CRITICAL VOLTAGE PROXIMITY INDEX INVESTIGATION FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

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1 anaction on Powe anmiion and Ditibution ISSN: 9-87 Online Publication, June 0 P-I3/GJO CRIICL VOLGE PROXIIY INDEX INVESIGION OR RNSISSION SYSES lexi Polycapou, Haan Noui, Dan icu edeick niveity, niveity of the Wet of England, Cluj-Napoca niveity eng.pa@fedeick.ac.cy, haan.noui@uwe.ac.uk, dan.micu@et.utcluj.o Received ebuay 0, Revied pil 0, ccepted ay 0 btact developed mathematical citical voltage poximity index i invetigated in thi pape. athematical deciption of the index i povided. ackgound theoy on etablihed tatitical indice, a well a mathematical indice ecently developed, ae peented, highlighting the ucceful application of the index in ditibution ytem, featuing low X/R atio value, and the need fo invetigation of the index at tanmiion level. he index i applied on a tanmiion tet ytem and veified fo it compatibility though the ue of tap changing tanfome a voltage ag mitigation cheme. hee induction moto load vaiation cenaio ae invetigated in ode to etablih the effectivene and accuacy of the index. he development of a multiple tap changing contolle cheme within PSCD oftwae i alo decibed. he index impove the powe quality of a ytem, though poviding a tool fo on-line voltage ag mitigation, featuing multiple potential application. Keywod: Voltage Sag index, Induction oto, ap Changing, X/R atio, Citical Voltage Level.. Intoduction Voltage ag i motly a ditibution iue. ot of the cutome ae upplied by it, and it i whee the effect of a voltage ag i geate. In tanmiion ytem, a combination of inceaed cuent flow and long tanmiion line caue the voltage dop along the line to be of ignificant value. hu the voltage i booted up to acceptable level though technique etablihed at ubtation location. he inteet in voltage dip ha been inceaing apidly in the lat decade, due to poblem induced on eveal type of equipment, uch a adjutable peed dive, poce contol equipment and compute [, ]. ipping can have devatating effect on the poduction and thu the financial condition of the aociated plant [3]. vailable voltage ag indice ue a tatitical appoach to chaacteize the event fom the powe quality point of view, thu identifying whee thee i need fo impovement in the ytem [4-3]. hee Indice ae peented in the Liteatue eview ection. he voltage ag index invetigated in thi pape i of mathematical athe than tatitical natue. he mathematical development of the index i in effect a eult of meging mathematical voltage ag indice peviouly developed and veified fo vaiou tanmiion and ditibution line X/R atio value a well a loading condition [4-9]. Detailed efeence to thoe voltage ag indice i peented in ection.. In thi pape, voltage dip ae caued by intoduction of load at the end of the feede. he load conit of induction moto goup [0, ].Each of thee goup conit of ix induction moto all of thee ated at W, V. he influence of induction moto load on the chaacteization of voltage ag i of geat impotance, a indicated by eeache [0-4]. Duing tating the moto will acceleate, dawing a high eactive cuent fom the upply, until the teady-tate peed i eached, cauing polonged pot fault voltage ag []. he deceleation and acceleation of moto influence the duation and hape of voltage ag. If a moto load i wied fo on-line diect tating, even in the abence of fault in the ytem, the high eactive tating cuent will caue a voltage ag on the upply feede. he voltage dop along the feede inceae a moe cuent flow though it eitive and inductive element. hu the eceiving end voltage educe. he poblem aie ince conume upplied by the ame feede might have equipment enitive to voltage vaiation. he eduction caued by the newly intoduced load could affect all othe conume. Since the impact of the dip depend on the aociated equipment enitivity of the adjacent conume, the need aie fo an online citical voltage poximity index. he index hould be able to be implemented in conjunction with vaiou available mitigation technique. o thi invetigation tap-changing tanfome ae ued a a mitigation olution. he pupoe of the pape i not to focu on a paticula mitigation technique but to illutate the applicability and effectivene of the mathematical index. n electonic tap change i a device with thyito-baed witche fitted to powe tanfome fo egulation of the output voltage to equied level. hi i nomally achieved by changing the atio of the tanfome on the ytem by alteing the numbe of tun in one winding of the appopiate tanfome/. Supply authoitie ae unde obligation to thei cutome to maintain the upply voltage between cetain limit. ap change offe vaiable contol to keep the upply voltage within thee limit. ap changing tanfome ae ued to illutate the compatibility time and magnitude diciminative chaacteitic, effectivene, and fat epone of the index. a eal time calculation index, thoe ae the chaacteitic the citical value poximity index i equied to poe. 0/gjto

