Voltage Stability in Power Network when connected Wind Farm Generators

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1 PEDS009 oltage Stability in Powe Netwok when connected Wind Fam Geneato P. N. Boonchiam Membe, IEEE Electical Engineeing Depatment, Faculty of Engineeing, Rajamangala Uni. of Tech. Thanyabui Pathumthani 0, Thailand K. Aodup Electical Engineeing Depatment, Faculty of Engineeing, Rajamangala Uni. of Tech. Lanna Tak 3000 Thailand A. Sode-Yome Membe, IEEE Electical Engineeing Depatment, Faculty of Engineeing, Siam Univeity Bangkok 03, Thailand N. Mithulananthan Membe, IEEE School of Infomation Technology & Electical Engineeing, The Univeity of Queenland, St. Lucia Qld 07, Bibane, Autalia Abtact --Thi pape peent voltage tability in powe ytem when connected by wind fam geneato. Two model of wind geneato, namely quiel cage induction geneato and doubly fed induction geneato ae ued and baed on teadytate model. P- cuve i ued to expe maximum loading facto in powe ytem when wind fam wa intalled. The tet IEEE bu ytem i elected to how popoed pefomance. The eult of thi pape can be hown that maximum loading facto befoe intall wind fam geneato i 039 p.u. The weaket bu i bu no.. Theefoe, loading facto of ytem that connect two type of wind tubine with 7 m/ wind peed ae p.u and 997 p.u epectively. To impove the voltage tability, FACTS device i elected. The eult how that STATCOM can impove maximum loading facto bette SC fo both type of wind fam geneato. Maximum loading facto inceaed when etting STATCOM up to 5.33% and 53.% in ytem that connected quiel cage induction geneato and doubly fed induction geneato wind tubine epectively. Theefoe, thi methodology can give diect advantage fo oganization that ae eponible to built convincing of powe ytem in tudy the epond of etting wind tubine geneato on voltage tability. R R R I I Z Z S c a in α δ m Total eactance between tato and oto winding Stato eitance Roto eitance Capacitive eitance Stato eactance Roto eactance Slip Stato cuent Roto cuent Dop voltage at magnetizing eactance Input impedance Output impedance Fiing angle Injection voltage angle Modulation index Index Tem-- oltage Stability, Wind Tubine Geneato. I. NOMENCLATURE FACTS Flexible AC tanmiion ytem SCIG Squiel-cage induction geneato DFIG Doubly-fed induction geneato STATCOM Static ynchonou compenato SC Static va compenato P Real powe at wind fam geneato Q Reactive powe at wind fam geneato Bu voltage dc DC-link voltage ef Refeence voltage dc,ef DC-link efeence voltage C Capacitive eactance Magnetizing eactive m II. INTRODUCTION In ecent yea, wind eouce i a kind of enewable enegy and become moe and moe impotant in many countie. Wind powe ha it own chaacteitic, uch a dicetene, andomne, and uncontollability. With the inceae of powe capacity of futue wind fam in powe ytem, the tudy of how big integated wind fam affect powe ytem opeation become quite impotant []. Fo thi eaon, and in ode to invetigate the effect of wind fam on the gid, adequate model mut be ued. oltage intability poblem and collape typically occu on powe ytem that i not able to meet demand of eactive powe, fo conideing heavy load and fault condition. When wind fam ae connected to a weak netwok, the voltage tability i one of the mot impotant facto that affect wind fam table opeation. The common type of wind tubine ae fix-peed tubine with induction geneato diectly connected to the gid. An induction geneato connected with a wind tubine to geneate electicity i ink 55

