Techniques for Input Ripple Current Cancellation: Classification and Implementation
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1 Techniue fo Input Ripple Cuent Cancellation: Claification and Implementation N.K. Poon J.C.P. Liu C.K. Te and M.. Pong Abtact Switching powe upplie due to thei high-feuency witching opeation daw a ubtantial amount of input ipple cuent. Such ipple cuent manifet itelf a electomagnetic intefeence (EMI). Active and paive ipple cancellation method have been popoed in the pat. Thi pape dicue the cancellation method and claifie the baic cicuit configuation fo ipple cuent cancellation. The bai of dicuion i a nullification poce which can be decibed effectively in tem of the ideal cicuit element nullo. The initial focu i on diffeential-mode noie cancellation but the baic techniue can be applied eually to cancelling common-mode noie. The claification povide a clea guideline fo yntheizing pactical cancellation cicuit. Both active and paive implementation example ae given and expeimentally demontated. Index Tem Ripple cuent cancellation witching egulato electomagnetic intefeence I INTRODUCTION Input ipple cuent fom a witching powe upply contain conideable low-ode hamonic neceitating exta deign effot fo educing o limiting the amount of electomagnetic intefeence (EMI) in the feuency ange concened. To achieve electomagnetic compatibility (EMC) compliance filteing appoache ae commonly ued. Such appoache uually involve bulky component o a to povide effective uppeion of the Manucipt eceived 4 Januay 2000; evied 22 May N.K. Poon and J.C.P. Liu ae with the Depatment of Electical and Electonic Engineeing Univeity of ong Kong ong Kong and alo with the Depatment of Electonic and Infomation Engineeing ong Kong Polytechnic Univeity ong Kong China. ( nkpoon@eee.hku.hk & cpliu@eee.hku.hk)) C.K. Te i with the Depatment of Electonic and Infomation Engineeing ong Kong Polytechnic Univeity ong Kong China. ( ckte@eie.polyu.edu.hk) M.. Pong i with the Depatment of Electical and Electonic Engineeing Univeity of ong Kong ong Kong China. ( mhp@eee.hku.hk)
2 v =0 i =0 v C i n? v n i n? i v n v C i i v n (a) (b) (c) Type I v C v C i n? (d) Type II (e) Type III (f) Type IV i i Fig. : (a) Nullo ymbol; (b) implified ac euivalent model fo input cuent and main inteaction; (c) (f) ideal cicuit fo nulling input ipple cuent elatively high content of low-ode hamonic [ 2]. The ue of bulky filte howeve doe not eem to be an economical deign olution fo the light and hinking witching powe upplie. Active and paive ipple cancellation povide altenative appoache to the poblem. Some pactical fom of active cancellation cicuit have been epoted ecently [3] []. Although the baic method ha been known fo ome time thee eem to be no ytematic ynthei pocedue of active o paive noie cancelling cicuit that can expedite the pactical deign of uch cicuit. In thi pape we attempt to genealize the appoach and deive a family of baic cicuit configuation which can be implemented in both active and paive fom. We will decibe the baic theoy in tem of the ideal cicuit element nullo which i compoed of a nullato and a noato. The idea i to null the ipple cuent by placing a nullato at a uitable poition in the cicuit. The noato i then included to upply cuent o voltage at ome othe location a would be neceay to etoe the nomal loading o input condition. In fact many peviouly epoted active filte and noie cancelling cicuit can be yntheized fom thee baic configuation [3] []. Alo the techniue i eually applicable to combating common-mode noie although ou dicuion focue on diffeential-mode noie fo implicity. We will peent a compaative tudy of the baic appoache and dicu thei pactical implementation. Finally eult fom expeimental tet will be peented fo veification. II POSSIBILITIES OF ZERO INPUT RIPPLE CURRENT The ideal cicuit element nullato i a two-teminal device whoevoltageand cuent ae zeo whilethe noato i one whoe voltage and cuent can aume any value. Fig. (a) how thei cicuit ymbol. Obviouly any olvable cicuit mut have eual numbe of nullato and noato. An ideal op-amp fo example can be epeented by a pai of nullato and noato [2]. Conide now a witching powe upply which daw an ac ipple cuent fom the main. Let be the main impedance and i be the euivalent ac cuent that i being injected to the main. Suppoe an input 2
