Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria. 1

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1 Aeican Intenational Jounal of Reeach in Science, Technology, ngineeing & Matheatic Available online at ISSN (Pint): -, ISSN (Online): -0, ISSN (CD-ROM): - AIJRSTM i a efeeed, indexed, pee-eviewed, ultidiciplinay and open acce jounal publihed by Intenational Aociation of Scientific Innovation and Reeach (IASIR), USA (An Aociation Unifying the Science, ngineeing, and Applied Reeach) DSIGN AND IMPLMNTATION OF THR PHAS VARIABL VOLTAG IGBT INVRTR FOR TH CONTROL OF INDUCTION MACHINS Alex Aligbe, anuel Seun Oluwaogo, Ignatiu kea Okakwu, Abel hien Aioboan. Depatent of lectical/lectonic ngineeing, Univeity of Lago, Nigeia. Depatent of lectical and Copute ngineeing, Kwaa State Univeity, Malete, Nigeia, PhD Schola Depatent of lectical/lectonic ngineeing, Univeity of Benin, Nigeia Abtact: The focu of thi poject i to deign and contuct a thee- phae, KVA, Micocontolle baed, Inulated Gate Bipola Tanito (IGBT) invete fo the contol of an induction oto. The fiing pule wee obtained fo a PFA icocontolle. The icocontolle wa choen a an efficient and eay to build invete contolle fo induction achine. The theoy of opeation of the invete-fed induction oto wa deteined uing the thee phae invete witching uence. The invete wa ued to dive a thee phae induction achine with no load, the vaiation of voltage and peed with vaying odulation wee ecoded and the phae cuent obtained fo the induction oto wa copaed with the theoetical phae cuent. The wavefo fo the theoetical witching uence of the device ageed with that obtained in the laboatoy. The lowe ode haonic wee uppeed by uing fewe ei-conducto device in the powe flow path. Keywod: IGBT; icocontolle; invete; fiing pule; induction oto; dive cicuit I. Intoduction Induction oto ae ized fo axiu load and ae opeated at a contant full peed, becaue they ae upplied with powe fo AC line at a fixed inuoidal voltage and fixed fuency. They ae being pefeed to thei DC oto countepat becaue of thei low cot aintenance with upeio peed-toque chaacteitic. lectonic contol of powe ae now inceaingly applied to induction oto contol a a eult of the developent in the wold of electonic ove decade which have ade poible a lot of technique to eet the eve inceaing deand. Invete ae type of electonic contol device that convet diect cuent (DC) input voltage to altenating cuent (AC) output voltage of deied voltage and fuency. Invete have no oving pat and hence they ae ued in a wide ange of application, fo all witching powe upplie in copute and electonic, indutial contol to lage utility a High-Voltage Diect Cuent application that tanpot bulk powe. Invete ae coonly ued to upply AC powe fo ectified AC ouce voltage o DC ouce voltage uch a ola panel o batteie. They ae ued in induction heating which i a ethod of poviding fat, conitent heat fo poceing of etal o any othe electically conductive ateial. It i alo ued in taction yte which have the ole pupoe of peventing wheel pin fo occuing in taction. Foely, DC eie oto wee pefeed fo taction application, a thei dive yte ae elatively iple but nowaday, oe pecie digital algoith, have been developed to contol powe invete with the pupoe of diving induction oto, which ake the a fa bette choice than DC eie oto. Invete ae of any type and ae claified vaiouly. It can alo be diffeentiated by the nube of phae of the output: ingle phae o ulti phae which i the ot applicable fo indutial ue. The ain type of invete ae claified accoding to thei ouce input - cuent ouce invete (CSI) and the voltage ouce invete (VSI). A CSI invete i the dual of a ix-tep voltage ouce invete. With a cuent ouce invete, the DC powe upply i configued a a cuent ouce athe than a voltage ouce. The invete ilicon contolled ectifie SCR ae witched in a ix-tep uence to diect the cuent to a thee- phae AC load a a tepped cuent wavefo. In the voltage ouce invete, the DC voltage i changed when coutation take place. The input DC voltage to an invete ay be a ectified AC ouce o fo a battey. The need fo vaiable voltage and fuency have ade invete cicuit to gain populaity in indutial dive. Soe of the contol tategie which ade thi poible ae; Pule width odulation (PWM), digital iulation witching technique, digital ignal poceo (DSP) baed contolle, etc [].Invete-diven induction achine ae now the pie choice of vaiable peed dive in a wide field of application due to thei low cot, iple and ugged contuction, high eliability, ino aintenance, and well developed contol algoith. In fact with the invete a powe upply, the induction achine opeational condition ae uch diffeent fo the conventional upply AIJRSTM -0; 0, AIJRSTM All Right Reeved Page

