Run-Time Error Detection in Polynomial Basis Multiplication Using Linear Codes
|
|
- Opal Waters
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Ru-Time Error Detectio i Polyomial Basis Multiplicatio Usig Liear Codes Siavash Bayat-Saramdi ad M.A. Hasa Departmet of Electrical ad Computer Egieerig, Uiversity of Waterloo Waterloo, Otario, Caada N2L 3G1 {bayat,ahasa}@ece.uwaterloo.ca Abstract I this article we cosider detectio of errors i polyomial basis multipliers, which have applicatios i chael codig, VLSI testig, ad cryptography. Error detectio is performed by applyig a class of liear codes while the multiplier is i use. I this article, two error detectio schemes are preseted. Results show that the probability of error detectio of our sigle-iput ecodig (SIE) scheme usig eight redudat bits is approximately Additioally, the time ad area overheads of the schemes for our bit-serial implemetatios are i a reasoable rage, e.g., for the SIE scheme with eight redudat bits, the area overhead is 39.71% ad the time overhead has bee observed to be egligible. 1 Itroductio Hardware implemetatio of some high performace digital systems require sigificat amout of circuits. I such circuits, faults may occur with a sigificat probability durig the use of the system. Faulty circuits are likely to geerate erroeous results that are ot desirable specially i sesitive ad critical applicatios, icludig deep space chael codig [11], VLSI testig [8], ad cryptography [2, 3]. As a result, error correctio ad detectio are importat for these digital systems. O the other had, oe of the importat ad area cosumig compoets of the above metioed applicatios is fiite field multipliers. I this work, we cosider detectio of radom errors i polyomial basis fiite field multipliers. Our proposed scheme detects certai errors while the multiplier is workig (i.e., ru-time error detectio). I order to detect radom errors i fiite field multipliers, a umber of schemes have bee proposed i the recet past. Oe approach to detect these errors i a fiite field multiplier is to use parity bits, see for example [1, 4, 10]. The secod approach is to scale the iputs of the multiplier by a factor ad at the ed of the multiplicatio the correctess of the result is checked by oe or two divisios, see for example [5]. Aother approach is to use oliear techiques [6], which is expesive i terms of area ad time ad i tur may ot be very efficiet for detectig radom errors. This article presets two schemes for the detectio of errors i both bit-serial ad bit-parallel polyomial basis multipliers over biary extesio fields based o the secod approach. The proposed schemes, which are referred to as sigle-iput ecodig (SIE) ad double-iput ecodig (DIE), ca be applied to ay fiite field GF (2 m ). I these schemes, we use liear codes. Such codes have also bee used i [5]. Importat differeces betwee this work ad [5] are as follows. First, the error model of this work is more geeric ad the error ca occur i ay locatio of the circuit. Secodly, this work gives much more flexibility to choose the field defiig ad the code geerator polyomials. This leads to a reductio i the umber of redudat bits ad i tur a reductio i the area overhead. I this article, for the proposed SIE scheme, its probability of udetected error ad overheads i terms of area ad time are preseted. For the DIE scheme, some commets are made for its error detectio capability ad detailed area ad time overheads are preseted. Results show that, i our bit-serial implemetatios for eight redudat bits, the area overheads are lower tha dual modular redudat systems, ad the time overheads are quite small, i.e., less tha 2%. The orgaizatio of this article is as follows. I Sectio 2, some prelimiaries about polyomial basis multiplicatio ad codig theory are discussed. Two ru-time error detectio schemes are preseted i Sectio 3. Usig oe of the schemes, amely the sigle-iput ecodig, we develop error detectable bit-serial ad bit-parallel multiplier structures i Sectio 4. The error detectio capability of the sigle-iput ecodig scheme is the ivestigated i Sectio 5. Our secod scheme is explaied i Sectio 6. The time ad area overheads of the schemes are preseted i Sectio 7. Fially, Sectio 8 gives a few cocludig remarks /07/$ IEEE 204
2 2 Prelimiaries I this sectio, first polyomial basis multiplicatio is briefly reviewed. The a class of liear codes is explaied. 2.1 Polyomial Basis Multipliers Let f(x) =x m + i=1 f ix i +1be a irreducible polyomial over GF (2) of degree m. Polyomial (or caoical) basis is defied as the followig set: { 1,x,x 2,,x }. Each elemet A of GF (2 m ) ca be represeted usig the polyomial basis (PB) as A = a ix i where a i GF (2). LetC be the product of two elemets A ad B of GF (2 m ). The PB represetatio of C is as follows: C = AB mod f(x) =A b i x i mod f(x) = b i.a i =(b.a + b m 2.A m b 1.A 1 + b 0.A 0 ), (1) where A 0 = A ad A i = xa i 1 mod f(x). The multiplicatio of x ad a arbitrary elemet A of GF (2 m ) is performed as follows: xa mod f(x) =x a i x i mod f(x) = a + (a f i + a i 1 ) x i. i=1 Hereafter, the hardware that receives A GF (2 m ) as iput ad geerates xa mod f(x) as output will be referred to as Shift-ad-Reduce (SR) module. I (1),. deotes a scalar multiplicatio of b i GF (2) ad A i GF (2 m ), ad + is a vector additio of two elemets of GF (2 m ). Hardware for scalar multiplicatio ad that for vector additio are hereafter referred to as ad modules, respectively. Usig SR,, ad modules, oe ca costruct PB multipliers i accordace with (1). For bit-serial implemetatio, i additio to these modules, registers are used for storig itermediate results. 2.2 Liear Codes I a (, m) block code, the iput iformatio sequece is divided ito m-bit blocks ad each block is ecoded to a -bit codeword ( >m). Oe importat class of block codes is liear codes. These are extesively used i commuicatio applicatios for correctig/detectig errors i (2) trasmissio chaels. Here, the biary liear codes are cosidered for detectig errors i the polyomial basis multipliers. I the simplest form, a (, m) block code is liear if ad oly if the modulo-2 additio of two codewords is also a codeword. Let V =(v 0,v 1,,v 1 ) be a codeword. A polyomial whose coefficiets are the compoets of V,issaidto be a code polyomial. A code polyomial of degree up to 1 is geerated with a polyomial of degree m of the followig form: g(x) =1+g 1 x + g 2 x g x + x m. Polyomial g(x) is called a geerator polyomial. Every code polyomial i the code is a multiple of g(x). I fact, our (, m) liear code, which hereafter is referred to as L code, maps a elemet of a fiite field GF (2 m ) to a elemet of a commutative rig with modulus f(x)g(x), where f(x) is the irreducible polyomial used for represetig the elemets of GF (2 m ). Note that the well-kow cyclic code has the correspodig modulus as x 1. For give f(x) ad, the use of cyclic codes, however, limits the umber of choices of g(x). 