2 Citical Voltage Poximity Index Invetigation fo anmiion Sytem 08 It hould be noted that in pactice the pinciple of voltage ag mitigation though the ue of tap changing tanfome i not feaible a it i eticted by time contain elated to witching pocedue. Voltage ag ae ponominally a tanient event and thu it i impotant to illutate that due to it fat epone, the index can be ued fo uch event.. Liteatue Review he Citical Voltage Poximity Index i baed on mathematical voltage ag indice. he mathematical indice wee not developed in ode to eplace the tatitical one, but to complement them. In the following pat of thi ection tatitical and mathematical voltage ag indice ae peented... heoy on Statitical Voltage ag Indice ny available tatitical voltage ag index can be claified within the following thee categoie [,3]. Single-event index: a paamete indicating the eveity of a voltage o cuent event, o othewie decibing the event. Each type of event ha pecific ingle-event indice. Single-ite index: a paamete indicating the voltage o cuent quality o a cetain apect of voltage o cuent quality at a pecific ite. Sytem index: a paamete indicating the voltage o cuent quality o a cetain apect of voltage o cuent quality fo a whole o pat of a powe ytem. he pocedue to evaluate the powe ytem pefomance egading voltage ag i a follow. Step - Obtain ampled voltage with a cetain ampling ate and eolution. Step - Calculate event chaacteitic a a function of time, fom the ampled voltage. Step 3- Calculate ingle event indice fom the event chaacteitic. Step 4- Calculate ite indice fom the ingle-event indice of all event meaued duing a cetain peiod of time. Step 5- Calculate ytem indice fom the ite indice fo all ite within a cetain powe ytem. Each tep mentioned above will be biefly dicued in the following pat of thi pape, with moe weight given on the tep involving the vaiou index type. Step will not be dicued at all ince it imply epeent the pocedue to obtain voltage ample fo evey event with a cetain ampling ate and eolution.... Event Chaacteitic om the ampled voltage, the chaacteitic voltage magnitude a a function of time can be obtained. o accomplih that thee method ae peented ue thee phae meauement [3]. ethod of Symmetical component: om the voltage magnitude and phae angle, a ag type i obtained along with the chaacteitic voltage, the PN facto and eo equence voltage. he chaacteitic magnitude (the abolute value of the chaacteitic complex voltage V ) can be ued to chaacteize thee-phae unbalanced dip without lo of eential infomation. ing chaacteitic magnitude and duation fo thee-phae unbalanced dip, coepond to the exiting claification (though magnitude and duation) fo inglephae equipment. ethod baed on ix m voltage. he pocedue ued in thi method i to calculate the zeo equence component of the voltage and emove it fom the phae voltage. he new phae to phae voltage can then be calculated. om the phae to phae voltage and the thee phae voltage, the m value can be calculated. he chaacteitic magnitude would then be the lowet of the ix m voltage.... Single Event Indice om the event chaacteitic a a function of time, a numbe of indice ae detemined that decibe the event. o ome application the phae angle at which the ag begin i impotant and called point on wave of dip initiation. ing it algoithm, the exact beginning of the voltage dip can be identified, [4]. In addition the point on wave of voltage ecovey allow the pecie calculation of the ag duation. he maximum phae hift can be obtained fom the voltage chaacteitic veu time and can be ued fo accuate phaeangle jump calculation. he maximum lew ate, zeo equence voltage and minimum PN facto ae mentioned a potential ingle event indice. he Canadian electical aociation ue two appoved quality indice. Rm Ovevoltage and nde voltage (RSO and RS) [5] he indice ae aeed ove inteval equal to the time needed fo equipment to each it teady-tate tempeatue. he heating time contant, which vaie with the ize and natue of the