2 Alex et al., Aeican Intenational Jounal of Reeach in Science, Technology, ngineeing & Matheatic, (), June-Augut, 0, pp. - with fixed voltage and fuency, which iplie that the deign of induction achine hould be econideed to ake the oe uitable fo invete-diven vaiable peed dive. The et of thi pape wok i ectioned a; yte odeling and analyi, eult and dicuion, and concluion. II. Selection of Powe Sei-Conducto Device fo the Invete With the adical convete technology, it i conpicuou that the peed contol of an induction oto can be achieved by the powe ei-conducto (witching) cicuit. The choice of witching device fo the vaiable invete i a oentou pat in cicuit deign conideation. The coon witching eleent ae eithe the thyito o the tanito. Tanito witche doe not uie coutating technique like the thyito. A a eult of ipoveent going on; fo intance MOSFT invete can now handle high voltage in the KVA ange. GTO ha a fate witching peed than the egula thyito and can withtand highe cuent than the tanito o MOSFT. The inulated gate bipola tanito (IGBT) tend to cobine the featue of both the bipola junction tanito (BJT) with that of MOSFT and i now populaly ued in the indutie. The IGBT i uitable fo any application in powe electonic, epecially in Pule Width Modulated (PWM) evo and thee-phae dive uiing high dynaic ange contol and low noie. Hence, it wa choen fo thi poject wok. III. Syte Modeling and Analyi Many eeache have woked on invete contolle unde pue eitive R and R-L load to obtain load cuent and output voltage chaacteitic. Thi can be extended to induction oto by educing the uivalent cicuit of the induction oto to uivalent ipedance. A. R-L Modeling of a Thee-Phae Induction Moto Conideing the uivalent cicuit of a contolled thee phae induction oto a hown in figue, the cent flowing though the induction oto i obtained by divided the phae voltage by the total ipedance. R j j` R` / ia Van j If Figue : The RMS uivalent cicuit of the induction oto. R, then the agnetizing eactance futhe; thi i hown in figue ay be oved to the tato winding to iplify + R j j` R` / ia Van j _ The input ipedance pe-phae of the oto becoe Figue : appoxiate pe-phae uivalent cicuit. AIJRSTM -0; 0, AIJRSTM All Right Reeved Page

3 Alex et al., Aeican Intenational Jounal of Reeach in Science, Technology, ngineeing & Matheatic, (), June-Augut, 0, pp. - R j R j Z R R j Thi can be iplified futhe to uivalent; eitance R, inductance Whee R, and load angle ϕ ae defined a; R Z R T j R R j R R T and load angle φ a hown in R R T R R T O L f Theefoe the load angle ϕ i expeed a: R R T tan T R R Whee: T The expeion fo intantaneou enegy cuent pe phae at evey 0 o inteval i given by: Whee; v ph i e Z ph L R t Tie Contant An uivalent cicuit of a ta connected thee-phae induction achine load connected to a thee-phae invete opeating at 0-degee conduction i hown in figue. Q Q Q A B C a Ra La Ra c La Ra n La b a b c Q Q Q (a) AIJRSTM -0; 0, AIJRSTM All Right Reeved Page