3 Ru-Time Error Detectio Schemes Errors may be caused by differet types of faults such as ope faults, short (bridgig) faults, ad/or stuck-at faults. Furthermore, the faults ca be trasiet or permaet. I this article, we ivestigate two schemes for detectig radom errors. I the first scheme, which lays foudatio of discussios for the secod oe, oly oe of the iputs of the PB multiplier is ecoded, i.e., it is multiplied by geerator g(x). The secod iput is ot ecoded. I the secod scheme, both iputs are ecoded. Thus, the first ad the secod schemes are referred to as sigle-iput ecodig (SIE) ad double-iput ecodig (DIE), respectively. DIE is expected to have a better error detectio capability tha SIE at the expese of a icreased area overhead. Nevertheless, the probability of error detectio of SIE ca be withi a acceptable rage because for some applicatios, for example i a elliptic curve cryptographic processor, the secod iput either comes from other operatios such as adders ad multipliers or comes as the direct iput to the multiplier. I the first case, if the previous operatio has a error detectio circuitry, its output, which is the secod iput of the curret multiplier, is expected to be error free. I the secod case, oe ca use a ru-time error detectio techique for the iput of the multiplier oce to avoid faulty iputs. Depedig o the further use of the multiplier s output, the PB multiplier with oe of these schemes 205
3 ca produce either a ecoded output, i.e., multiplied by oly oe geerator, or a uecoded output. 4 SIE Based Error Detectable Multipliers As metioed i Sectio 2, a PB multiplier ca be costructed with three types of modules: 1) SR, 2), ad 3). I the followig, (, m) L codes are applied to the iputs of these modules to obtai error detectable multipliers. For bit-serial implemetatio, clearly, the size of registers should icrease from m bits to bits. 4.1 ad Modules Suppose that a (, m) L code is used ad g(x) is the geerator polyomial. Let A, B, S ad P GF (2 m ) ad b GF (2), where scalar multiplicatio b.a = P ad vector additio A + B = S. Suppose A,B,S ad P are the results of ecodig A, B, S ad P, respectively. Thus, for scalar multiplicatio we have: b.a = b.ag = Pg = P, ad for vector additio we have: A + B = Ag + Bg =(A + B)g = Sg = S. Accordigly, for usig L codes, the sizes of ad modules should icrease from m bits to bits each. 4.2 SR Module As show i Figure 1(a), the uecoded iput ad the output of the SR module are U(x) = u ix i ad U s (x) = u s i x i, respectively. The code geerator polyomial, g(x), over GF (2) of degree m is used for ecodig. The ecoded iput ad the output of the SR module (see Figure 1(b)) are V (x) = 1 v ix i ad V s (x) = 1 v s i x i, respectively. I a SR module with uecoded iput, we have: Accordig to (2): U s (x) = m 2 U s (x) =xu(x)modf(x). u i x i+1 + u f i x i = x u i x i ) +u (x m + f i x i = xu(x)+u f(x). O the other had, for ecoded iputs to SR module we have: V (x) =U(x)g(x). (4) (3) U(x) m V (x) SR (f) (a) SR (F ) (b) U s(x) m V s(x) v 0 v i 1 v 2 v 1 (c) f 1 f i f 1 Figure 1. SR module: (a) with uecoded iput, depeds o f(x), (b) with ecoded iput, depeds o F (x), (c) details of (b) v s0 v s1 v si v s 1 Thus, usig (3) ad (4), for iput V (x) the output of the SR module is: V s (x) =U s (x)g(x) =xu(x)g(x)+u f(x)g(x) (5) = xv (x)+u f(x)g(x). Let F (x) =f(x)g(x). Sice F (x) ca be cosidered to be fixed, it ca be pre-computed. O the other had, v 1 = u.g m ad g m =1, thus: Therefore, usig (5) ad (6) we have: v 1 = u. (6) V s (x) =xv (x)+v 1 F (x) (7) Remark 1 Let ω(f ) be the Hammig weight of F (x). The umber of XOR gates required for costructig the SR module with ecoded iput, show i Figure 1(c), is ω(f ) Bit-serial ad Bit-parallel Polyomial Basis Multipliers To costruct a bit-serial ad a bit-parallel multiplier with ru-time error detectio capability, we will use updated versios of SR,, ad modules with ecoded iput. Figure 2(a) shows a bit-serial multiplier with ru-time error detectio (RTED) capability. For multiplyig A ad B with RTED capability, register D is iitialized with ecoded A, i.e., A. A error checker ca be placed at each of the three locatios: L1, L2 ad L3. I the ext sectio, the frequecy of check poits will be discussed. Figure 2(b) shows a bit-parallel multiplier with RTED capability. I the bit-parallel multiplier a error checker ca be placed after each modules. Thus, there ca be as may as 3m 2 error checkers for a bit-parallel multiplier. 206
4 5 Error Detectio Capability L1 D I this sectio, our error model ad the probability of a udetected error of the SIE scheme are give. The frequecy of the check poits is also discussed. row 1 row i row (m 1) bi L2 A (a) Bit-serial (b) Bit-parallel C b0 b1 b2 b Figure 2. Polyomial-basis multiplicatio 4.4 L Code Ecoders ad Checkers Ecoders, decoders ad/or checkers of liear codes are well studied i the literature, e.g., see [7] for shift register based architectures. For ecodig, data (i.e., a elemet of GF (2 m ))ismultiplied by geerator polyomial, g(x). The ecoder ca be implemeted i serial or parallel fashios. I this work, we oly cosider the parallel oe, sice it is much faster. For parallel implemetatio of a ecoder, a parallel multiplier that multiplies the data by a geerator g(x) should be used. To check whether a -tuple at a certai locatio i the circuit is a codeword, a checker is placed at that poit. A checker basically divides the polyomial correspodig to the -tuple by the geerator polyomial g(x) of the L code ad if the divisio has a ozero remaider, a error sigal is give. Agai, checkers ca be implemeted i serial or parallel fashios. For parallel implemetatio, a parallel divider ca be used. L3 C 5.1 Error Modellig The error model i this work is a bit-flip model. To illustrate the model, suppose that the error free value of a locatio, say L, of a polyomial basis multiplier is a -tuple, say v =(v 0,v 1,,v 1 ). A error vector is also a - tuple, say e =(e 0,e 1,,e 1 ). The umber of possible errors is 2 1. The erroeous value of the locatio L is v e = v + e, where + is bitwise XOR. I other words, a error is a modulo-2 additive term at a certai locatio of a PB multiplier ad the i th bit of the error vector e beig oe implies that the i th bit of the value of the locatio L has chaged from 0 to 1 or vice versa. If the locatio is oe of the modules (SR, or ), without loss of geerality we ca assume that the error vector should be XORed with the output of the compoet. Note that the ecoders ad checkers should be fault free or at least self-checkig [9]. Sice i practice the umber of redudat bits, m, is expected to be much less tha the size of the iput operads of the multiplier, m, theselfcheckig techique is feasible. Therefore, i this work, we assume that these ecoders ad decoders are fault free or self-checkig. I the followig, we ivestigate what kid of errors could ot be detected by this scheme. 