SYLLABUS. osmania university CHAPTER - 1 : OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CHAPTER - 2 : OP-AMP APPLICATIONS ARATORS AND CONVERTERS

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1 Contents i SYLLABUS osmania university UNIT - I CHAPTER - 1 : OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Operational Amplifiers-Characteristics, Open Loop Voltage Gain, Output Impedance, Input Impedance, Common Mode Rejection Ratio-Offset Balancing Techniques-Slew Rate, Frequency Response-Stability, Frequency Compensation of an Op-Amp, Voltage Follower. CHAPTER - 2 : OP-AMP APPLICATIONS Basic Applications-Inverter Summer, Analog Integrator, Differentiator, Current to Voltage Converter, Voltage to Current Converter, AC Amplifier, Clipper and Clamper, Precision Rectifier-Full Wave and HalfWave, Peak Detector, Multiplier, Divider, Difference Amplifier, Instrumentation Amplifier Circuits Using Op-Amps. UNIT - II CHAPTER - 3 : COMPARA ARATORS AND CONVERTERS Voltage Limiter, Comparator, Zero Crossing Detector, Schmitt Trigger, Monostable, Astable and Bistable, Multi Vibrator, Voltage to Frequency Converter, A/D and D/A Converters. UNIT - III CHAPTER - 4 : WAVEFORM GENERATION USING OP-AMPS Waveform Generation using Op-Amps-sine, Square, Triangular and Quadrature Oscillators, Voltage Controlled Oscillator. CHAPTER - 5 : 555 TIMER 555 Time Functional Diagram, Operation as Monostable and Astable.

2 ii Contents CHAPTER - 6 : PHASE-LOCKED LOOP Introduction, Basic Principles, Definitions Related to PLL, Phase Detector (or) Comparator, Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO), Low-pass Filter, Monolithic Phaselocked Loop, Phase-looked Loop Applications, Solved Problems. UNIT - IV CHAPTER - 7 : VOLTAGE REGULATORS Series Voltage Regulator using Op-Amp, Shunt Regulators using Op-Amp, Switching Regulators using Op-Amp, Dual Voltage Regulator, Fixed Voltage Regulators, Dual Tracking Regulators, Hybrid Regulator, Current Sensing and Current Feedback Protection. UNIT - V CHAPTER - 8 : ACTIVE FILTERS RC Active Filters, Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass, Band Reject, Notch, First Order, Second Order Transformation, State Variable Filter, Switched Capacitor Filter, Universal Filter, Balanced Modulator/Demodulator.

3 Contents iii LINEAR INTEGRATED TED CIRCUITS FOR b.e. (o.u) III year I semester (COMMON TO EEE AND EIE) CONTENTS UNIT - I [CH. H. - 1] ] [OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER] INTRODUCTION INTEGRATED TED CIRCUITS ICs Classification of ICs Based on Mode of Operation (or) Applications Based on the Fabrication Method Based on the Number of Components Fabricated Integrated Circuit Package Types Selection of IC Package Manufacture Designations for ICs Advantage of ICs Disadvantages of ICs OP-AMP Basics of an Op-Amp Circuit Symbol Equivalent Circuit of a Practical Op-Amp Pin Configuration of an Op-Amp Power Supply Connections

4 iv Contents Op-Amp Parameters Solved Problems Measurement of Op-Amp Parameters Op-Amp Configuration Op-Amp Specifications IDEAL OP-AMP Ideal Op-Amp Feedback in Ideal Op-Amp Inverting Amplifier Ideal Inverting Amplifier Solved Problems Practical Inverting Amplifier Closed-Loop oop Voltage Gain Input Resistance with Feedback Output Resistance with Feedback Bandwidth with Feedback Solved Problems Non-Inverting Amplifier Ideal Non-Inverting Amplifier Solved Problem Practical Non-Inverting Amplifier Closed Loop Voltage Gain Input Resistance with Feedback Output Resistance with Feedback Bandwidth with Feedback Solved Problems

5 Contents v Comparison between Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifier Voltage Follower ollower Advantages of Voltage Follower Practical use of Voltage Follower Solved Problem Differential Amplifier Differential Gain (A dm ) Common Mode Gain (A cm ) Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) Features of Differential Amplifier Solved Problems Virtual Ground Concept BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN OP-AMP AMP OP-AMP IC 741 AND ITS FEATURES Op-Amp Characteristics of LM 741 and LM 741C Features of IC OP-AMP CHARACTERISTICS CTERISTICS DC Characteristics of an Op-Amp Input Bias Current Input Offset Current Input Offset Voltage Thermal Drift Solved Problems