equipment, ha been divided into thee clae; Highly enitive electonic ytem with a heating time contant of le than 600 m, powe electonic with a -min heating time contant, and electical appaatu with a heating time contant exceeding 4 min. Canadian utilitie have etained -min heating time contant to ae the facto elated to ove voltage and unde voltage. hi facto i meaued ove 0-min inteval (5 min). he mot-commonly ued ingle event indice fo voltage dip ae ''etained voltage'' and ''duation''. It i ecommended to only ue the m voltage a a function of time, o the magnitude of the chaacteitic voltage fo thee-phae meauement, to calculate the duation. ing the chaacteitic voltage magnitude veu time, obtained in Step, the etained voltage and duation can be obtained a follow. he baic meauement of a voltage dip and well i m (/) on each meauement channel. Whee m (/) i defined a the value of the m voltage meaued ove one cycle and efehed each half cycle [9]. o ingle-phae meauement: voltage ag begin when the m(/) voltage fall below the dip thehold, and end when the m(/) voltage i equal to o above the dip thehold plu the hyteii voltage. he etained voltage i the mallet m(/) value meaued duing the dip. he duation of a voltage dip i the time diffeence between the beginning and the end. Voltage ag may not be ectangula. hu, fo a given voltage ag, the duation i dependent on a pedefined thehold ag value. he ue can define the ag thehold value eithe a a pecentage of the nominal, ated voltage, o a a pecentage of pe-event voltage. o meauement cloe to equipment teminal and at ditibution voltage level, it i ecommended to ue the nominal value. t tanmiion voltage, the peevent voltage may be ued a a efeence. he choice of thehold obviouly affect the etained voltage in pecent o pe unit. he choice of thehold may alo affect 0/gjto

3 09 Citical Voltage Poximity Index Invetigation fo anmiion Sytem the meauement of the duation fo voltage dip with a low ecovey. hee event occu due to moto tating, tanfome enegizing, pot-fault moto ecovey and pot-fault tanfome atuation. o a multi channel thee phae meauement: he voltage ag tat when the m voltage m(/), dop below the thehold in at leat one of the channel, and end when the m voltage ecove above the thehold in all channel. he etained voltage fo multi-channel meauement i the lowet m voltage in any of the channel. Seveal method have been invetigated leading to a ingle index fo each event. lthough thi lead to highe lo of infomation, it implifie the compaion of event, ite and ytem. he geneal dawback of any ingle-index method i that the eult no longe diectly elate to equipment behavio. Single indice often ued ae Lo of Voltage, Lo of Enegy, method popoed by hallam [6,0], and the method popoed by Heydt []...3. Site Indice ually the ite indice have a input the etained voltage and duation of all the ag ecoded at a ite ove a given peiod. vailable RS Vaiation Indice fo Single Site ae decibed below. he SRI index (Sytem veage RS Vaiation equency Index) elate how often the magnitude of voltage ag i below a pecified thehold. It i a powe quality index which povide a ate of incident, in thi cae voltage ag, fo a ytem, [7]. SRI-X coepond to a count o ate of voltage ag, well and inteuption below a voltage t thehold. It i ued to ae hot duation m vaiation event only. SRI-Cuve coepond to a ate of voltage ag below an equipment compatibility cuve. o example SRI-CE conide voltage ag and inteuption that ae not within the compatible egion of the CE cuve. Since cuve like CE do not limit the duation of a m vaiation event to 60 econd, the SRI-CE cuve i valid fo event with a duation geate than ½ cycle. Othe cuve ued ae the IIC Cuve Scatte Plot, SEI Cuve Scatte Plot, and the Voltage ag co-odination chat-ieeestd.493 and 346. Calculation method fo ite indice often ued ae ethod ued by Detoit Edion, and method popoed by hallam [6,9,0]. Non-ectangula event ae event in which the voltage magnitude vaie ignificantly duing the event. IEEE Std decibe a method to include non-ectangula event in the voltage-ag coodination chat. ltenatively, the function value can be defined a the numbe of time pe yea that the m voltage i le than the given magnitude fo longe than the given duation. Each authoity (e.g. EPRI/Electotek, Canadian electical aociation, ESKO) eem to have it own tandad fo calculating the vaiou limit violation...4. Sytem Indice Sytem indice ae typically a weighted aveage of the ingleite indice obtained fo all o a numbe of ite