5.2 Probability of a Udetected Error For the purpose of error detectio, a received -tuple should be checked if it is still a codeword or ot. Therefore, based o our error model, ay ozero error that is a multiple of the geerator polyomial g(x) caot be detected. Let the probability of error detectio ad the probability of a udetected error be referred to as Pr D ad Pr U,respectively. Clearly, Pr D =1 Pr U. Suppose W i is the umber of codewords of weight i i a (, m) L code, i.e., W i is the umber of codewords that cotai i oes. The probability of a udetected error ca be computed usig such weight distributio of the code. As metioed, a udetected error occurs whe the error vector is amog oe of the ozero codewords. Thus, Pr U = W i p i (1 p) i, i=1 where p is the probability of a bit of error vector beig oe. The weight distributio is kow for some special codes such as Hammig codes; however; the distributio is ot 207
5 kow for the oe we use i this work. Hece, a closed form for Pr U caot be obtaied ad the probability of a udetected error is ivestigated by a simulatio-based faultijectio (the details of the fault-ijectio are skipped for brevity). Figure 3 shows the result of our simulatio for (167, 163), (169, 163) ad (171, 163) L codes. Probability of a Udetected Error p (171,163) L code (169,163) L code (167,163) L code Figure 3. Probability of a udetected error vs. p A well-kow upper boud for the probability of a udetected error for some (, m) codes such as Hammig codes is 2 ( m). Here, the umbers of redudat bits are 4, 6 ad 8, ad the dashed ad dotted lies i Figure 3 show the values 2 4, 2 6 ad 2 8, respectively. As it ca be see i the figure, the values of Pr U are either smaller tha or quite close to the bouds for all three cases. 5.3 Frequecy of Check Poits Suppose that there are several multiple-bit errors i a locatio of the circuit of a PB multiplier. For havig a error detectio capability Pr D as discussed i previous sectio, each of the above metioed locatios i Sectio 4.3 should have a parity checker. This requires a very high area overhead especially for bit-parallel multipliers. The followig lemma helps us reduce the umber of checkers cosiderably. Lemma 1 Suppose oly a maximum of oe multiple-bit error occurs per roud of a bit-serial multiplier or per row of a bit-parallel multiplier (see Figure 2). The ay such error ca be detected with the probability Pr D, discussed i Sectio 5.2, usig a parity checker at L3 of the bit-serial multiplier or a parity checker before the vertical iput of every ad oe parity checker after the fial i the bit-parallel multiplier. Proof 1 The proof is skipped for brevity. 6 Double-Iput Ecodig (DIE) Havig oly oe iput of the PB multiplier ecoded ca be of cocer. If the secod iput of the multiplier becomes erroeous, it caot be detected. Oe way to improve this situatio is to ecode both iput operads. I geeral, the geerators for ecodig iputs ca be differet. However, there are some issues with regard to choosig the geerators that eed to be dealt with ad they are briefly discussed i Sectio Polyomial Basis Multipliers with Ru-Time Error Detectio Capability I the double-iput ecodig, iput A is ecoded by the geerator g 1 (x) ad B by g 2 (x), where these two geerator polyomials eed ot to be differet. Let C = A B mod f(x), where f(x) is the field defiig polyomial. Multiplyig each side by g 1 (x)g 2 (x), we obtai: Cg 1 g 2 = ABg 1 g 2 mod fg 1 g 2. Hece, E g1g 2 (C) = E g1 (A)E g2 (B)modF(x), where F(x) =f(x)g 1 (x)g 2 (x) ad E g (Z) implies that Z is ecoded by geerator g. Let the degrees of g 1 (x) ad g 2 (x) be r 1 ad r 2, respectively. Clearly, the degree of F(x) is N = m + r 1 + r 2. A SR module ca be costructed usig (7) ad by replacemets of F (x) ad with F(x) ad N, respectively. To costruct a bit-serial multiplier ad/or a bit-parallel multiplier with ru-time error detectio capability, we use updated versios of SR,, ad modules i a very similar maer as show i Figure 2. Here, the umber of rouds of the bit-serial multiplier ad the umber of rows of the bit-parallel multiplier are m + r 2 each. 6.2 Error Detectio Usig DIE Like Sectio 5.1, here, the bit-flip error model is assumed. For the purpose of error detectio, checkers that use the geerator g 1 are placed i the same locatios as discussed i Sectio 4.3. If there is o error i the circuit, the the output value of the last checker that uses the geerator g 1 is Cg 2 = ABg 2. Therefore, oe more checker that uses the geerator g 2 should be placed at the output of the last checker. The, the fial result of the multiplicatio is the output of the checker that used the geerator g 2. Assumig that oly a maximum of oe multiple-bit error occurs per roud of a bit-serial multiplier or per row of a bit-parallel multiplier, we have: 208
6 if a error occurs o iput B ad the error is a multiple of g 2, it caot be detected. if errors occur o iput A ad/or iside the PB multiplier ad they are ot multiples of g 1, they are detected. If they are multiples of g 1 but the output of the last checker that used geerator g 1 is ot a multiple of g 2, the errors are detected as well. Otherwise, they are ot detected. Note that g 2 ca be preferably chose such that its degree is smaller tha that of g 1. Polyomial g 2 is maily used for detectig errors i iput B although it affects the error detectio of the etire multiplier circuit. Furthermore, this choice decreases the area overhead of the scheme. 7 Aalysis of Time ad Area Overheads I this sectio, area ad time overheads of the SIE ad the DIE error detectio schemes are ivestigated. We used the NIST recommeded field defiig polyomials for ECDSA f(x) =x 163 +x 7 +x 6 +x 3 +1 for our bitserial implemetatios. Furthermore, the code polyomial for the SIE scheme was of degree eight ad two code polyomials required for the DIE scheme were of degrees eight ad three. We described the scheme by VHDL to obtai a realistic approximatio of the area ad the time overheads. We used Modelsim to simulate the desig for checkig its correct fuctioality ad we implemeted the scheme o a Xilix Sparta 3 (XC3S5000) FPGA usig Xilix ISE 7.1i. Bit-serial implemetatios Overhead SIE DIE area (%) clock cycle 0 r 2 =3 clock period (%) latecy (%) ca be cosidered as throughput overhead. Table 1. The time ad the area overheads of the bit-serial implemetatios of the SIE ad the DIE schemes The area overhead ad the time overhead (clock period overhead or latecy overhead) of the bit-serial implemetatios of the SIE ad the DIE schemes for a polyomial basis multiplier are give i Table 1. As expected, DIE has higher area overhead tha SIE. Additioally, both schemes have lower area overheads tha that of the covetioal dual modular redudat system. Moreover, the time overhead of SIE has bee observed to be egligible ad the time overhead of DIE is also very small. Therefore, oe ca choose ay of the above metioed implemetatios based o the area overhead, time overhead ad/or error detectio capability. 