3 (a) Type I (c) Type III i i i (b) Type II i (d) Type IV Fig. 2: Active cicuit ealization of input ipple cuent nullifie (a) coeponding to Type I (Fig. c); (b) coeponding to Type II (Fig. d); (c) coeponding to Type III (Fig. e); (d) coeponding to Type IV (Fig. f) capacito i connected aco the main. Fig. (b) how the ac euivalent cicuit model. If we wih to null off the cuent that flow into we can eithe connect a nullato in eie o in paallel with. Fou configuation ae poible a hown in Fig. (c) though (d). We denote fo bevity thee configuation a Type I II III and IV. In the configuation of Type I and II a nullato i in eie with the main impedance. Zeo cuent thu flow in. oweve uch an aangement will neceitate the peence of a noato in ode to atify Kichhoff law. Likewie fo Type III and IV a nullato i in paallel with the main impedance and a noato i again mandatoy fo fulfilling Kichhoff law. Specifically the noato in each cae mut take up appopiate voltage o cuent. Fo the cicuit of Type I and III we have 8 >< >: v n = v C i n = 0 () and fo the cicuit of Type II and IV we have 8> < >: v n = 0 i n = i (2) Note that in all cae the noato ha eithe zeo voltage o cuent. Thu the powe diipation of the nullo in each cae i theoetically zeo. It hould be obviou that configuation of Type I and III would mandatoily euie the peence of a decoupling capacito wheea thoe of Type II and IV can omit uch a capacito theoetically. 3
4 III ACTIVE CIRCUIT REALIZATION III A Baic Configuation of Active Nullifie The conceptual cicuit deived in the foegoing ection can be ealized uing active device. Specifically nullo ae implementable by active device like op-amp and tanito [2]. Wheneve neceay iolation tanfome and dc level hifte may be included. Moeove ealization i not uniue and thee can be many poible ealization tyle. Fig. 2 how the cicuit implementation fo the configuation hown in Fig. (c) to (f). Thee cicuit ue op-amp a nullo and tanfome fo voltage level alignment. In theoy the eultant input cuent would be educed to zeo if the op-amp wa ideal. oweve in pactice the gain-bandwidth poduct of the op-amp and the ening cicuit bandwidth limit the pefomance. An appoximation fo the noie uppeion pefomance can be epeented by V N VN 0 = f n f (3) whee V N i the noie voltage aco if no nullifie cicuit i ued VN 0 i the noie voltage aco when a nullifie cicuit with an open-loop gain-bandwidth poduct of f i ued and f n i the noie bandwidth. Note that if f = we have pefect nullification. Fotunately the bandwidth of the op-amp doe not need to cove the whole EMI pectum fo mot pactical pupoe ince the noie cuent pectum geneally fall off at 40dB/dec at high feuencie. Mot exiting deign of diffeential-mode filte focu on the fit eveal hamonic of the witching feuency. ence it uually uffice to chooe an op-amp whoe gain-bandwidth poduct i high enough to enue good nulling pefomance fo the fit eveal hamonic of the witching feuency. III B Compaion of the Baic Active Nullifie Although all baic nullifie cicuit in theoy achieve the ame function of emoving the input ipple cuent they do have elative advantage and diadvantage when conideed fom a pactical point of view. In thi ection we attempt to povide a compaative eview of the baic configuation the aim being to identify thei inheent popetie that make them paticulaly uitable o unuitable fo pactical application. To compae the effectivene of the nullifie cicuit we calculate fo each cae the noie attenuation which i defined a [I ] with nullie NA = (4) [I ] without nullie whee [I ] with nullie and [I ] without nullie ae the input ipple cuent with and without the ue of a nullifie cicuit epectively. 4
5 Fo the active nullifie of Type I (Fig. 2 (a)) the noie attenuation i eadily found a NA I = z t (5) whee z t i the open-loop tan-impedance gain fom the ened input cuent to the counteacting voltage a hown in Fig. 2 (a). Note that the peence of i neceay fo abobing the ipple cuent. oweve fo the active nullifie of Type II (Fig. 2 (b)) the noie attenuation i found a NA II = A i () whee A i i the open-loop cuent gain fom the ened input cuent to the counteacting cuent a hown in Fig. 2 (b). Clealy i not mandatoy in thi cae. Moeove fo the active nullifie of Type III (Fig. 2 (c)) the noie attenuation i NA III = A v (7) whee A v i the open-loop voltage gain fom the ened input voltage to the counteacting voltage a hown in Fig. 2 (c). Note that i mandatoy fo thi type of active nullifie. Finally fo the active nullifie of Type IV (Fig. 2 (d)) the noie attenuation i NA IV = (8) g t whee g t i the open-loop tan-conductance gain fom the