4 Alex et al., Aeican Intenational Jounal of Reeach in Science, Technology, ngineeing & Matheatic, (), June-Augut, 0, pp. - ig ig ig ig IGBT Fiing Peiod ig ig / Vab Load Line Voltage /R ia ib Load Line Cuent ic (b) Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Figue Thee-phae bidge invete with 0degee conduction (a) cicuit (b) wavefo. The IGBT witche ae aued to be ideal witche. The DC ouce i witched in ix tep to ynthei the thee-phae output. The table below how the witch tate fo a thee-phae voltage ouce invete. Auing that the invete ha a thee-phae balanced load a hown in figue, thi i: V V V 0 an Table : Conduction Switching Suence of a Thee-Phae Invete Mode Phae Voltage Tun on uppe witch Tun on lowe witch V an V bn V cn 0 Q - Q 0 Q - Q 0 Q - Q 0 Q - Q 0 Q - Q 0 Q - Q The yte uivalent cicuit fo Mode - at thei epective tie inteval ae hown below in figue bn cn AIJRSTM -0; 0, AIJRSTM All Right Reeved Page 0

5 Alex et al., Aeican Intenational Jounal of Reeach in Science, Technology, ngineeing & Matheatic, (), June-Augut, 0, pp. - Figue : The yte uivalent cicuit fo Mode - Saple Moto Data The opeating chaacteitic paaete of the thee-phae induction oto fo the laboatoy ae hown in below: Table : Saple Moto Data Quantity Sybol In Actual Unit Voltage Rating V 0V Opeating Fuency F 0Hz Nube of Pole P Stato Winding Reitance R.Ω Roto Refeed Reitance R.Ω Stato Winding Reactance.Ω Roto Refeed Reactance.Ω Magnetizing Reactance 0Ω Rated peed N 0p Winding Connection Type Sta Calculated Slip Speed N 00p The paaete and expeion above wee ued to evaluate theoetical oto tato phae cuent at diffeent invete voltage level which wee copaed with the laboatoy value a hown in table IV. Deign and Ipleentation A. The PFA Micocontolle A PFFA i a copute contol yte on a ingle chip. It ha any electonic cicuit built into it. The icocontolle will then tep though thee intuction and execute the one by one. The lit of thee intuction given to the icocontolle i called a poga. Inide the icocontolle the witten poga i toed in an aea called PROM (lectical Pogaable Read Only Meoy), thi eoy i non-volatile and i eebeed when the powe i witched off. The poga wa witten in aebly language and copiled uing MPLAB, the copiled file i tanfeed to the chip uing a PSTART PROGRAMMR. A +VDC wa ued to bia the icocontolle and it wa connected to pin,, a hown on the pin configuation. A cytal ocillato wa connected on pin and. Reito R-R i ued to pull the input pin to gound to avoid the cicuit geneating fale contol coand. Thee contol witche wee povided fo pecial pupoe a indicated in figue below; S i to tat the poga in the icocontolle, S and S ae ued to deceae and inceae the gate pule width epectively, which wee connected to pin, and. The output of the ix pule wee taken fo pin,,,, and. AIJRSTM -0; 0, AIJRSTM All Right Reeved Page