8 Coclusios This article presets two schemes for detectio of multiple-bit radom errors i biary polyomial basis multipliers usig liear codes. Based o our simulatio, the probability of a udetected error for the sigle-iput ecodig scheme is approximately with eight redudat bits i the codewords. Furthermore, the overheads of the error detectio schemes for bit-serial implemetatios are lower tha the overhead of the dual modular redudat scheme for a sufficiet umber of redudat bits. Additioally, the time overheads of the schemes have bee observed to be small, i.e., less tha 2%. Ackowledgmets This work was supported i part by a NSERC grat awarded to Dr. Hasa. The authors also would like to thak Dr. Miguel F. Ajos for lettig them ru part of the simulatio o his computer. Refereces [1] S. Bayat-Sarmadi ad M. A. Hasa. O cocurret detectio of errors i polyomial basis multiplicatio. IEEE Tras. VLSI, 15(4): , April [2] D. Boeh, R. Demillo, ad R. Lipto. O the improtace of checkig cryptographic protocols for faults. I Proc. It l Cof. Eurocrypt, pages Spriger-Verlag, [3] M. Ciet ad M. Joye. Elliptic curve cryptosystems i the presece of permaet ad trasiet faults. Desigs, Codes ad Cryptography, 36(1):33 43, July [4] S. Fe, M. Gossel, M. Beaissa, ad D. Taylor. Olie error detectio for bit-serial multipliers i GF (2 m ). J. Electroics Testig: Theory ad Applicatios, 13:29 40, [5] G. Gaubatz ad B. Suar. Robust fiite field arithmetic for fault-tolerat public-key cryptography. I Proc. Workshop FTDC, pages , [6] G. Gaubatz, B. Suar, ad M. G. Karpovsky. No-liear residue codes for robust public-key arithmetic. I Proc. FTDC Workshop, pages , [7] W. W. Peterso ad E. J. Weldo. Error Correctig Codes. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2d editio, [8] D. Pradha ad M. Chatterjee. GLFSR-a ew test patter geerator for built-i-self-test. I Proc. It l Test Cof., pages , [9] T. Rao ad E. Fujiwara. Error-Cotrol Codig for Computer Systems. Pretice Hall, [10] A. Reyhai-Masoleh ad M. A. Hasa. Fault detectio architectures for field multiplicatio usig polyomial bases. IEEE Tras. Comp., 55(9): , [11] S. B. Wicker ad V. K. Bhargava, editors. Reed-Solomo Codes ad Their Applicatios. Joh Wiley, NY,
CHAPTER 5 A NEAR-LOSSLESS RUN-LENGTH CODER
95 CHAPTER 5 A NEAR-LOSSLESS RUN-LENGTH CODER 5.1 GENERAL Ru-legth codig is a lossless image compressio techique, which produces modest compressio ratios. Oe way of icreasig the compressio ratio of a ru-legth
More information3. Error Correcting Codes
3. Error Correctig Codes Refereces V. Bhargava, Forward Error Correctio Schemes for Digital Commuicatios, IEEE Commuicatios Magazie, Vol 21 No1 11 19, Jauary 1983 Mischa Schwartz, Iformatio Trasmissio
More informationGeneral Model :Algorithms in the Real World. Applications. Block Codes
Geeral Model 5-853:Algorithms i the Real World Error Correctig Codes I Overview Hammig Codes Liear Codes 5-853 Page message (m) coder codeword (c) oisy chael decoder codeword (c ) message or error Errors
More informationHigh Speed Area Efficient Modulo 2 1
High Speed Area Efficiet Modulo 2 1 1-Soali Sigh (PG Scholar VLSI, RKDF Ist Bhopal M.P) 2- Mr. Maish Trivedi (HOD EC Departmet, RKDF Ist Bhopal M.P) Adder Abstract Modular adder is oe of the key compoets
More informationLogarithms APPENDIX IV. 265 Appendix
APPENDIX IV Logarithms Sometimes, a umerical expressio may ivolve multiplicatio, divisio or ratioal powers of large umbers. For such calculatios, logarithms are very useful. They help us i makig difficult
More informationx y z HD(x, y) + HD(y, z) HD(x, z)
Massachusetts Istitute of Techology Departmet of Electrical Egieerig ad Computer Sciece 6.02 Solutios to Chapter 5 Updated: February 16, 2012 Please sed iformatio about errors or omissios to hari; questios
More informationA study on the efficient compression algorithm of the voice/data integrated multiplexer
A study o the efficiet compressio algorithm of the voice/data itegrated multiplexer Gyou-Yo CHO' ad Dog-Ho CHO' * Dept. of Computer Egieerig. KyiigHee Uiv. Kiheugup Yogiku Kyuggido, KOREA 449-71 PHONE
More informationA New Space-Repetition Code Based on One Bit Feedback Compared to Alamouti Space-Time Code
Proceedigs of the 4th WSEAS It. Coferece o Electromagetics, Wireless ad Optical Commuicatios, Veice, Italy, November 0-, 006 107 A New Space-Repetitio Code Based o Oe Bit Feedback Compared to Alamouti
More informationIntermediate Information Structures
Modified from Maria s lectures CPSC 335 Itermediate Iformatio Structures LECTURE 11 Compressio ad Huffma Codig Jo Roke Computer Sciece Uiversity of Calgary Caada Lecture Overview Codes ad Optimal Codes
More informationOPTIMIZATION OF RNS FIR FILTERS FOR 6-INPUTS LUT BASED FPGAS
OPTIMIZATION OF RNS FIR FILTERS FOR 6-INPUTS LUT BASED FPGAS G.C. Cardarilli, M. Re, A. Salsao Uiversity of Rome Tor Vergata Departmet of Electroic Egieerig Via del Politecico 1 / 00133 / Rome / ITAL {marco.re,
More informationPROJECT #2 GENERIC ROBOT SIMULATOR
Uiversity of Missouri-Columbia Departmet of Electrical ad Computer Egieerig ECE 7330 Itroductio to Mechatroics ad Robotic Visio Fall, 2010 PROJECT #2 GENERIC ROBOT SIMULATOR Luis Alberto Rivera Estrada
More informationDesign of FPGA- Based SPWM Single Phase Full-Bridge Inverter
Desig of FPGA- Based SPWM Sigle Phase Full-Bridge Iverter Afarulrazi Abu Bakar 1, *,Md Zarafi Ahmad 1 ad Farrah Salwai Abdullah 1 1 Faculty of Electrical ad Electroic Egieerig, UTHM *Email:afarul@uthm.edu.my
More informationCOMPRESSION OF TRANSMULTIPLEXED ACOUSTIC SIGNALS
COMPRESSION OF TRANSMULTIPLEXED ACOUSTIC SIGNALS Mariusz Ziółko, Przemysław Sypka ad Bartosz Ziółko Departmet of Electroics, AGH Uiversity of Sciece ad Techology, al. Mickiewicza 3, 3-59 Kraków, Polad,
More informationSpread Spectrum Signal for Digital Communications
Wireless Iformatio Trasmissio System Lab. Spread Spectrum Sigal for Digital Commuicatios Istitute of Commuicatios Egieerig Natioal Su Yat-se Uiversity Spread Spectrum Commuicatios Defiitio: The trasmitted
More informationAnalysis of SDR GNSS Using MATLAB