within the ytem. he difficulty i in the detemination of the weighting facto. In ode to ae any indice fo the ytem, fit monitoing of the quality of upply mut take place. When the EPRI-DPQ powe quality monitoing pogam placed monitoing equipment on one hunded feede, thee feede needed to adequately epeent the ange of chaacteitic een on ditibution ytem. hi equied the eeache to ue a contolled election poce to enue that both common and uncommon chaacteitic of the national ditibution ytem wee well epeented in the tudy ample. hu a level of andomne i equied. any device ae uceptible to only the magnitude of the vaiation. Othe ae uceptible to the combination of magnitude and duation One conideation in etablihing a voltage ag index i that the le expenive a meauing device i, the moe likely it will be applied at many location, moe completely epeenting the voltage quality electicity ue ae expeiencing. With thi conideation in mind, ag monitoing device geneally fall into two clae, Hanen [3]: Le expenive device that can monito the go limit of the voltage ag, and moe expenive device that can ample fine detail uch a the voltage-time aea and othe featue that moe fully chaacteize the ag. he ag limit device ene the depth, of the voltage ag. he ag aea device can ample the ag in ufficient detail to plot the time pofile of the ag. With thi detail it could give a much moe accuate pictue of the total ag aea, in volt-econd, a well a the go limit. he etained voltage, V, i alo hown. he developed m vaiation indice popoed by electotek (EPRI), ae deigned to aid in the aement of evice quality fo a pecified cicuit aea. he indice ae defined uch that they may be applied to ytem of vaying ize. Value can be calculated fo vaiou pat of the ditibution ytem and compaed to value calculated fo the entie ytem. Indice capable to ae m magnitude vaiation and the combination of magnitude and duation ae Sytem veage RS (Vaiation) equency Index votage (SRI x ), Sytem Intantaneou veage RS (Vaiation) fequency Index votage (SIRI x ), Sytem omentay veage RS (Vaiation) equency Index votage (SRIx), and Sytem empoay veage RS (Vaiation) equency Index votage (SRI x )... athematical Voltage ag Indice In thi ection of the pape detailed mathematical deciption, theoetical backgound and veification eult of developed voltage ag indice ae peented.... Quadatic Voltage ag index ζ ny feede can be modeled by an equivalent two-pot netwok, which i epeented by the following equation. δ = δ + I I = C δ + DI () Whee: - Sending end voltage, I -Sending end cuent, - Receiving end voltage, I - Receiving end cuent, δ Sending end voltage angle, δ - eceiving end voltage angle,,,c,d- wo pot netwok contant. o a hot length line the two pot netwok paamete can be appoximated a: =D=, = θ, C=0 () Whee: =anmiion line impedance θ= anmiion line impedance angle 0/gjto

4 Citical Voltage Poximity Index Invetigation fo anmiion Sytem 0 Reaanging () and ubtituting the,, C, D paamete in the eult, (3) i obtained. I = ( δ θ ) ( δ θ ) (3) Subtituting I fom (3) in equation () I = ( δ θ ) ( δ θ ) (4) Equation (5) and (6) epeent the appaent powe at the ending and eceiving end epectively. (5) S = I * = ( θ ) ( θ + δ δ ) ( (6) S = I * = θ + δ δ ) ( θ ) he active and eactive powe at the ending and eceiving end of the tanmiion line can be obtained fom the eal and imaginay pat of equation (5) and (6). P = Co ( θ ) Co( θ + δ δ ) P = Co( θ + δ δ) Co( θ ) (7) Subtituting =ζ, in the eceiving Powe equation (7) Whee ζ ignifie the voltage magnitude duing the ag a pe unit function of the ending voltage ( ζ ) ζ Co( θ + δ δ ) Co( θ ) P = 0 (8) ζ, Co( θ + δ δ ) ± Co ( θ δ δ ) + = (9) Coθ 4 PCoθ Equation (9) povide an index fo voltage ag calculation, a a pe unit value of the ending end voltage, though angle and powe demand. Vaiou invetigation have been caied out towad the validation of the index. he concept and eult of which ae peented below. he quadatic voltage ag index equation, ince it i obtained though a quadatic equation, ha two olution. hu ζ will be valid fo a pecific ange of paamete. In the ame way ζ will be valid fo a diffeent ange of paamete. In theoy equation (9) can be decibed gaphically by the gaph in igue. theoetical ζ ζ theoetical igue : heoetical ange of olution fo the equation he point of inteection of ζ theoetical and ζ theoetical, occu when ( ζ ζ ) coθ i equal to zeo, when both olution ae identical. Invetigation ha been caied out to etablih the ange of each olution with vaiation of the