M.D. Singh J.G. Joshi MECHATRONICS

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "M.D. Singh J.G. Joshi MECHATRONICS"

Angelina Ellis
5 years ago
Views:

1 M.D. Singh J.G. Joshi MECHATRONICS

2 MECHATRONICS

3 MECHATRONICS M.D. SINGH Formerly Principal Sagar Institute of Technology and Research Bhopal J.G. JOSHI Lecturer Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Government Polytechnic Pune New Delhi

4 MECHATRONICS M.D. Singh and J.G. Joshi 2006 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Fourth Printing July, 2011 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi and Printed by Baba Barkha Nath Printers, Bahadurgarh, Haryana

5 Contents v CONTENTS Foreword Preface Acknowledgements xvii xix xxiii 1. INTRODUCTION Introduction Role of Various Engineering Disciplines in Mechatronics Mechatronic Design Elements Scope of Mechatronics Applications of Mechatronics 6 Summary 6 Review Questions 7 Motivation 7 2. ANALOG DEVICES Introduction Classification of Electronic Components Resistors Colour Coding of Resistors Classification of Resistors Inductors 14 v

6 vi Contents 2.5 Capacitors Types of Capacitors p-n Junction Biasing of p-n Junction p-n Junction Diode Voltage-Current Characteristics of Diode p-n Junction Diode as a Rectifier Zener Diode V-I Characteristics of Zener Diode Light Emitting Diode (LED) Transistors Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) Field Effect Transistors (FETs) Transistor as a Switch Transistor as an Amplifier Photodiode Phototransistor 40 Summary 41 Review Questions 43 Motivation OSCILLATORS Introduction Classification of Sinusoidal Oscillations Damped Oscillations Undamped Oscillations Generation of Oscillations Generation of Oscillations by LC Tank Circuit Block Diagram of an Oscillator Classification of Oscillators Tuned Circuit Oscillators Hartley Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator RC Oscillators Wein Bridge Oscillator Phase Shift Oscillator Phase Shift Oscillator Using FET Crystal Oscillator 55 Summary 57 Review Questions 57 Motivation 57

7 Contents vii 4. POWER SUPPLIES AND VOLTAGE REGULATORS Introduction Regulated Power Supply Rectifier Half-wave Rectifier Full-wave Centre-tapped Rectifier Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier Ripple Factor Ripple Factor for Half-wave Rectifier Ripple Factor for Full-wave Rectifier Efficiency of a Rectifier Half-wave Rectifier Full-wave Rectifier Filters Capacitor Filter Inductor Filter LC Filter CLC Filter Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator Transistor Shunt Regulator Transistor Series Regulator Monolithic or IC Voltage Regulators Three-terminal Voltage Regulators Switching Regulators (Switching Mode Power Supply) Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) 75 Summary 76 Review Questions 77 Motivation POWER ELECTRONICS Introduction Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) SCR Operation V-I Characteristics of SCR Two-Transistor Model of SCR Dynamic Turn-On Characteristics SCR Turn-On Methods Turn-Off Mechanism SCR Turn-Off Methods dv/dt Ratings of SCR di/dt Ratings of SCR Diac Circuit Operation of a Diac V-I Characteristics of Diac 92

8 viii Contents 5.4 Triac Unijunction Transistor (UJT) Circuit Operation of a UJT V-I Characteristics of a UJT UJT as a Relaxation Oscillator Light Activated Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (LASCR) Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) Optocouplers or Optoisolators Industrial Circuits Time Delay Relay Circuit Using UJT and SCR Ultraprecise Long Time Delay Relay Light Dimmer Automatic Battery Charger 106 Summary 107 Review Questions 108 Motivation DIGITAL ELECTRONICS Introduction Logic Gates AND Gate OR Gate NOT Gate NAND Gate NOR Gate Exclusive OR (EXOR) Gate Exclusive NOR (EXNOR) Gate Arithmetic Circuits Adders Subtractors Multiplexers Demultiplexers Encoders and Decoders Flip-Flops bit Memory Cell Clocked S-R Flip-Flop J-K Flip-Flop T-type Flip-Flop D-type Flip-Flop Registers Counters Memories Magnetic Memories Optical Disk Memories Semiconductor Memories 138

9 Contents ix 6.11 Microcontrollers Block Diagram of a Computer System 143 Summary 144 Review Questions 145 Motivation TRANSDUCERS Introduction Significance of Transducers in Measurement and Instrumentation Systems Classification of Transducers Selection Parameters of Transducers Resistive Transducers Potentiometers Inductive Transducers Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) Rotary Variable Differential Transformer (RVDT) Capacitive Transducers Capacitive Pressure Transducer Piezoelectric Transducers Strain Gauges Classification of Strain Gauges Temperature Transducers Temperature Scales Thermocouple Thermistors (Semiconductor Temperature Sensors) Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) Bimetallic Thermometers Pressure Transducers Diaphragm Bourdon Tube Bellows Manometers Thickness Measurement Thickness Measurement Using Contact-type Device Thickness Measurement Using Non-contact-type Device Measurement of Humidity Measurement of Vibration Piezoelectric Sensor (Self-generating) Strain Gauge Sensor (Non-self-generating) LVDT Sensor Measurement of Vibrations Using Permanent Magnet and Coil Measurement of Torque In-line Rotating Torque Sensors Torsion Meter 203

10 x Contents 7.16 Flow Measurement Head Flowmeters Differential Pressure Flowmeters Ultrasonic Flowmeters Thermal Flowmeters Electromagnetic Flowmeter Weirs Level Measurement Bubbler Method Liquid Level Measurement by Thermal Sensors Conductivity Level Switch Liquid Level Measurement Using Float Electrical Methods 225 Summary 232 Review Questions 232 Motivation SIGNAL CONDITIONING ELEMENTS Introduction Necessity of Signal Conditioning Elements Types of Signal Conditioning Systems DC Signal Conditioning System AC Signal Conditioning System Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) Different Types of Signal Conditioning Elements Inverting Amplifier Non-inverting Amplifier Voltage Follower Summing Amplifier Subtractor Sample and Hold Amplifier Logarithmic Amplifier Transducer Bridges Instrumentation Amplifier Chopper Stabilized Amplifier Integrator and Differentiator Circuits Converters Protection Circuits for Op-amp Noise Problem, Grounding and Shielding Noise Problem Grounding Shielding 259

11 Mechatronics 25% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : Author : SINGH, M. D., JOSHI, J. G. Type the URL : 08 Get this ebook

Preface... iii. Chapter 1: Diodes and Circuits... 1

Preface... iii. Chapter 1: Diodes and Circuits... 1 Table of Contents Preface... iii Chapter 1: Diodes and Circuits... 1 1.1 Introduction... 1 1.2 Structure of an Atom... 2 1.3 Classification of Solid Materials on the Basis of Conductivity... 2 1.4 Atomic