Iteratioal Joural of Computer Techology ad Electroics Egieerig (IJCTEE) Volume 5, Issue 3, Jue 2015 Aalysis of SDR GNSS Usig MATLAB Abstract This paper explais a software defied radio global avigatio satellite
More informationPHY-MAC dialogue with Multi-Packet Reception
PHY-AC dialogue with ulti-packet Receptio arc Realp 1 ad Aa I. Pérez-Neira 1 CTTC-Cetre Tecològic de Telecomuicacios de Cataluya Edifici Nexus C/Gra Capità, - 0803-Barceloa (Cataluya-Spai) marc.realp@cttc.es
More informationA Novel Three Value Logic for Computing Purposes
Iteratioal Joural o Iormatio ad Electroics Egieerig, Vol. 3, No. 4, July 23 A Novel Three Value Logic or Computig Purposes Ali Soltai ad Saeed Mohammadi Abstract The aim o this article is to suggest a
More informationUnit 5: Estimating with Confidence
Uit 5: Estimatig with Cofidece Sectio 8.2 The Practice of Statistics, 4 th editio For AP* STARNES, YATES, MOORE Uit 5 Estimatig with Cofidece 8.1 8.2 8.3 Cofidece Itervals: The Basics Estimatig a Populatio
More informationA Novel Small Signal Power Line Quality Measurement System
IMTC 3 - Istrumetatio ad Measuremet Techology Coferece Vail, CO, USA, - May 3 A ovel Small Sigal Power Lie Quality Measuremet System Paul B. Crilly, Erik Leadro Boaldi, Levy Ely de Lacarda de Oliveira,
More informationFaulty Clock Detection for Crypto Circuits Against Differential Faulty Analysis Attack
Faulty Clock Detectio for Crypto Circuits Agaist Differetial Faulty Aalysis Attack Pei uo ad Yusi Fei Departmet of Electrical ad Computer Egieerig Northeaster Uiversity, Bosto, MA 02115 Abstract. Differetial
More informationCHAPTER 6 IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGITAL FIR FILTER
CHAPTER 6 IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGITAL FIR FILTER 6.1 INTRODUCTION The digital FIR filters are commo compoets i may digital sigal processig (DSP) systems. There are various applicatios like high speed/low
More informationA SELECTIVE POINTER FORWARDING STRATEGY FOR LOCATION TRACKING IN PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A SELETIVE POINTE FOWADING STATEGY FO LOATION TAKING IN PESONAL OUNIATION SYSTES Seo G. hag ad hae Y. Lee Departmet of Idustrial Egieerig, KAIST 373-, Kusug-Dog, Taejo, Korea, 305-70 cylee@heuristic.kaist.ac.kr
More informationOutput. Function f. Characteristic Predictor. Predicted Output Characteristic. Checker. Output. Error
WHICH CONCURRENT ERROR DETECTION SCHEME TO CHOOSE? Subhasish Mitra ad Edward J. McCluskey Ceter for Reliable Computig Departmets of Electrical Egieerig ad Computer Sciece Staford Uiversity, Staford, Califoria
More informationComparison of Frequency Offset Estimation Methods for OFDM Burst Transmission in the Selective Fading Channels
Compariso of Frequecy Offset Estimatio Methods for OFDM Burst Trasmissio i the Selective Fadig Chaels Zbigiew Długaszewski Istitute of Electroics ad Telecommuicatios Pozań Uiversity of Techology 60-965
More informationReconfigurable architecture of RNS based high speed FIR filter
Idia Joural of Egieerig & Materials Scieces Vol. 21, April 214, pp. 233-24 Recofigurable architecture of RNS based high speed FIR filter J Britto Pari* & S P Joy Vasatha Rai Departmet of Electroics Egieerig,
More informationWAVE-BASED TRANSIENT ANALYSIS USING BLOCK NEWTON-JACOBI
WAVE-BASED TRANSIENT ANALYSIS USING BLOCK NEWTON-JACOBI Muhammad Kabir McGill Uiversity Departmet of Electrical ad Computer Egieerig Motreal, QC H3A 2A7 Email: muhammad.kabir@mail.mcgill.ca Carlos Christofferse
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVE BITS
APPLICATION NOTE AN95091 INTRODUCTION UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVE BITS Toy Girard, Sigatec, Desig ad Applicatios Egieer Oe criteria ofte used to evaluate a Aalog to Digital Coverter (ADC) or data acquisitio
More informationMEASUREMENT AND CONTORL OF TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION IN FREQUENCY RANGE 0,02-10KHZ.
ELECTRONICS 00 September, Sozopol, BLGARIA MEASREMENT AND CONTORL OF TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION IN FREQENCY RANGE 0,0-0KHZ. Plame Agelov Agelov Faculty for Computer Sciece, Egieerig ad Natural Studies,
More informationFPGA Implementation of the Ternary Pulse Compression Sequences
FPGA Implemetatio of the Terary Pulse Compressio Sequeces N.Balaji 1, M. Sriivasa rao, K.Subba Rao 3, S.P.Sigh 4 ad N. Madhusudhaa Reddy 4 Abstract Terary codes have bee widely used i radar ad commuicatio
More informationA Comparative Study on LUT and Accumulator Radix-4 Based Multichannel RNS FIR Filter Architectures
A Comparative Study o LUT ad Accumulator Radix-4 Based Multichael RNS FIR Filter Architectures Britto Pari. J #, Joy Vasatha Rai S.P *2 # Research Scholar, Departmet of Electroics Egieerig, MIT campus,
More informationFingerprint Classification Based on Directional Image Constructed Using Wavelet Transform Domains
7 Figerprit Classificatio Based o Directioal Image Costructed Usig Wavelet Trasform Domais Musa Mohd Mokji, Syed Abd. Rahma Syed Abu Bakar, Zuwairie Ibrahim 3 Departmet of Microelectroic ad Computer Egieerig
More informationDesign of FPGA Based SPWM Single Phase Inverter
Proceedigs of MUCEET2009 Malaysia Techical Uiversities Coferece o Egieerig ad Techology Jue 20-22, 2009, MS Garde,Kuata, Pahag, Malaysia MUCEET2009 Desig of FPGA Based SPWM Sigle Phase Iverter Afarulrazi
More informationA New Basic Unit for Cascaded Multilevel Inverters with the Capability of Reducing the Number of Switches
Joural of Power Electroics, ol, o, pp 67-677, July 67 JPE --6 http://dxdoiorg/6/jpe67 I(Prit: 98-9 / I(Olie: 9-78 A ew Basic Uit for Cascaded Multi Iverters with the Capability of Reducig the umber of
More informationCross-Layer Performance of a Distributed Real-Time MAC Protocol Supporting Variable Bit Rate Multiclass Services in WPANs
Cross-Layer Performace of a Distributed Real-Time MAC Protocol Supportig Variable Bit Rate Multiclass Services i WPANs David Tug Chog Wog, Jo W. Ma, ad ee Chaig Chua 3 Istitute for Ifocomm Research, Heg
More informationDIGITALLY TUNED SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATOR USING MULTIPLE- OUTPUT CURRENT OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER FOR APPLICATIONS IN HIGH STABLE ACOUSTICAL GENERATORS
Molecular ad Quatum Acoustics vol. 7, (6) 95 DGTALL TUNED SNUSODAL OSCLLATOR USNG MULTPLE- OUTPUT CURRENT OPERATONAL AMPLFER FOR APPLCATONS N HGH STABLE ACOUSTCAL GENERATORS Lesław TOPÓR-KAMŃSK Faculty
More informationX-Bar and S-Squared Charts
STATGRAPHICS Rev. 7/4/009 X-Bar ad S-Squared Charts Summary The X-Bar ad S-Squared Charts procedure creates cotrol charts for a sigle umeric variable where the data have bee collected i subgroups. It creates
More informationA New Design of Log-Periodic Dipole Array (LPDA) Antenna