feede line X/R atio fo vaiou loading [4,5]. he invetigation eulted to a clea definition of the choice of the quadatic olution. he elationhip between the lope of ζ and ζ with the index accuacy and choice of olution i decibed by (0) ( ζ i ) < 0 ζi = valid (0) dloading Whee i could have the value o coeponding to the olution... Voltage ag index ξ he index ξ i alo baed on the powe flow equation. Subtituting = ζ in the ending Powe equation (7), equation () yield, whee ξ ignifie the voltage magnitude duing the ag a pe unit function of the ending voltage. ξ Co( θ + δ δ) + Coθ P = 0 () y eaanging the tem equation () yield P Coθ ξ = () Co( θ + δ δ ) ξ epeent the calculated voltage at the eceiving end fo a line with input voltage pu. If the line input i not voltage egulated the eceiving voltage can be calculated by multiplying the ending end voltage with the index vaiable. he index wa invetigated fo vaiou loading level with the ue of peed contolled and toque contolled moto load. ccuacy limit wee defined with egad to loading [4]...3. Combined Voltage Index (CVI) he eult of the invetigation of the ξ and ζ indice led to the definition and invetigation of a combined voltage ag index (CVI) [6-8]. Combining (9) and (), an equation epeenting the Combined Voltage Index (CVI) yield. aξ + ζ = CVI (3) a + he a paamete ignifie the caling facto [6] and i defined a : n + hl [ wl + wl hl ] = a = (4) n l kl Whee: w = co ( θ + δ δ ) j = co( θ + δ δ ) k = coθ 4P K h = n= Numbe of load upplied he value of the caling facto fo ditibution ytem wa calculated to be in the ange of.46 to.8. In an effot to make the index le dependent on vaiable, a value of.6 wa 0/gjto

5 Citical Voltage Poximity Index Invetigation fo anmiion Sytem choen to be allocated to the caling facto fo all ditibution ytem cae. Equation epeenting ζ, ξ and CVI povide a tool to calculate the load voltage, a a pe unit value of the ending end voltage. he equation ae function of eceiving end vaiable uch a the the eceiving end voltage angle, δ, and the eceiving end powe P. he eceiving end powe can be decibed by P P I co = θ. mathematical deciption of δ i povided by equation (5) [9]. I in( θ + i) δ = a tan (5) I co( θ + i) ing the powe and load angle mathematical deciption, the index conit of only ingle point quantitie. he CVI index accuacy wa invetigated and veified fo a numbe of X/R atio coeponding to tanmiion and ditibution ytem line [6,7,4]. Vaiou moto powe facto and loading level wee alo ued in ode to etablih the behaviou of the index he index accuacy deviation i mall fo the invetigated ditibution cae. n inceae of X/R atio, aociated with tanmiion netwok line, caue an inceae of index accuacy deviation [8]. hu it i equied to cay out an invetigation egading the pefomance of the citical voltage poximity index (CVPI), which alo i a function of ξ and ζ, with egad to tanmiion ytem 3. Citical Voltage Poximity index theoy In thi ection of the pape the mathematical fomulation of the CVPI a well a the methodology followed towad the invetigation i peented. 3.. CVPI mathematical fomulation ing equation (9) and () the Citical Value Poximity Index (CVPI) hown in equation (6) i deived. aξ + ζ CVPI= = (6) ( a+ ) V c Vc in equation (6) epeent the citical thehold value at which the equation will convege to one. he value of the index i geate than one if the voltage of the line the index i decibing i highe than the citical value. he citical value can be choen accoding to the cutome enitivity to voltage magnitude. 3.. Invetigation ethodology he index ha been veified with egad to the application in ditibution ytem. [4]. contolle wa deigned to ue the mathematical index output in ode to contol the tap change etting of a ditibution tanfome. When the voltage wa below a cetain value defined a citical voltage, the contolle foced the tap change to tep up the econday winding voltage to educe the ag. o tanmiion ytem application, the index wa patly invetigated in [5, 6]. index accuacy deviation inceae with an inceae of X/R atio of the line, a moe detailed invetigation i equied to be caied out. he invetigation peented in thi pape, fo tanmiion ytem index application Invetigation Scenaio he tanmiion ytem povide a path fo the powe to flow fom the geneato to the ditibution ytem. In thi ection the applicability of the citical voltage poximity index, with the ue of tap changing tanfome, in tanmiion i invetigated. he pinciple of mitigation though tap changing ued in thi pape at tanmiion