniques Monolithic p-n Junction Diodes-Schottky Diodes Monolithic MOSFET's Monolithic Resistors and Capacitors 95 Problems 98 Bibliography 98 Chapter 5 Graphical Analysis Rules for Notation Biasing Procedures for the PET Thermal Stabilization of the FET's Operating Point A Direct Coupled PET Amplifier FET Inverters-Active Loads-Complementary Symmetry 5-6 Basic Transistor Bias Circuits Stability of the Junction Transistor's Operating Point Operating Point Stabilization Circuits A Direct Coupled Transistor Amplifier The Direct Coupled Cascode Amplifier GeneralizedNotation Frequency Dependent Loads Nonliriear Distortion 149 Problems 155 Bibliography
3 CONTENTS vll Chapter 6 Linear Models for Electronic Devices The Low-Frequency Model of the FET-The Common-Source Amplifier The Common-Drain PET Amplifier-The Source Follower The Common-Gate FET Amplifier Low-Frequency Junction Transistor Linear Models-Physical Discussion Low-Frequency h-parameter Models for the Junction Transistor Analysis of Basic Transistor Amplifier Circuits Using h Parameters High-Frequency Linear Models for the FET Common-Source FET Amplifier-High-Frequency Input Admittance-Miller Effect The Source Pollower-High-Frequency Input Admittance High-Frequency Linear Models for the Junction Transistor Determination of Hybrid-pi Parameters from Published Data Common-Emitter Amplifier-Input Admittance 211 Problems 214 Bibliography 222 Chapter 7 Pulse and Large-Signal Models for Electronic Devices The Ebers-Moll Low-Speed Model for the Junction Transistor Approximate Low-Speed Models for the Junction Transistor Low-SpeedModel for the FET Approximate Low-Speed Models for the FET High-Speed Model for the Bipolar Junction Transistor Linear and Piecewise Linear Approximate High-Speed Models for the Junction Transistor High-Speed Model for the FET 241 Problems 243 Bibliography 245 Chapter 8 Fundamental Elements of Digital Systems 8-1 Some Basic Ideas of Digital Circuits LogicalOperations The AND Operation The OR Operation The Complement or NOT Operation The NOR Operation The NAND Operation The Exclusive OR-XOR Operation Functionally Complete Sets Some Useful Relations-DeMorgan's Theorem
4 vlll CONTENTS 8-11 Some Examples of Gate Circuits A General Procedure for Expressing Arbitrary Switching Functions-Canonical Forms Minimization of Switching Functions-Karnaugh Maps Don't Care Conditions 284 Problems 285 Bibliography Characteristics of Logic Families Diode Transistor Logic-DTL An Improved DTL Circuit High- Threshold Logic-HTL Transistor- Transistor Logic- TTL Wired Logic Active Pull-up Resistor-Transistor Logic-RTL Direct Coupled Transistor Logic-DCTL Integrated-Injection Logic-PL Schottky-Diode Nonsaturating Logic Circuits Emitter-Coupled Logic-ECL-Nonsaturating Logic MOSFET Logic Complementary Symmetry MOSFET Logic-COSMOS Logic-CMOS Logic Comparison of Logic Gates Switching Time Specifications of Logic Gates Manufacturers' Data 349 Problems 356 Bibliography 360 " Chapter 1 O Sequential Circuits and Their Design 10-1 Flip-Flops-Latches The R-S Flip-Flop The J-K Flip-Flop The T Flip-Flop The D Flip-Flop Synchronizing and Triggering of Flip-Flops Master-Slave Flip-Flops The ac-coupled Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop The Capacitive-Storage Edge- Triggered Flip-Flop Propagation-Delay Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops Tirnin~ of Master-Slave and Ed2e- Tri22ered Flio-Floos
5 CONTENTS ix Registers The Shift Register More Complex Registers-Serial to Parallel and Parallel to Serial Conversion Analysis Techniques for Synchronous Sequential Circuits Design of Synchronous Sequential Circuits Counters Other Counter Circuits Sequence Detectors and Generators Asynchronous Sequential Circuits-Cycles-Races-Oscillation-Hazards Design of Asynchronous Sequential Circuits Integrated Circuit Implementation of Sequential Circuits 444 Problems 449 Bibliography 454 Chapter 11 Memories 455 Il-l Random Access Memories-RAM's Bipolar Transistor RAM's Schottky Transistor Memory Cells PL Memory Cells Static MOS RAM's Dynamic MOS RAM's Paralleling of RAM Memory Chips Sequential Memories MOS Sequential Memories The Charge Coupled Device CCD; CCD Sequential Memories Read Only Memories-ROM's The Programmable Logic Array-PLA Magnetic Memories The Magnetic Bubble Memory Manufacturers' Data 509 Problems 509 Bibliography 511 Amplifiers Frequency Distortion 512 Decibel Notation 516 Frequency Response 9f One Stage in a FET Common-Source Amplifier Cascade 520 Factors Mfecting the Frequency Response of the One-Stage Common-Source PET Amplifier 532 Frequency Response of One Stage in a Junction Transistor Common-Emitter Amplifier Cascade 535