ened input voltage to the counteacting cuent a hown in Fig. 2 (d). Fo thi one i not neceay. Fom the above-deived expeion one can conclude that the effectivene of the method depend on the ize of (pick-up impedance) the ize of the hunt capacitance if exit and the open-loop gain of the active device ued. Specifically the following obevation ae made: Type I and III nullifie euie the ue of decoupling capacitance while Type II and IV do not. Active nullifie of Type I and III have identical pefomance if z t = = A v. Active nullifie of Type II and IV have identical pefomance if A i = g t. Fo z t =A v active nullifie of Type I pefom bette than thoe of Type III and vice vea. Fo A i =g t active nullifie of Type II pefom bette than thoe of Type IV and vice vea. 5
6 (a) (b) Fig. 3: Compaion of noie attenuation of the fou type of active nullifie fo (a) = k; and (b) = 0:. Aume openloop gain fo all type ae 2 0 =( jf=5). Type Amplifie type Amplifie gain Noie attenuation I taneitance z t z t II cuent gain A i A i III voltage gain A v A v IV tanconductance g t g t Table : Popetie of active nullifie When = active nullifie of Type II and III have imila pefomance. ence at high feuencie thei pefomance ae ymptotically the ame. A convenient way to compae thee nullifie i to plot the noie attenuation fo diffeent. Fig. 3 (a) and (b) compae the noie attenuation of the fou active nullifie fo two diffeent. In all cae we aume that =F and the active device ha an open-loop gain of 2 0 and a low-feuency oll-off at 5 z i.e. z t = A v = A i = g t =20 =( jf=5). Table ummaize the eential popetie. IV PASSIVE CIRCUIT REALIZATION The foegoing ha illutated the ue of a nullato to foce the input ipple cuent to zeo with a noato helping to keep the null condition by upplying a uitable voltage o cuent. Taking a cloe look the null condition can in fact be maintained if a voltage o cuent ouce of the ight magnitude i applied in lieu of the noato.
7 v i (a) v C (b) i Fig. 4: Altenative implementation fo (a) cicuit of Type I and III; (b) cicuit of Type II and IV. can be omitted in (b). v C (= ) i (a) Paive @@? i x v C i (b) Paive Type II Fig. 5: Conceptual cicuit ealization of input ipple cuent nullifie by feedfowad of noie cuent; (a) coeponding to Fig. 4a; (b) coeponding to Fig. 4b. can be omitted in (b). Two cae can be identified accoding to Fig. :. Fo the cicuit of Type I and III the noato need to upply a voltage of v C accoding to () in ode to maintain the null condition. 2. Fo the cicuit of Type II and IV the noato need to upply a cuent of i accoding to (2) in ode to maintain the null condition. Now it i appaent that if we can place a voltage (cuent) ouce that aume exactly the value of v C (i )in eie (paallel) to the input then we would be able to make the input cuent zeo. Moeove thi appoach may need no nullato and euie only paive component. Fig. 4 illutate thee altenative configuation. 7
8 N N p Z i (a) Paive Type I Z n N N p Z i (b) Paive Type II Fig. : Paive cicuit ealization of input ipple cuent nullifie baed on feedfowad of noie cuent; (a) coeponding to Fig. 5a; (b) coeponding to Fig. 5b. can be omitted in (b). The cicuit of Fig. 4 can be conceptually contucted by diect feedfowad of the noie cuent a illutated in Fig. 5. A taightfowad implementation of thee feedfowad cicuit i to ue a tanfome with uitable ening impedance a hown in Fig.. Fo the cicuit of Fig. (a) nulling can be achieved if the tanfome econday poduce a voltage which i vey cloe to v C a explained ealie. Thi euie that the ening impedance Z be given by L T Z = (9) 2 L T n T whee L T i the magnetizing inductance een fom the tanfome pimay and n T i the tun atio N =N p. If L T n T = wehave Z (0) n T Fo the cicuit of Fig. (b) nulling can be achieved if the tanfome econday poduce a cuent which i vey cloe to i. Ignoing the tanfome leakage the euiement can be expeed a Z n = Z n T ( n T ) Z L T () which can be appoximated a Z n Z n T if n T and L T Z. Note that in thi cae the decoupling capacito can be omitted. Remak Paive nulling ha been popoed epeatedly by vaiou autho a uveyed by amill and Kein []. Ou intention hee howeve i to genealize the techniue in tem of nullification of input cuent. Futhemoe it i poible to deive altenative ealization baed on ening voltage. Fo intance efeing to Fig. (a) the tanfome pimay may be connected aco ening the noie voltage and the econday 8