level i that inceaing the voltage along the line educe the cuent magnitude and thu educe the voltage dop. In ode to illutate the opeation of the mitigation technique, the ytem in igue can be conideed. E I Line Ditibution Load igue. anmiion ytem epeentation Obeving igue, in ode to tep up the voltage duing high cuent flow, tap change ae equied at both end of the line. oto Goup ae ued in the imulation to epeent heavy load connected to the ditibution ytem. hee load ae being witched into the ytem one to epeent minimum load by one moto goup, and aximum load by five goup. Induction moto ae choen due to thei high cuent demand and contibution towad voltage ag. When the voltage dop below a defined value duing tanient o teady tate the tap change tep up the voltage to educe loe, accoding to the contolle opeation. he maximum incement of the tap depend on the chaacteitic of the tanfome. In thi pape fo demontation eaon it i choen to ue a maximum tap of 5%, uing five incemental tep of 5%. he imulation i pefomed fo 0 econd with load addition at 4 6 and 8 econd. In ode to illutate the effectivene of the method and the contolle, thee diffeent loading cenaio ae ued fo tanmiion a well a fo ditibution. igue 3 how the thee loading cenaio invetigated. P (pu) P (pu) Load Vaiation Cae Powe Demand im Powe Demand Load Vaiation Cae ime() 0/gjto

6 Citical Voltage Poximity Index Invetigation fo anmiion Sytem Powe (pu) Powe Demand Load Vaiation Cae ime() igue 3. he load vaiation cae invetigated he load vaiation cae ae choen to be of that hape in ode to fully invetigate the pefomance of the index. he eult obtained fom the thee loading vaiation cae fo the tanmiion ytem ae peented in the Reult ection of thi pape Contolle modelling change in the tanfome tap etting, within the PSCD envionment, i modeled a a change in the tun-atio of the tanfome. When the tap change i enabled, an input appea which contol the tap etting. n on-line tap input of.0 coepond to a 00% tap i.e. no tap adjutment. he PSCD help module ecommend changing tap etting in tep, eithe though manual adjutment o fom a contolle with appopiate delay and tep built in. In thi cae a contolle i contucted to accommodate the natue of the index hown in (6). he contolle i hown in igue 4. t the tat of the imulation, half econd i allowed fo ytem initialization befoe applying the tap change contolle. he ue pecified delay allow the cheme to diciminate ag in the ytem accoding to thei duation, o ag which will affect the cutome and ag which will not. hat value i defined accoding to the enitivity of the equipment upplied by that feede, thu effectively potect the cutome. he delay value can alo be adjuted accoding to the capability of the mitigation equipment ued and it witching peed. he fatet epone time fo an electonic tap change uing thyito-baed witche fo example, i one and a half cycle [8]. In the cae unde invetigation the delay i et to zeo, and the contolle foce a tap change fo evey citical limit violation. 4. Reult and Dicuion In thi ection the eult of the invetigation of the thee cae cenaio ae peented and dicued. 4.. Load vaiation cenaio he Load vaiation cuve coeponding to thi cae, a een in igue 4, epeent a teady inceae in load powe demand. igue 5 illutate the voltage pofile fo the equivalent powe ytem demand. (pu) Ctl =. Ctl =.5 Ctl =. Ctl =.5 Ctl = 0.80 Ctl Ctl Ctl Ctl Ctl Ctl = 0 Ctl IE tap ime () igue 5. Load bu voltage fo tanmiion cae D + Vc X D + Vc X D + - X53 Vc3 0.9 Vc4 D + X D + - X55 igue 4. Contolle modeling in PSCD mentioned peviouly, the output of the index i a value that educe accoding to voltage eduction and eache the value of one when the citical voltage value ha been eached. In ode to have five tap it i neceay to define five citical voltage value. In thi cae the value ae choen to be 0.98, 0.94, 0.9, 0.88, and hee value of citical voltage can be een in igue 4 a V c to V c 5. he value of the index i calculated on-line. he point of citical voltage i eached when the value of CVPI i equal to one o when -CVPI eache 0. hat allow the ingle input level compaato to be ued in the contolle. When the value of zeo i eached, afte ue pecified delay, the ignal will enable a two-input electo to change the value of the tap. hi pocedue epeat itelf when the next citical voltage ha been eached. In cae of load hedding, the contolle ha the ability to ecognie ovevoltage a well and it will automatically witch to the mot appopiate tap etting [6]. Vc expected, the voltage dop towad the load bu inceae with the inceae of load demand. Howeve the effect of load incement would have been woe without the opeation of the tanfome tap. igue 6 illutate the tap value fo the duation of the imulation coeponding to thi cae of load vaiation. ap etting ime () igue 6. ap value fo tanmiion cae Obeving igue 5 and 6 it can be een that when the voltage dopped below a citical value, the tap value changed to the coeponding peet level. hu duing thi tet cae, the index, the contolle and the whole cheme i opeating a equied. 0/gjto