6 vi Contents AC Characteristics of an Op-Amp Frequency Response esponse Stability of an Op-Amp Frequency Compensation of an Op-Amp External Frequency Compensation Internal Frequency Compensation OFFSET BALANCING TECHNIQUES UNIT - I [CH. H. - 2] ] [OP-AMP APPLICATIONS] INTRODUCTION BASIC APPLICATIONS OF OP-AMP AMP Scale Changer/Inverter Summing Amplifier Inverting Summing Amplifier Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier Subtractor Adder-Subtractor Solved Problems INSTRUMENTATION TION AMPLIFIER USING OP-AMP AMP Instrumentation Amplifier with Three Op-Amp Instrumentation Amplifier using a Transducer Bridge Applications of Instrumentation Amplifier Temperature Controller Temperature Indicator Light Intensity Meter Analog Weight Scale Solved Problems

7 Contents vii 2.4 AC AMPLIFIER Inverting ac Amplifier Non-Inverting ac Amplifier ac Voltage Follower ollower Peaking Amplifier Solved Problem CURRENT-TO-VOL OLTAGE CONVERTER [TRANSRESISTANCE ANCE AMPLIFIER] Applications of I-to-V Converter Photodiode Detector Photo FET Detector VOL OLTAGE GE-TO-CURRENT CONVERTER [TRANSCONDUCTANCE ANCE AMPLIFIER] V-to -to-i -I Converter with Floating Load V-to -to-i -I Converter with Grounded Load oad Applications of V-to -to-i -I Converter Low ow Voltage dc Voltmeter Low ow Voltage AC C Voltmeter Diode Tester and Match Finder inder Zener Diode Tester OP-AMP CIRCUITS USING DIODES Precision Rectifier Precision Diodes Half-Wave ave Rectifier Fullull-Wave Rectifier ectifier Peak Detectors Clipper Positive Clippers Negative Clippers Clamper

8 viii Contents 2.8 SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT Performance Characteristics Monolithic S/H Integrated Circuits Fast S/H ICs Advantages of Sample and Hold Circuit Applications of Sample and Hold Circuit Solved Problem LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER Realization of Logarithmic Amplifier using Diode Realization of Logarithmic Amplifier using Transistor (Transdiode Configuration) Drawbacks of Basic Logarithmic Amplifier Temperature Compensated Logarithmic Amplifier using Diode Temperature Compensated Logarithmic Amplifier using Transistor ransistor Disadvantages of Temperature Compensated Logarithmic Amplifier Modified Temperature Compensated Logarithmic Amplifier Stability Considerations Applications of Log Amplifier Solved Problems ANTILOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER Realization of Antilogarithmic Amplifier using Diode Realization of Antilogarithmic Amplifier using Transistor Disadvantages of Basic Antilogarithmic Amplifier Temperature Compensated Antilog Amplifier using Diode Temperature Compensated Antilog Amplifier using Transistor Solved Problems

9 Contents ix 2.11 MULTIPLIER Multiplier Quadrants Applications of Analog Multiplier Solved Problem DIFFERENTIATOR OR Ideal Differentiator Analysis of Ideal Op-Amp Differentiator Frequency Response of an Ideal Differentiator Input and Output Waveforms for Differentiator Limitations of an Ideal Differentiator Practical Differentiator Analysis of Practical Differentiator Frequency Response of a Practical Differentiator Guidelines to Design Practical Differentiator Applications of Practical Differentiator Solved Problems INTEGRATOR OR Ideal Integrator Analysis of an Ideal Op-Amp Integrator Frequency Response of an Ideal Integrator Input and Output Waveforms for Integrator Limitations of an Ideal Integrator Practical Integrator Analysis of Practical Integrator Frequency Response of a Practical Integrator Applications of a Practical Integrator Solved Problems DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER

10 x Contents UNIT - II [CH.. - 3] ] [COMP COMPARA ARATORS AND CONVERTERS] INTRODUCTION COMPARA ARATOR Types of Comparators Inverting Comparator Non-Inverting Comparator Comparator Characteristics Voltage Transfer Curve APPLICATIONS OF COMPARA ARATORS Zero Crossing Detector Window Detector Time Marker Generator Phase Meter (or) Phase Detector Voltage Limiter SCHMITT TRIGGER [REGENERATIVE COMPARA ARATOR] Inverting Schmitt Trigger Non-Inverting Schmit Trigger rigger MULTIVIBRA TIVIBRATORS Astable Multivibrator (or) Free ree Running Oscillator Non-Symmetrical Square Wave Generation Monostable Multivibrator Bistable Multivibrator Solved Problems VOL OLTAGE GE- - TO-FREQUENCY CONVERTERS (VFC) Types of VFC s Wide-Sweep Multivibrator VFCs Charge Balancing VFCs