Joural of Commuicatio Egieerig, Vol., No., Ja.-Jue 0 67 A New Desig of Log-Periodic Dipole Array (LPDA) Atea Javad Ghalibafa, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi, ad Seyed Hassa Sedighy Departmet of Electrical Egieerig,
More informationSubband Coding of Speech Signals Using Decimation and Interpolation
3 th Iteratioal Coferece o AEROSPACE SCIENCES & AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ASAT- 3, May 6 8, 9, E-Mail: asat@mtc.edu.eg Military Techical College, Kobry Elkobbah, Cairo, Egypt Tel : +() 459 43638, Fax: +() 698
More informationPOWERS OF 3RD ORDER MAGIC SQUARES
Fuzzy Sets, Rough Sets ad Multivalued Operatios ad Applicatios, Vol. 4, No. 1, (Jauary-Jue 01): 37 43 Iteratioal Sciece Press POWERS OF 3RD ORDER MAGIC SQUARES Sreerajii K.S. 1 ad V. Madhukar Mallayya
More informationLossless image compression Using Hashing (using collision resolution) Amritpal Singh 1 and Rachna rajpoot 2
Lossless image compressio Usig Hashig (usig collisio resolutio) Amritpal Sigh 1 ad Racha rajpoot 2 1 M.Tech.* CSE Departmet, 2 Departmet of iformatio techology Guru Kashi UiversityTalwadi Sabo, Bathida
More informationApplication of Improved Genetic Algorithm to Two-side Assembly Line Balancing
206 3 rd Iteratioal Coferece o Mechaical, Idustrial, ad Maufacturig Egieerig (MIME 206) ISBN: 978--60595-33-7 Applicatio of Improved Geetic Algorithm to Two-side Assembly Lie Balacig Ximi Zhag, Qia Wag,
More informationELEC 204 Digital Systems Design
Fall 2013, Koç Uiversity ELEC 204 Digital Systems Desig Egi Erzi College of Egieerig Koç Uiversity,Istabul,Turkey eerzi@ku.edu.tr KU College of Egieerig Elec 204: Digital Systems Desig 1 Today: Datapaths
More informationThe Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka
The Istitute of Chartered Accoutats of Sri Laka Postgraduate Diploma i Busiess ad Fiace Quatitative Techiques for Busiess Hadout 02:Presetatio ad Aalysis of data Presetatio of Data The Stem ad Leaf Display
More informationReducing Power Dissipation in Complex Digital Filters by using the Quadratic Residue Number System Λ
Reducig Power Dissipatio i Complex Digital Filters by usig the Quadratic Residue Number System Λ Agelo D Amora, Alberto Naarelli, Marco Re ad Gia Carlo Cardarilli Departmet of Electrical Egieerig Uiversity
More informationHDL LIBRARY OF PROCESSING UNITS FOR GENERIC AND DVB-S2 LDPC DECODING
HDL LIBRARY OF PROCESSING UNITS FOR GENERIC AND DVB-S2 LDPC DECODING Marco Gomes 1,2, Gabriel Falcão 1,2, João Goçalves 1,2, Vitor Silva 1,2, Miguel Falcão 3, Pedro Faia 2 1 Istitute of Telecommuicatios,
More informationPerformance Limits and Practical Decoding of Interleaved Reed-Solomon Polar Concatenated Codes
Performace Limits ad Practical Decodig of Iterleaved Reed-Solomo Polar Cocateated Codes Hessam Mahdavifar, Mostafa El-Khamy, Jugwo Lee, Iyup Kag 1 arxiv:1308.1144v1 [cs.it] 6 Aug 2013 Abstract A scheme
More information8. Combinatorial Structures
Virtual Laboratories > 0. Foudatios > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8. Combiatorial Structures The purpose of this sectio is to study several combiatorial structures that are of basic importace i probability. Permutatios
More informationPermutation Enumeration
RMT 2012 Power Roud Rubric February 18, 2012 Permutatio Eumeratio 1 (a List all permutatios of {1, 2, 3} (b Give a expressio for the umber of permutatios of {1, 2, 3,, } i terms of Compute the umber for
More informationSymbol Error Rate Evaluation for OFDM Systems with MPSK Modulation
Symbol Error Rate Evaluatio for OFDM Systems with MPS Modulatio Yuhog Wag ad Xiao-Pig Zhag Departmet of Electrical ad Computer Egieerig, Ryerso Uiversity 35 Victoria Street, Toroto, Otario, Caada, M5B
More informationHistory and Advancement of the Family of Log Periodic Toothed Planer Microstrip Antenna
Joural of Electromagetic Aalysis ad Applicatios, 2011, 3, 242-247 doi:10.4236/jemaa.2011.36039 Published Olie Jue 2011 (http://www.scirp.org/joural/jemaa) History ad Advacemet of the Family of Log Periodic
More informationSurvey of Low Power Techniques for ROMs
Survey of Low Power Techiques for ROMs Edwi de Agel Crystal Semicoductor Corporatio P.O Box 17847 Austi, TX 78744 Earl E. Swartzlader, Jr. Departmet of Electrical ad Computer Egieerig Uiversity of Texas
More informationSIDELOBE SUPPRESSION IN OFDM SYSTEMS
SIDELOBE SUPPRESSION IN OFDM SYSTEMS Iva Cosovic Germa Aerospace Ceter (DLR), Ist. of Commuicatios ad Navigatio Oberpfaffehofe, 82234 Wesslig, Germay iva.cosovic@dlr.de Vijayasarathi Jaardhaam Muich Uiversity
More informationSingle Bit DACs in a Nutshell. Part I DAC Basics
Sigle Bit DACs i a Nutshell Part I DAC Basics By Dave Va Ess, Pricipal Applicatio Egieer, Cypress Semicoductor May embedded applicatios require geeratig aalog outputs uder digital cotrol. It may be a DC
More informationEncode Decode Sample Quantize [ ] [ ]
Referece Audio Sigal Processig I Shyh-Kag Jeg Departmet of Electrical Egieerig/ Graduate Istitute of Commuicatio Egieerig M. Bosi ad R. E. Goldberg, Itroductio to Digital Audio Codig ad Stadards, Kluwer
More informationINCREASE OF STRAIN GAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SIGNALS ACCURACY USING VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT WITH HARMONIC EXCITATION
XIX IMEKO World Cogress Fudametal ad Applied Metrology September 6, 9, Lisbo, Portugal INCREASE OF STRAIN GAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SIGNALS ACCURACY USING VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT WITH HARMONIC EXCITATION Dalibor
More informationChapter 3 Digital Logic Structures
Copyright The McGraw-HillCompaies, Ic. Permissio required for reproductio or display. Computig Layers Chapter 3 Digital Logic Structures Problems Algorithms Laguage Istructio Set Architecture Microarchitecture
More information7. Counting Measure. Definitions and Basic Properties
Virtual Laboratories > 0. Foudatios > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7. Coutig Measure Defiitios ad Basic Properties Suppose that S is a fiite set. If A S the the cardiality of A is the umber of elemets i A, ad is
More informationCombined Scheme for Fast PN Code Acquisition
13 th Iteratioal Coferece o AEROSPACE SCIENCES & AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ASAT- 13, May 6 8, 009, E-Mail: asat@mtc.edu.eg Military Techical College, Kobry Elkobbah, Cairo, Egypt Tel : +(0) 4059 4036138, Fax:
More informationNovel Modeling Techniques for RTL Power Estimation
Novel Modelig Techiques for RTL Power Estimatio Michael Eierma Walter Stechele Istitute for Itegrated Circuits Istitute for Itegrated Circuits Techical Uiversity of Muich Techical Uiversity of Muich Arcisstr.