7 3 Citical Voltage Poximity Index Invetigation fo anmiion Sytem 4.. Load vaiation cenaio he Load vaiation cuve in thi cae, a een in igue 3, epeent a heavy inceae in load powe demand at one econd coeponding to fou load. he fifth i witched in the ytem at two econd, followed by a eduction of load in tep of two, one, and one moto at fou, ix and eight econd epectively. igue 7 illutate the voltage pofile fo the equivalent powe ytem demand. (pu) (pu) ime () igue 9. Load bu voltage fo tanmiion cae 3 he equivalent tap change plot can be een in igue ime ( igue 7. Load bu voltage fo tanmiion cae It can be een fom igue 7 that the eceiving end voltage follow the expected pofile fo the loading unde conideation. he effect on the tap etting of the tanfome can be een in igue 8. ap etting ime () igue 0. ap value fo tanmiion cae 3 ap etting ime () igue 8. ap value fo tanmiion cae peviouly the tap contolle witche the value of the tap etting accoding to which value of citical voltage ha been eached. he above tatement wa veified though detail invetigation of the witching time tep. Obeving igue 7 and 8 it can be een that the tanient witching of fou load at one econd foce the tap to go to it maximum value (.50) befoe ettling down at.50. hat effect i due to the magnitude and duation of the voltage ag the load addition ha caued. fte the load vaiation at 4 econd, the voltage eache teady tate jut ove the citical voltage which coepond to the tap change etting of.. omentaily the contolle foce the tap to that value befoe eaching teady tate at.5. he index popoed can diciminate in tem of both magnitude and duation and thu can tackle pecific ditubance, which caue low powe quality ating Load vaiation cenaio 3 he Load vaiation cuve coeponding to thi cae, a een in igue 3, epeent a heavy inceae in load powe demand at one econd coeponding to all five load. Load eduction follow, one load evey witching time. igue 9 illutate the voltage pofile fo the equivalent powe ytem demand. igue 0 complete the illutation of cuve egading the anmiion ytem. It ha been hown that fo thi type of ytem, and coeponding feede X/R atio, the mitigation technique i effective and diciminative. hu it can be concluded that the index i applicable fo voltage ag mitigation in cae of tanmiion line X/R atio. It mut be noted that in ode to implement thi cheme within PSCD envionment, a change of bae fo ome paamete ued by the contolle i equied fo the Ditibution ytem. hi change i due to the voltage change of bae on the load bu accoding to the tanfome tap change etting. he index ha poved to be effective and accuate fo all thee tet cae. 5. utue Reeach Diection Having etablihed the applicability of the index at ditibution a well a tanmiion level, othe mitigation technique, applicable on powe ytem, can be invetigated fo thei peed and accuacy in conjunction with the index. Such technique can be Solid State ault Cuent Limite, Seie voltage etoation technique, active eie voltage injection; Seie hunt capacito, dvanced Static Va Compenato, dynamic voltage etoe, etc. Pactical implementation of the technique on eal tet ytem i alo included in the futue eeach diection, with the poibility of theoetical optimization technique applied on the indice equation to povide the ideal equation paamete fo voltage ag eduction. 6. Concluion developed Citical Voltage Poximity Index (CVPI) invetigation i peented in thi pape. Peviou invetigation of mathematical indice eulted in negligible accuacy deviation fo ditibution X/R atio. hu the index 0/gjto