11 Contents xi 3.7 FREQUENCY-TO-VOL OLTAGE CONVERTER (FVC) Types of FVCs Pulse-Integrating FVC V/F AND F/V CONVERTER DEVICE TC Features Voltage oltage-to -to-f -Frequency requency Frequency requency-to -to-voltage oltage Pin Diagram of TC IC 9400 As V/F Converter TC 9400 As F/V Converter DIGITAL AL-TO-ANAL ANALOG CONVERTER (DAC) C) Performance Parameters of DAC Basic DAC C Techniques echniques Weighted Resistor DAC R-2R Laddar DAC Inverted R-2R Laddar Multiplying DACs Sources of Errors in DAC Monolithic DAC Solved Problems ANALOG OG-TO-DIGIT -DIGITAL AL CONVERTER (ADC) Performance Parameters of ADC Different Types of ADCs Parallel Comparator (or) Flash ADC Counter Type ADC Servo Tracking ADC Successive Approximation ADC Charge Balancing ADC Single Ramp (or) Single Slope ADC Dual Slope ADC

12 xii Contents Monolithic ADC ADC 0803 Family ADC 0808/0809 Family IC Comparison of Flash, Successive Approximation Technique and Dual Slope ADC using Voltage oltage-to -to-f -Frequency Conversion ADC using Voltage oltage-to -to-time Conversion Solved Problems UNIT - III [CH. H. - 4] ] [WAVEFORM GENERATION USING OP-AMPS] INTRODUCTION SINE WAVE VE GENERATOR OR [OSCILLATORS] ORS] RC Phase Shift Oscillator Wien Bridge Oscillator Wien Bridge Oscillator using Op-Amp Quadrature Oscillator Function Generator Solved Problems SQUARE WAVE VE GENERATOR [A STABLE MULTIVIBRA TIVIBRATOR] TRIANGULAR WAVE VE GENERATOR OR Another Triangular Wave Generator Solved Problems SAW W TOO OOTH TH WAVE VE GENERATOR OR VOL OLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR OR [VCO] Voltage Controlled Oscillator IC Operation Voltage oltage-to -to-f -Frequency Conversion Factor Features of 566 VCO Applications of 566 VCO Ramp Generator

13 Contents xiii UNIT - III [CH. H. - 5] ] [555 TIMER] INTRODUCTION PIN DIAGRAM OF 555 TIMER FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM OF A 555 TIMER FEATURES OF 555 TIMER TIMER OPERATION AS A MONOSTABLE ABLE Applications in Monostable Mode Missing Pulse Detector Linear Ramp Generator Frequency Divider Pulse Width Modulation Solved Problems TIMER OPERATION AS A ASTABLE ABLE MULTIVIBRA TIVIBRATOR OR Applications in Astable Mode FSK Generator Pulse ulse-p -Position Modulator (PPM) Square Wave Generator Free ree-r -Running Ramp Generator Voltage Controlled Oscillator Solved Problems COMPARISON BETWEEN MONOSTABLE AND ASTABLE ABLE MULTIVIBRA TIVIBRATOR OR CIRCUITS TIMER AS SCHMITT TRIGGER UNIT - III [CH. - 6] ] [PHASE-LOCKED LOOP] INTRODUCTION BASIC PRINCIPLES DEFINITIONS RELATED TO PLL

14 xiv Contents 6.4 PHASE DETECTOR (OR) COMPARA ARATOR OR Analog Phase Detector Switch Type Phase Detector Balanced Modulator Type Phase Detector Digital Phase Detector Exclusive-OR (XOR) Phase Detector Edge-Triggered Phase Detector Flip-Flop Phase Detectors VOL OLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR OR (VCO) LOW OW-P -PASS FILTER TER MONOLITHIC PHASE-LOCKED LOOP Derivation of Lock ock-in -in Range ange Derivation of Capture Range PHASE-L -LOCKED LOOP APPLICATIONS Frequency Multiplication/Division Frequency Translation AM Detection FM Demodulation Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Demodulator FM Detector FM Synthesiser SOLVED PROBLEMS UNIT - IV [CH. - 7] ] [VOLTAGE REGULATORS] INTRODUCTION PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS FOR VOL OLTAGE REGULATORS ORS Solved Problems

15 Contents xv 7.3 CLASSIFICATION OF VOL OLTAGE REGULATORS ORS Series Voltage Regulators Block Diagram of Series Voltage Regulators egulators Series Voltage Regulator using Op-Amp Advantages of Series Voltage Regulators egulators Disadvantages of Series Voltage Regulator Shunt Voltage Regulators Block Diagram of Shunt Voltage Regulator Shunt Voltage Regulator using Op-Amp Amp Comparison between Shunt and Series Voltage Regulators LINEAR VOL OLTAGE GE REGULATORS ORS Fixed Voltage Regulators Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators Fixed Negative Voltage Regulators Applications of IC 78 XX and 79 XX as a 0.5 A Current Source Current Boosting Fixed Regulator used as Adjustable Voltage Regulators egulators Adjustable Voltage Regulator using 78 xx Adjustable Positive Voltage Regulators egulators Adjustable Negative Voltage Regulators Dual Supply Dual Voltage Regulator egulator Dual-tracking regulator Solved Problems General Purpose Regulator (Adjustable or Variable Voltage Regulator) egulator)