9 Peviou wok Type Mode Faka-Schlecht [3] active II diffeential Vlatkovic et al. [4] active I diffeential Lee-Cho [5] active I diffeential amill [] active II diffeential paive II Takahahiet al. [8] active II common Julian et al. [9] paive I common Ogaawaa et al. [0] active III common amill-kein [] paive II diffeential Table 2: Example of epoted cicuit poduce the voltage ouce a euied in the baic configuation hown in Fig. 5 (a). Table 2 how ome peviouly epoted cicuit including both active and paive appoache. V EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION We have contucted fou active nullifie cicuit coeponding to the fou baic type dicued in Section III and alo two paive nullifie cicuit coeponding to the two baic type dicued in Section IV. The chematic of thee ix expeimental cicuit ae hown in Fig. 7 and 8. All cicuit except the one hown in Fig. 8 (b) ae obviou deivative of the epective baic fom. Moeove upon cloe inpection the cicuit of Fig. 8 (b) i indeed deivable fom the baic cicuit of Fig. (b). Fitly we make ue of the inductance of the boot convete to eve a Z. Secondly we hift one end of the tanfome to the lowe ide of (i.e. gound). Such hifting can be done becaue i a vitual ac hot-cicuit unde the nullification condition. The cicuit of Fig. 8 (b) i theefoe euivalent to that of Fig. (b). Moeove it i inteeting to note that the coupled filte dicued in amill and Kein [] i in fact diectly deivable fom the baic cicuit of Fig. (b). Each cicuit i applied to a boot convete opeating at kz and tepping up voltage fom 24V to 48V. Fo each cae we meaue the input cuent wavefom and it feuency pectum. Reult ae hown in Fig. 9 and 0 fo the active nullifie and the paive nullifie epectively. Fo compaion in Fig. 9 (b) we alo give the meaued input cuent wavefom and pecta when no nullifie i ued and when only a 20 choke i ued. In all cae we obeve ignificant eduction in the input cuent ipple that can be gained uing the nullification techniue. Remak Compaing the expeimental eult and the analyi peented ealie one can obeve ome 9
10 24V 24V 24V 24V 20: 0k 20: 0k 0k 0k.5k 0. 5V TL08.5k 0. 5V TL V TL08 3.3k 5V k 2907 (a) Type k 2907 (b) Type k 2907 (c) Type k 2907 (d) Type IV 20: 27 20: STT200-0 F F IRF30 STT200-0 F F IRF30 STT200-0 F F IRF30 STT200-0 F F IRF30 Fig. 7: Expeimental cicuit fo active nullification. All 20 tanfome/inducto ae FRx5x4 ion powe tooid. 0
11 24V 20: F (Z ) F (a) IRF30 - F STT V C in F (aloz ) 0(Z n) :0 - C c C c2 F (b) STT200 IRF30 0 F Fig. 8: Expeimental cicuit fo paive nullification (a) coeponding to Fig. a; and (b) coeponding to Fig. b. All 20 tanfome/inducto ae FRx5x4 ion powe tooid. obviou dicepancie between the expeimental meauement and the analytical pediction notably in epect of the elative amount of noie attenuation of diffeent type of active nullifie. Thi in fact can be eaily undetood ince ou analyi aume eual gain value fo all Z t A v A i and g t while pactical implementation of thee gain ae ubject to vaying limitation and euiement fo maintaining loop tability unde diffeent implementation. VI CONCLUSION Noie cancellation techniue ae ueful in powe electonic fo contol of EMI. Liteatue abound with pactical cicuit fo noie cancellation in both active and paive fom. oweve in ode to fully exploit the poibilitie of noie cancellation we need a fomal claification baed on which we can develop noie cancelling cicuit ytematically. In hot the baic appoach conit of nulling the input ac cuent which demand knowledge of the noie ouce (hence ening of noie ouce). The nulling opeation can be pefomed with a high-gain active device whoe input i applied to the uantity to be nulled and whoe output i applied appopiately to fulfill the cicuit condition a eticted by Kichhoff law. Altenatively paive feedfowad can be applied to achieve nea null condition. In thi pape we have attempted to claify the baic noie cancellation method in tem of the baic poce of nullification. Specifically we have deived fou fundamental nulling configuation dicued thei pactical implementation and compaed thei elative meit. Intead of intoducing o inventing new cicuit we have focued ou attention on the deivation of noie cancelling cicuit fom fit pinciple. Pactical implementation ae numeou. Many pape [3] [] wee witten and patent [3] poduced in the pat addeing paticula cicuit implementation. While new cicuit continue to be invented it may be wothwhile to econide the fundamental in geate depth in ode to einfoce the theoetical bai that i neceay fo the contuction of effective noie cancelling cicuit.