8 Citical Voltage Poximity Index Invetigation fo anmiion Sytem 4 invetigation peented i caied out fo tanmiion ytem featuing high X/R atio value. tap changing tanfome cheme i ued to illutate the effectivene and applicability of the index. o that pupoe, a contolle wa uccefully deigned and implemented in PSCD. he (CVPI) implemented with the contolle povide the ue with the ability to define when the mitigation technique i enabled in tem of voltage ag magnitude and duation, making the index highly diciminative and widely applicable. he index i uccefully applied to tanmiion ytem, fo thee cae of loading vaiation. he index i adaptable to incopoate futue change in ytem paamete, and could be applicable with othe available mitigation technique. ccoding to the finding of thi pape the index wa poven to be fat, effective and diciminative, and can egulate and impove the powe quality of a ytem. Refeence [] PSCD/EDC powe ytem imulation oftwae, anitoba HVDC Reeach Cente, Pembina Highway, Winnipeg, anitoba, Canada R3G5. [] Cal ecke, William aun J., Kenneth Caick, om Dilibeti, Cliff Gigg, Joe Goech, ill Hazen, om Imel, Don Koval, David uelle, ony St. John, and Lay E. Conad, Popoed Chapte 9 fo Pedicting Voltage Sag (Dip) in Reviion to IEEE Std 493, the Gold ook, IEEE anaction on Induty pplication, vol. 30, pp , 994. [3].Polycapou, H.Noui,.Davie, R.Ciic, n oveview of voltage ag theoy, Effect and Equipment compatibility, PEC, Septembe 004, itol, K. [4].H.J. ollen, Voltage Sag in hee-phae Sytem, IEEE Powe Engineeing Review, Septembe 00, pp [5] Guali Yalcinkaya,.H.J. ollen, Pete. Coley, Chaacteization of Voltage Sag in Indutial Ditibution Sytem, IEEE anaction on Induty pplication, vol. 34, pp , 998 [6] R.S. hallam, G.. Heydt, Powe cceptability and Voltage Sag Indice in the hee Phae Sene, IEEE, pp , 000 [7] Woking goup 36-07, Powequality indice and objective, ongoing actividie in CIGRE, IEEE 00. [8] R. egeon, Canadian electical aociation appoved quality indice, IEEE Powe umme meeting 998. [9]. ollen, Voltage ag indice-daft, woking document fo IEEE P564, Novembe 00. [0] R. hallam, Comment on voltage ag indice, IEEE P564 intenal document, Januay 000. [] D. Sabin, Indice ued to ae RS Voltage vaiation, IEEE P564, umme meeting 000. []. ollen, Voltage ag indice-daft., woking document fo IEEE p564 and CIGRE WG 36-07, Decembe 000. [3] Polycapou. and Noui H, Powe Quality Indice fo Chaacteiation of Voltage Sag IEE editeanean Powe Confeence (ed Powe), Cypu, Novembe 004, Seion W, pp -7. [4]. Polycapou and H.Noui, New Index fo On Line Citical Voltage Calculation of Heavily Loaded eede, Poweech 005, St Petebug, Ruia. [5] H. Noui and. Polycapou, athematical development, Invetigation and Simulation of a new Quadatic Voltage Index, PEC, Newcatle, Septembe 006 [6]. Polycapou, H. Noui and R. Ciic, ccuacy invetigation of a popoed voltage ag index fo vaiou load X/R atio, Pape ef No:R-4.9, 4 th Intenational Confeence on Deegulated Electicity aket Iue in South-Eaten Euope (DESEE009), 7-8 Septembe 009, elgade, Sebia [7] Polycapou. and Noui H., Invetigation into the accuacy limit of a popoed Voltage Sag Index, IEEE 44 th Int. niveitie Powe Engineeing Confeence, Sept 009, Glagow, Scotland, K, pp -5. [8] Polycapou., Noui H., Invetigation into the effect of Line X/R atio on the accuacy of a popoed Voltage ag index duing oto Stating, Pape ef No: P8, Second Global Confeence on Powe Contol and optimization, -3 June 009, ali, Indoneia. [9] lexi Polycapou, Development and Invetigation of a Popoed Voltage Sag index, Intenational Jounal of Enegy Optimization and Engineeing, Vol., No. 6, pp7-9, 0 [0]. Polycapou and H.Noui, nalyi and imulation of bu loading condition on voltage ag in an inteconnected netwok, PEC 00, Staffodhie univeity, K. [] H. Noui and. Polycapou, he influence of double cage moto on voltage ag and powe quality, edpowe 0, then, Geece. [].H.J. ollen, he Influence of oto Reacceleation on Voltage Sag, IEEE anaction on Induty pplication, vol. 3, pp , 995. [3] J.C. Gomez,.. oco, C. Reinei, G.Campetelli, Induction oto ehavio nde Shot Inteuption and Voltage Sag, IEEE Powe Engineeing Review, pp. - 5, 00. [4] Polycapou lexi and Haan Noui, Invetigation of a Citical Voltage Poximity Index at Ditibution Level, Pape ef No:60, 46 th Intenational niveitie Powe Engineeing Confeence, PEC0, 5-8 Sept 0, Soet, Gemany. [5] Polycapou lexi, Haan Noui and Dan icu, Citical Voltage Poximity Index Invetigation fo anmiion ytem, Pape ef No:, 5 th Global Confeence on Powe Contol and Optimiation, PCO0, -3 June 0, Dubai, E. [6] Polycapou,. and Noui, H. Invetigation into the compatibility and effectivene of a new mathematical online voltage ag index, Intenational Jounal of Powe and Enegy Conveion, Vol., No., pp.46 58, 00. [7] OSHI Copoation, Powe ytem Company - Shibaua -CHome, inato-ku, okyo , Japan Phone: /gjto

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