More informationDelta- Sigma Modulator with Signal Dependant Feedback Gain
Delta- Sigma Modulator with Sigal Depedat Feedback Gai K.Diwakar #1 ad V.Vioth Kumar *2 # Departmet of Electroics ad Commuicatio Egieerig * Departmet of Electroics ad Istrumetatio Egieerig Vel Tech Uiversity,Cheai,
More informationA Comparison on FPGA of Modular Multipliers Suitable for Elliptic Curve Cryptography over GF(p) for Specific p Values
A Compariso o FPGA of Modular Multipliers Suitable for Elliptic Curve Cryptography over GF(p) for Specific p Values Mark Hamilto, William Marae, Araud Tisserad To cite this versio: Mark Hamilto, William
More informationDecode-forward and Compute-forward Coding Schemes for the Two-Way Relay Channel
Decode-forward ad Compute-forward Codig Schemes for the Two-Way Relay Chael Peg Zhog ad Mai Vu Departmet of Electrical ad Computer Egieerig McGill Uiversity Motreal, QC, Caada H3A A7 Emails: peg.zhog@mail.mcgill.ca,
More information4. INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE
DATA COMMUNICATIONS 59 4. INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE 4.1 OBJECT The effects of restricted badwidth i basebad data trasmissio will be studied. Measuremets relative to itersymbol iterferece, usig the eye patter
More informationRoberto s Notes on Infinite Series Chapter 1: Series Section 2. Infinite series
Roberto s Notes o Ifiite Series Chapter : Series Sectio Ifiite series What you eed to ow already: What sequeces are. Basic termiology ad otatio for sequeces. What you ca lear here: What a ifiite series
More informationThe Detection of Abrupt Changes in Fatigue Data by Using Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) Method
Proceedigs of the th WSEAS Iteratioal Coferece o APPLIED ad THEORETICAL MECHANICS (MECHANICS '8) The Detectio of Abrupt Chages i Fatigue Data by Usig Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) Method Z. M. NOPIAH, M.N.BAHARIN,
More informationSome Modular Adders and Multipliers for Field Programmable Gate Arrays
Some Modular Adders ad Multipliers for Field Programmable Gate Arras Jea-Luc Beuchat Laboratoire de l Iformatique du Parallélisme (CNRS, ENSL, INRIA) 46, Allée d Italie F 69364 Lo Cede 7 Jea-Luc.Beuchat@es-lo.fr
More informationAC : USING ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS AND FUNCTIONS TO STUDY LARGE-AMPLITUDE OSCILLATIONS OF A PENDULUM
AC 007-7: USING ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS AND FUNCTIONS TO STUDY LARGE-AMPLITUDE OSCILLATIONS OF A PENDULUM Josue Njock-Libii, Idiaa Uiversity-Purdue Uiversity-Fort Waye Josué Njock Libii is Associate Professor
More informationIV054 IV054 IV054 IV054 LITERATURE INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
IV5 CODING, CRYPTOGRAPHY ad CRYPTOGRAPHIC PROTOCOLS CONTENTS Prof. Josef Gruska DrSc.. Liear codes 3. Cyclic codes. Classical (secret-key) cryptosystems 5. Public-key cryptography 6. RSA cryptosystem.
More informationA Reduced Complexity Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems with Precoding and Transmit Diversity in Mobile Wireless Channels Hlaing Minn, Dong In Kim an
A Reduced Complexity Chael Estimatio for OFDM Systems with Precodig ad Trasmit Diversity i Mobile Wireless Chaels Hlaig Mi, Dog I Kim ad Vijay K. Bhargava Departmet of Electrical ad Computer Egieerig,
More informationCooperative Diversity Based on Code Superposition
1 Cooperative Diversity Based o Code Superpositio Lei Xiao, Thomas E. Fuja, Jörg Kliewer, Daiel J. Costello, Jr. Departmet of Electrical Egieerig, Uiversity of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Email:
More informationHigh-Order CCII-Based Mixed-Mode Universal Filter
High-Order CCII-Based Mixed-Mode Uiversal Filter Che-Nog Lee Departmet of Computer ad Commuicatio Egieerig, Taipei Chegshih Uiversity of Sciece ad Techology, Taipei, Taiwa, R. O. C. Abstract This paper
More informationsible number of wavelengths. The wave~~ngt~ ~ ~ ~ c ~ n b~dwidth is set low eno~gh to interfax One of the most im
sible umber of wavelegths. The wave~~gt~ ~ ~ ~ c ~ b~dwidth is set low eo~gh to iterfax vices. Oe of the most im ed trasmitters ad ysis much more CO "The author is also f Cumputer sciece Departmet, Uiversity
More informationConcurrent Fault Detection in Random Combinational Logic
Cocurret Fault Detectio i Radom Combiatioal Logic Petros Drieas ad Yiorgos Makris Departmets of Computer Sciece ad Electrical Egieerig Yale Uiversity Abstract We discuss a o-itrusive methodology for cocurret
More informationAn Adaptive Image Denoising Method based on Thresholding
A Adaptive Image Deoisig Method based o Thresholdig HARI OM AND MANTOSH BISWAS Departmet of Computer Sciece & Egieerig Idia School of Mies, Dhabad Jharkad-86004 INDIA {hariom4idia, matoshb}@gmail.com Abstract
More informationCP 405/EC 422 MODEL TEST PAPER - 1 PULSE & DIGITAL CIRCUITS. Time: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 100
PULSE & DIGITAL CIRCUITS Time: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 0 Aswer five questios, takig ANY TWO from Group A, ay two from Group B ad all from Group C. All parts of a questio (a, b, etc. ) should be aswered
More informationCompound Controller for DC Motor Servo System Based on Inner-Loop Extended State Observer
BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES Volume 6, No 5 Special Issue o Applicatio of Advaced Computig ad Simulatio i Iformatio Systems Sofia 06 Prit ISSN: 3-970; Olie ISSN:
More informationDensity Slicing Reference Manual
Desity Slicig Referece Maual Improvisio, Viscout Cetre II, Uiversity of Warwick Sciece Park, Millbur Hill Road, Covetry. CV4 7HS Tel: 0044 (0) 24 7669 2229 Fax: 0044 (0) 24 7669 0091 e-mail: admi@improvisio.com
More informationMeasurement of Equivalent Input Distortion AN 20
Measuremet of Equivalet Iput Distortio AN 2 Applicatio Note to the R&D SYSTEM Traditioal measuremets of harmoic distortio performed o loudspeakers reveal ot oly the symptoms of the oliearities but also
More informationOutline. Motivation. Analog Functional Testing in Mixed-Signal Systems. Motivation and Background. Built-In Self-Test Architecture
Aalog Fuctioal Testig i Mixed-Sigal s Jie Qi Dept. of Electrical & Computer Egieerig Aubur Uiversity Co-Advisors: Charles Stroud ad Foster Dai Outlie Motivatio ad Backgroud Built-I Self-Test Architecture
More informationMeasurements of the Communications Environment in Medium Voltage Power Distribution Lines for Wide-Band Power Line Communications
Measuremets of the Commuicatios viromet i Medium Voltage Power Distributio Lies for Wide-Bad Power Lie Commuicatios Jae-Jo Lee *,Seug-Ji Choi *,Hui-Myoug Oh *, Wo-Tae Lee *, Kwa-Ho Kim * ad Dae-Youg Lee
More informationMassachusetts Institute of Technology Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Fall Semester, Introduction to EECS 2.