6 Alex et al., Aeican Intenational Jounal of Reeach in Science, Technology, ngineeing & Matheatic, (), June-Augut, 0, pp. - B. DSIGN OF TH IGBT DRIVR (IR0) The dive iolate the low voltage cicuit fo the high voltage ide, alo ue to tep-up the pule voltage fo the icocontolle to +0VDC. The output fo PFA wa connected to pin 0 and of the IR0. Two epaate powe upply wa ue to bia the, +VDC wa connected on pin and +VDC wa connected on pin. Pin i the low level output, pin i the gound and pin i the high level output a hown in figue. +V +V 0 S CRYSTAL S S R R R K K K U OSC/CLKIN OSC/CLKOUT MCLR/Vpp/THV RA0/AN0 RA/AN RA/AN/VRF- RA/AN/VRF+ RA/T0CKI RA/AN/SS R0/AN/RD R/AN/WR R/AN/CS PF RB0/INT RB RB RB/PGM RB RB RB/PGC 0 RB/PGD 0/TOSO/TCKI /TOSI/CCP /CCP /SCK/SCL /SDI/SDA /SDO /T/CK /R/DT RD0/PSP0 0 RD/PSP RD/PSP RD/PSP RD/PSP RD/PSP RD/PSP 0 RD/PSP R K R K R K R K R R0 K R D DIOD-LD +V U FB IN 0 FB U IR0 FB IN IN +V 0 FB IR0 U IN +V 0 FB IN FB IR0 IN C 0uF C 0uf C 00nf C 00nf C 0uF C 00nf R R D TQ0 +v +v D TQ0 R +V D TQ0 R R R R 0V o V Q Q Q IRGBC0UD IRGBC0UD IRGBC0UD R R R Q Q IRGBC0UD IRGBC0UD Q IRGBC0UD R R0 L phae A L phae B L phae C Figue A S S Figue B Figue IGBT Dive Cicuit (A) Cicuit Layout. (B) Coponent on a Veo Boad S PFA AIJRSTM -0; 0, AIJRSTM All Right Reeved Page

7 C C U GND 0 0 C L U S K C L S 0 L C S U C R U Alex et al., Aeican Intenational Jounal of Reeach in Science, Technology, ngineeing & Matheatic, (), June-Augut, 0, pp. - C. Coplete Vaiable Voltage Invete Cicuit. Coplete cicuit of the vaiable voltage invete i hown in figue. It copie the icocontolle, IGBT dive and the invete cicuit. The icocontolle wa pogaed o a to geneate ix pule which ae 0 o out of phae fo each othe which i in ageeent with figue. The width of the pule can be inceaed o deceaed o a to vay the output voltage of the invete. S i ued to tat the poga, S i ued to inceae the width of the pule and S i ue to deceae the width of the pule a hown in figue.. The pule wee connected to IGBT dive, it act a an iolato alo ue to inceae the pule voltage which i ue to tigge the IGBT. The witching of the IGBT poduce a thee phae AC voltage fo contolling thee phae induction oto. TR 0VAC 0/V 0VAC D D N0A N0A D D N0A N0A D D N0A N0A C 0000nf 0VDC D N0A C D 0000nf N0A 0 0 VI VO C 0000nf CRYSTAL OSC/CLKIN OSC/CLKOUT MCLR/Vpp/THV RA0/AN0 RA/AN RA/AN/VRF- RA/AN/VRF+ RA/T0CKI RA/AN/SS R0/AN/RD R/AN/WR 0 R/AN/CS R R R K K K PF RB0/INT RB RB RB/PGM RB RB RB/PGC RB/PGD 0/TOSO/TCKI /TOSI/CCP /CCP /SCK/SCL /SDI/SDA /SDO /T/CK /R/DT RD0/PSP0 RD/PSP RD/PSP RD/PSP RD/PSP RD/PSP RD/PSP RD/PSP K R K R K R K R R0 R D DIOD-LD 0 FB IN IR0 0 FB IN IR0 0 FB IN IR0 FB IN FB IN FB IN 0uF 0uf 00nf 00nf 0uF 00nf R R D TQ0 D TQ0 R D TQ0 R R R Q Q Q IRGBC0UD IRGBC0UD IRGBC0UD R R R Q Q IRGBC0UD IRGBC0UD Q IRGBC0UD R R R0 phae A phae B phae C (A) (B) Figue Coplete Cicuit of the Vaiable Voltage Invete on a Veo Boad. AIJRSTM -0; 0, AIJRSTM All Right Reeved Page