6 x CONTENTS 12-6 Factors Affecting the Frequency Response of the One-Stage Common-Emitter Transistor Amplifier BypassCapacitors Source Follower Amplifier Emitter Follower Amplifier Common-Base Amplifier Input and Output in a Cascade of Amplifiers Bandwidth of Cascaded Amplifier Stages Design of Broadband FET Amplifiers Design of Broadband Transistor Amplifiers The Cascade Amplifier Pair Poles and Zeros Transient Response Noise-Amplifier Sensitivity 612 Problems 615 Bibliography The Ideal Operational Amplifier-The Quasi-ideal Operational Amplifier The Simple Inverting Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier Configurations The Differential Amplifier-The Balanced Amplifier Outputlmpedance The Summer or Adder Circuit The Integrator A Simple Analog Computer The Differentiator The Logarithmic Amplifier The Comparator The Schmitt Trigger-Regenerative Comparator Sample and Hold Circuits Digital to Analog Converters Analog to Digital Converters 662 Problems 669 Bibliography 673 ChaDter 14 Operational Amplifier Circuitry- The Practical Operational Amplifier 674, The FET Differential Input Stage 674 The Junction Transistor-Differential Input Stage 678 The Cascode Differential Amplifier 682 High-Input Impedance Stages 683
7 CONTENTS xi 14-5 Current Sources Use of Current Sources as Load Impedances Cascaded Differential Amplifiers-dc Stability Output Stages Bias Analysis of a Complete Operational Amplifier The Signal Analysis of a Complete Operational Amplifier The Darlington Transistor-Compound Transistors The Frequency Response of Operational Amplifiers Slewing Rate Common Mode Problems Offset Problems Latch Up Operational Amplifier Specifications 737 Problems 744 Bibliography Chapter 15 Untuned Power Amplifiers The Efficiency of Ideal Amplifiers The Single-Ended Amplifier the Loudspeaker as a Load Impedance The Complementary Symmetry Push-Pull Amplifier-Graphical Analysis 15-5 The Quasicomplementary Symmetry Push-Pull Amplifier Distortion in Push-Pull Amplifiers Design of Push-Pull Amplifiers Push-Pull Amplifier with an Output Transformer ,-9 Thermal Design-Thermal Stability 787 Problems 793 Bibliography Chapter 16 Feedback Amplifiers 799, 16-1 Some Basic Ideas of Feedback Amplifiers Two Very Simple Feedback Amplifiers The Effect of Feedback on Sensitivity-The Importance of Return Difference and Loop Gain The Effect of Feedback on Nonlinear Distortion The Effect of Feedback on Noise The Effect of Feedback on Impedance Levels The Effect of Feedba~k on Bandwidth The Feedback Pair Use of Linear Models in General Feedback Amplifier Calculations Oscillation in Feedback Amplifiers The Routh-Hurwitz Test for the Location of the Roots of a Polynomial 826
8 xii CONTENTS The Nyquist Criterion for the Stability of a Feedback Amplifier Further Discussion of Stability Gain and Phase Margin Basic Design of Feedback Amplifiers Corrective Networks Analysis and Stabilization of Series-Shunt Feedback Circuits 852 Problems 854 Bibliography The Ideal Bandpass Amplifier The Parallel Resonant Circuit The Single- Tuned Capacitance-Coupled Amplifier Impedance Level Control Using a Tapped Inductance Mutual Inductance Coupled Single-Tuned Circuits Double-Tuned Amplifier Circuits Neutralization The Superhetrodyne Principle Active Filters-The Thomas Biquad The Delyiannis Active Filter Butterworth Filter Characteristics The Chebyshev Filter Characteristic The Low-Pass-Bandpass Transformation 910 Problems 915 Bibliography 920 Chapter 18 Oscillators RF Oscillators-Criteria for Oscillation The RC Phase Shift Oscillator The Wein Bridge Oscillator Linear and Nonlinear Operation of Sinusoidal Oscillators Frequency Stability Crystal Oscillators The Transistor Astable Multivibrator The Comparator Astable Multivibrator A Voltage-Controlled Oscillator The One-Shot qr Monostable Multivibrator Integrated Circuit Waveform Generators- Timers Clipping and Clamping Circuits 951 Problems 955 Bibliography 956
9 CONTENTS xl11 Chapter 19 Microprocessors The Basic Elements of a Digital Computer The Arithmetic Logic Uhit Basic Microprocessor Architecture Microprocessor Tirning Diagrams and Operation Programming and Interfacing the Microprocessor 973 Problems 982 Bibliography 984 Chapter 20 Modulation and Demodulation Amplitude Modulation Methods of Amplitude Modulation Detection of Amplitude Modulated Signals Frequency and Phase Modulation Frequency and Phase Modulating Circuits Frequency and Phase Modulation Detectors That Use Reactive Components 20-7 The Phase Locked Loop Pulse Modulation Delta Modulation 1021 Problems 1023 Bibliography Chapter 21 Power Supplies Rectifiers The Capacitor Filter Other Filter Circuits Output Impedance of Power Supplies 21-5 Voltage Regulators Switching Regulators SCR's,Diacs,and Triacs 1051 Problems 1055 Bibliography Index 1059
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