16 xvi Contents Fundamental Block Diagram of IC Features of IC Specifications of IC Applications of IC Low ow-voltage oltage Regulator using High-Voltage Regulator using Current Limit Protection (or) Current Sensing Protection Current Foldback Current Boosting Solved Problems SWITCHING REGULATORS Basic Switching Regulator Fundamental Block Diagram of Switching Regulator Types of Switching Regulators Step-Down Switching Regulator (Buck Type Switching Regulator) Step-Up Switching Regulator (Boost Type Switching Regulator) Voltage Inverter Type Switching Regulator (Buck-Boost Type Switching Regulator) Advantages of Switching Regulators Disadvantages of Switching Regulators Applications of Switching Regulators Monolithic Switching Regulators COMPARISON BETWEEN SWITCHING REGULATOR OR SMPS AND LINEAR REGULATOR HYBRID (COMBINATION) REGULATOR

17 Contents xvii UNIT - V [CH. H. - 8] ] [ACTIVE FILTERS] INTRODUCTION IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO FILTERS CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS RC ACTIVE FILTERS Frequency Response Characteristics of Active Filters Types of Active Filters Butterworth Filters Chebyshev Filters Bessel Filters Models of First-Order Active Filters First irst-order Low ow-p -Pass ass Butterworth Filter Analysis of the Filter Circuit Design Steps Frequency Scaling Solved Problems First irst-order High-Pass ass Butterworth Filter Analysis of the Filter Circuit Design Steps Solved Problems Models Second-Order Active Filters Second-Order Low ow-p -Pass Butterworth Filter Analysis of the Filter Circuit Design Steps Solved Problems

18 xviii Contents Second-Order High-Pass Butterworth Filter Analysis of the Filter Circuit Design Steps Solved Problems Band-Pass ass Filters ilters Narrow Band-Pass ass Filter [Multiple Feedback Band-Pass ass Filter] Design Steps Wide Band-Pass ass Filter ilter Comparison Between Wide Band-Pass ass Filter and Narrow Band-Pass ass Filter Solved Problems Band-Reject Filters (or) Band-Stop Filters (or) Band-Elimination Filters Narrow Band-Reject Filter (Notch-Filters) Wide Band-Reject Filter Solved Problems All-Pass ass Filters (or) Phase Correction (or) Delay Equalizers Solved Problems Advantages of Active Filters Disadvantages of Active Filter Applications of Active Filters COMPARISON BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FILTERS FREQUENCY TRANSFORMATION TION IN FILTERS DESIGN Low ow-p -Pass to High-Pass Transformation Low ow-p -Pass to Band-Pass ass Transformation ransformation Low ow-p -Pass to Band-Reject Transformation

19 Contents xix 8.7 STATE TE VARIABLE FILTER (OR) UNIVERSAL FILTER State Variable Formulation ormulation SWITCHED CAPACIT CITOR OR FILTERS A Low ow-p -Pass Switched Capacitor Filter IC Band-Pass ass Switched Capacitor Filter IC State Variable Switched Capacitor Filter IC Switched Capacitor Integrator Solved Problem BALANCED MODULATOR/DEMODULA OR/DEMODULATOR Balanced Modulator Balanced Demodulator PREVIOUS UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPERS [June ] [New] [Supplementary]... QP.1 - QP.2 [Nov./Dec ] [New] [Main]... QP.3 - QP.4 [July ] [Supplementary]... QP.5 - QP.6 [December ] [Main]... QP.7 - QP.8 [June/July ] [Supplementary]...QP QP.9 - QP.10 [December ] [Main]... QP.11 - QP.12 [July ] [Supplementary]... QP.13 - QP.14 [Nov./Dec ] [Main]... QP.15 - QP.16 [May/June ] [Supplementary]... QP.17 - QP.18

20 xx Contents STUDENT NOTES

SYLLABUS. osmania university UNIT - I UNIT - II UNIT - III CHAPTER - 4 : OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

SYLLABUS. osmania university UNIT - I UNIT - II UNIT - III CHAPTER - 4 : OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Contents i SYLLABUS osmania university UNIT - I CHAPTER - 1 : DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS Classification, DC and AC Analysis of Single/Dual Input Balanced and Unbalanced Output Configurations using BJTs. Level