Massachusetts Istitute of Techology Dept. of Electrical Egieerig ad Computer Sciece Fall Semester, 006 6.08 Itroductio to EECS Prelab Exercises Pre-Lab#3 Modulatio, demodulatio, ad filterig are itegral
More informationOn Parity based Divide and Conquer Recursive Functions
O Parity based Divide ad Coquer Recursive Fuctios Sug-Hyu Cha Abstract The parity based divide ad coquer recursio trees are itroduced where the sizes of the tree do ot grow mootoically as grows. These
More informationAkinwaJe, A.T., IbharaJu, F.T. and Arogundade, 0.1'. Department of Computer Sciences University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK'S BACK PROPAGATION ALGORITHM TO STATISTICAL LEAST SQURE METHOD IN SECURITY PREDICTION USING NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE MARKET AkiwaJe, A.T., IbharaJu, F.T.
More information13 Legislative Bargaining
1 Legislative Bargaiig Oe of the most popular legislative models is a model due to Baro & Ferejoh (1989). The model has bee used i applicatios where the role of committees have bee studies, how the legislative
More informationTechnical Explanation for Counters
Techical Explaatio for ers CSM_er_TG_E Itroductio What Is a er? A er is a device that couts the umber of objects or the umber of operatios. It is called a er because it couts the umber of ON/OFF sigals
More informationNovel pseudo random number generation using variant logic framework
Edith Cowa Uiversity Research Olie Iteratioal Cyber Resiliece coferece Cofereces, Symposia ad Campus Evets 011 Novel pseudo radom umber geeratio usig variat logic framework Jeffrey Zheg Yua Uiversity,
More informationLaboratory Exercise 3: Dynamic System Response Laboratory Handout AME 250: Fundamentals of Measurements and Data Analysis
Laboratory Exercise 3: Dyamic System Respose Laboratory Hadout AME 50: Fudametals of Measuremets ad Data Aalysis Prepared by: Matthew Beigto Date exercises to be performed: Deliverables: Part I 1) Usig
More informationA New FDTD Method for the Study of MRI Pulsed Field Gradient- Induced Fields in the Human Body
A New FDTD Method for the Study of MRI Pulsed Field Gradiet- Iduced Fields i the Huma Body Stuart Crozier, Huawei Zhao ad Liu Feg Cetre For Magetic Resoace, The Uiversity of Queeslad, St. Lucia, Qld 4072,
More informationUsing Color Histograms to Recognize People in Real Time Visual Surveillance
Usig Color Histograms to Recogize People i Real Time Visual Surveillace DANIEL WOJTASZEK, ROBERT LAGANIERE S.I.T.E. Uiversity of Ottawa, Ottawa, Otario CANADA daielw@site.uottawa.ca, lagaier@site.uottawa.ca
More informationA Bipolar Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier for Gas Lasers
America Joural of Applied cieces 4 (10): 79-799, 007 N 1546-99 007 ciece Publicatios orrespodig Author: A Bipolar ockcroft-walto Voltage Multiplier for Gas Lasers hahid qbal ad Rosli Besar Faculty of Egieerig
More informationDesign of Area and Speed Efficient Modulo 2 n -1 Multiplier for Cryptographic Applications
Iteratioal Joural of Sciece, Egieerig ad Techology Research (IJSETR) Desig of Area ad Speed Efficiet Modulo 2-1 Multiplier for Cryptographic Applicatios Abstract The ecryptio ad decryptio of PKC algorithms
More informationSensors & Transducers 2015 by IFSA Publishing, S. L.
Sesors & Trasducers 215 by IFSA Publishig, S. L. http://www.sesorsportal.com Uiversal Sesors ad Trasducers Iterface for Mobile Devices: Metrological Characteristics * Sergey Y. YURISH ad Javier CAÑETE
More information(2) The MOSFET. Review of. Learning Outcome. (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) 2.0) Field Effect Transistor (FET)
EEEB73 Electroics Aalysis & esig II () Review of The MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semicoductor Field Effect Trasistor) Referece: Neame, Chapter 3 ad Chapter 4 Learig Outcome Able to describe ad use the followig:
More informationlecture notes September 2, Sequential Choice
18.310 lecture otes September 2, 2013 Sequetial Choice Lecturer: Michel Goemas 1 A game Cosider the followig game. I have 100 blak cards. I write dow 100 differet umbers o the cards; I ca choose ay umbers
More informationCross-Entropy-Based Sign-Selection Algorithms for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction of OFDM Systems
4990 IEEE TRASACTIOS O SIGAL PROCESSIG, VOL. 56, O. 10, OCTOBER 2008 Cross-Etropy-Based Sig-Selectio Algorithms for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reductio of OFDM Systems Luqig Wag ad Chitha Tellambura Abstract
More informationTowards Acceleration of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks using Stochastic Computing
Towards Acceleratio of Deep Covolutioal Neural Networks usig Stochastic Computig Ji Li, Ao Re, Zhe Li, Caiwe Dig, Bo Yua 3, Qiru Qiu ad Yazhi Wag Departmet of Electrical Egieerig, Uiversity of Souther
More informationA New 3-Bit Integrating Time to Digital Converter Using Time to Voltage Conversion Technique
Bulleti of Eviromet, Pharmacology ad Life Scieces Bull. Ev. Pharmacol. Life Sci., ol 3 [11] October 2014:115-122 2014 Academy for Eviromet ad Life Scieces, dia Olie SSN 2277-1808 Joural s URL:http://www.bepls.com
More informationCompression Programs. Compression Outline. Multimedia. Lossless vs. Lossy. Encoding/Decoding. Analysis of Algorithms
Aalysis of Algorithms Compressio Programs File Compressio: Gzip, Bzip Archivers :Arc, Pkzip, Wirar, File Systems: NTFS Piyush Kumar (Lecture 5: Compressio) Welcome to 453 Source: Guy E. Blelloch, Emad,
More informationYour name. Scalable Regulated Three Phase Power Rectifier. Introduction. Existing System Designed in 1996 from Dr. Hess and Dr. Wall.
Scalable Regulated Three Phase Power Rectifier ECE480 Seior Desig Review Tyler Budziaowski & Tao Nguye Mar 31, 2004 Istructor: Dr. Jim Frezel Techical Advisors: Dr. Hess ad Dr. Wall Sposors: Dr. Hess ad
More informationCombinatorics. Chapter Permutations. Reading questions. Counting Problems. Counting Technique: The Product Rule
Chapter 3 Combiatorics 3.1 Permutatios Readig questios 1. Defie what a permutatio is i your ow words. 2. What is a fixed poit i a permutatio? 3. What do we assume about mutual disjoitedess whe creatig
More information