8 Alex et al., Aeican Intenational Jounal of Reeach in Science, Technology, ngineeing & Matheatic, (), June-Augut, 0, pp. - V. Reult and Dicuin The pefoance chaacteitic eulting fo the thee-phae invete voltage contolle a een on the ocillocope ae hown in Fig. () to (). Figue Tet Rig with Contolled -Phae Induction Machine and the Invete Contolle Figue Fiing pule obtained fo the Contol Cicuit. Figue AC Output Voltage Wavefo of Line AB Figue 0 AC Output Voltage Wavefo of Line BC. AIJRSTM -0; 0, AIJRSTM All Right Reeved Page

9 Alex et al., Aeican Intenational Jounal of Reeach in Science, Technology, ngineeing & Matheatic, (), June-Augut, 0, pp. - Figue Cuent Wavefo of Phae A Table : Reult of the Tet Caied out On Induction Moto Voltage (V) Speed (p) Meaued Cuent Calculated Cuent (A) (A) I a I b I c I Figue Gaph of Stato Voltage againt Roto Speed AIJRSTM -0; 0, AIJRSTM All Right Reeved Page

10 Alex et al., Aeican Intenational Jounal of Reeach in Science, Technology, ngineeing & Matheatic, (), June-Augut, 0, pp. - Figue Gaph of Stato Cuent veu Roto Speed VI. Concluion Thi wok piaily focue on popoing an efficient and potable invete contolle fo an induction oto at a low cot iplication. A thee phae vaiable voltage invete wa deigned and built fo the contol of an induction achine. The powe invete ha ix witche (IGBT) that ae contolled in ode to geneate AC output fo the DC input. The icocontolle contol thee ix witche of which two witche will be ON at a tie, when the witche ae ON, cuent flow fo the DC bu to the oto winding. Becaue the oto winding ae highly inductive in natue, they hold electic enegy in the fo of cuent. Thi cuent need to be diipated while witche ae off. Diode connected aco the witche give a path fo the cuent to diipate when the witche ae off. Wavefo wee obtained which ae in ageeent with the theoetical wavefo and the tato phae voltage obtain fo the induction oto. Refeence [] CYRIL. W. LANDR, "Powe lectonic", Mc Gaw-Hill, nd dition. page - [] M. A. LATIF T AL/ Intenational Jounal of ngineeing and Technology (IJT). [] DVH L, "Deign and contuction of thee-phae invete uing a TMS0F, Digital ignal poceo", univeity of Texa at Autin, 00. [] KHARAGPUR, "Powe eiconducto device", veion IIT. [] A. DRAPR, "lectical achine", electical engineeing eie, Longan, nd edition. [] D. W. SMITH, "P in pactice", A poject-baed appoach. Page - [] TRRY BARTLT, "Indutial contol electonic", d edition. [] PROF. C. C. OKORO, "negy conveion pinciple and yte fo powe ngineeing". Page 0-. [] P. J. LAWRNSON and J. M. STPHNSON, Note on induction achine pefoance with a vaiable-fuency upply. [0] OLIVR RH, Thee-Level PWM DC/AC Invete uing a icocontolle, MQP Te A-B-C [] Fitzgeald, A.. 0. lectic achiney. th dition. McGaw-Hill Inc., New Yok. [] Contol of voltage ouce invete fo adjutable peed dive, A tudy epot. [] Speed contol of thee-phae induction oto uingp icocontolle. [] Contolling thee-phae AC induction oto uing the PF, 000 icochip technology inc. [] Muhaad H. Rahid, "Powe lectonic", Second dition, Peaon ducation,. [] PFA Data Sheet, 00 Micochip Technology inc. [] Abidoye Abdulujeeb Abiola, " Deign and Ipleentation of a KVA, thee Phae, Fixed Fuency, Powe MOSFT Invete fo Contol of Induction Machine", M.Sc poject, Univeity of Lago, 0. AIJRSTM -0; 0, AIJRSTM All Right Reeved Page