12 (a) Without cancellation (b) With a 20 eie choke (c) With active nullifie of Fig. 8a (d) With active nullifie of Fig. 8b (e) With active nullifie of Fig. 8c (f) With active nullifie of Fig. 8d Fig. 9: Reult fom expeimental cicuit of active nullifie. Uppe tace: pectum (tating 0z hoiz. kz/div vet. 4mA/div); Lowe tace: input cuent ipple wavefom (hoiz. 0/div vet. 20mA/div) 2
13 (a) With paive nullifie of Fig. 9a (b) With paive nullifie of Fig. 9b Fig. 0: Reult fom expeimental cicuit of paive nullifie. Uppe tace: pectum (tating 0z hoiz. kz/div vet. 4mA/div); Lowe tace: input cuent ipple wavefom (hoiz. 0/div vet. 20mA/div) VII ACKNOWLEDGMENT We wih to thank the anonymou eviewe fo thei thoough eview of thi pape and fo many contuctive comment and uggetion that help impove the content of thi pape. REFERENCES [] J. Goedbloed Electomagnetic Compatibility London: Pentice all 990. [2] M.J. Nave Powe Line Filte Deign fo Switched-Mode Powe Supplie New Yok: Van Notand Reinhold 99. [3] T. Faka and M.F. Schlecht Viability of Active EMI Filte fo Utility Application IEEE Tan. Powe Electon. Vol. 9 No. 3 pp May 994. [4] V. Vlatkovic D. Boojevic and F.C. Lee Input Filte Deign fo Powe Facto Coection Cicuit IEEE Tan. Powe Electon. Vol. No. pp Januay 99. [5] D.Y. Lee and B.. Cho Deign of an Input Filte fo Powe Facto Coection (PFC) AC to DC Convete Employing an Active Ripple Cancellation Poc. 3d Inte-ociety Enegy Conveion Engineeing Confeence pp [] D.C. amill An Efficient Active Ripple Filte fo Ue in DC-DC Conveion IEEE Tan. Aeo. Electon. Syt. Vol. 32 No. 3 pp July 99. 3
14 [7] J.W. Kola. See N. Mohan and F.C. Zach Novel Apect of an Application of Zeo -Ripple Techniue to Baic Convete Topologie IEEE PESC Rec. pp [8] I. Takahahi A. Ogata. Kanazawa and A. iuma Active EMI Filte fo Switching Noie of igh Feuency Invete Poc. Powe Conveion Confeence Nagaoka Japan pp [9] A.L. Julian R. Cuzne G. Oiti and T.A. Lipo Active Filteing fo Common mode Conducted EMI Reduction in Voltage Souce Invete Poc. IEEE APEC pp [0] S. Ogaawaa. Ayano and. Akagi An Active Cicuit fo Cancellation of Common-mode Voltage Geneated by a PWM Invete IEEE Tan. Powe Electon. Vol. 3 No. 5 pp Septembe 998. [] D.C. amill and P.T. Kein A Zeo Ripple Techniue Applicable to Any DC Convete IEEE PESC Rec. pp [2] L. Buton Active RC Cicuit: Theoy and Deign Englewood Cliff: Pentice all 980. [3] J. Maeo and C. Pang Ripple Cuent Reduction Cicuit US Patent Augut 99. 4
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