2 PEDS009 of eactive powe. Theefoe, the compenation of eactive powe i neceay in ode to maintain the ated voltage on netwok to which the wind fam i connected []. Thi pape peent model of two type wind geneato with the connection to weak bu of IEEE bu ytem. The voltage pofile i main iue when conideing table opeation of wind fam. Futhemoe, to invetigate opeation voltage tability aco the feede, P- cuve which ae eential facto fo detemination the voltage tability magin ae ued. In ode to maintain table opeation and avoid ove-peed of the induction geneato, ome contol tategie which ue FACTS device ae peented to impove tability magin. III. OLTAGE STABILITY AND WIND FARM GENERATORS A. oltage Stability oltage Stability i defined a the ability of powe ytem to maintain teady voltage at all bue in the ytem afte being ubjected to a ditubance fom a given initial opeating condition [3]. oltage tability i a poblem in powe netwok, which ae heavily load, faulted, o with inufficient eactive powe upply. Although voltage intability i eentially a local phenomenon, the poblem of voltage tability concen whole powe ytem, and i eential fo it opeation and contol. The main eaon fo voltage intability i the inceaed of load, fo that eaon, voltage tability i alo called load tability poblem. oltage collape i the poce by which the equence of event accompanying voltage intability lead to a blackout o abnomally low voltage in a ignificant pat of the powe ytem. Mot of poblem found in powe ytem ealize voltage collape a a tatic phenomenon. Static tudy i appopiate fo the bulk powe ytem tudy, which involve enomou numbe of bue and geneato. Static voltage intability i mainly aociated with eactive powe imbalance. Slowly developing change in the powe ytem occu that eventually lead to a hotage of eactive powe and declining voltage. Thi phenomenon can be een fom the plot of the voltage at eceiving end veu the powe tanfeed. The plot ae populaly efeed to a P- cuve o Noe cuve. A the powe tanfe inceae, the voltage at the eceiving end deceae. Eventually, the citical (noe) point, the point at which the ytem eactive powe i out of ue, i eached whee any futhe inceae in active powe tanfe will lead to vey apid deceae in voltage magnitude. Befoe eaching the citical point, the lage voltage dop due to heavy eactive powe loe can be obeved. The only way to ave the ytem fom voltage collape i to educe the eactive powe load o add addition eactive powe pio to eaching the point of voltage collape. B. Squiel Cage Induction Geneato Squiel-cage induction geneato (SCIG) ae fixed-peed machine that ae diectly gid connected. The lip and the oto peed of a SCIG vay with the geneated powe; thee vaiation in oto peed ae o mall that SCIG ae decibed a fixed-peed []. They ae widely employed in wind tubine geneato today, howeve thei inability to geneate eactive powe i a limiting facto in thei futue ue. The SCIG i modeled a a conventional PQ bu, with the eal powe geneated and eactive powe demand pecified. The eactive powe demand can be expeed a a function of the bu voltage if the SCIG i modeled a an impoved PQ bu by uing the epeentation intoduced in [5] and late ued in [], a hown below: Q + P () c m cm whee Q i eactive powe conumption of geneato, and i calculated taking into account the capacitive eactance c, magnetizing eactance m, um of tato and oto eactance, teminal voltage, and eal powe P of the geneato. In thi pape it wa aumed that the capacito wa thee pimaily to compenate the no-load eactive powe conumption [5]. Fig. Equivalent Cicuit of SCIG. Fig. how the equivalent of SCIG whee R i tato eitance, i tato eactance, i oto eactance, i lip value, I i tato cuent, I i oto cuent and a i dop voltage on magnetizing eactance. Fom the equivalent cicuit, it can expe paamete a equation () to (7) R Zin = R + j+ jm + j () I = (3) Z I in a = () Z a ( ) = + I R + j (5) P = 3 I coθ () Q = 3 I inθ (7) whee Z in i input impedance and Z i oto impedance. The value of input impedance i depended on lip value of peed of wind tubine geneato. C. Doubly Fed Induction Geneato Doubly-fed induction geneato (DFIG) ae vaiablepeed machine and have een a ecent uge in populaity fo wind tubine application fo eveal eaon [7]. The pimay 5

3 PEDS009 eaon fo thi i thei ability to vay thei opeating peed in ode to gain optimum powe extaction fom the wind []. Thi i achieved by feeding the oto cicuit with eal and eactive powe fom the oto ide convete. The convete cicuit allow the poduction o conumption of eactive powe, making it diffeent to the SCIG, which can only conume eactive powe. Hence, DFIG do not caue the ame voltage intability poblem a do SCIG. DFIG can be included in load flow tudie a PQ o P bue, a they can opeate in eithe powe facto contolled o voltage-contolled mode. When modeling a DFIG a a PQ bu, it i aumed that the DFIG i opeating in powe facto contolled mode, meaning that the pecified eactive powe i zeo. In voltage contolled mode, the DFIG can be epeented a a P bu with Q limit applied. I. MODEL OF SC AND STATCOM Thi wok ue SC and STATCOM a a eactive powe contol device fo wind fam connection to powe ytem. The ability of thee FACTS device i poviding continuouly vaiable uceptance and the ability to eact fat. Thee device can eithe contol the voltage at a load bu. The model of SC and STATCOM can be explained a follow: A. SC model SC i a FACTS device that i ued to compenate eactive powe a hown in Fig. 3. SC i hunt-connected device that i connected to powe ytem. SC i able to contol the powe by contolling the phae angle of thyito. A thyito witch i connected in eie with inductive eactance. Fom Fig. 3, The command voltage ( ef ) i a ating of deied voltage. Theefoe, contol ytem need to meaue voltage () fo compaing with efeence voltage. The fiing angle of thyito i calculated thi diffeence (eo) voltage via contolle. Fig. Equivalent cicuit of DFIG Fig. how equivalent of DFIG that ha voltage ouce, fom oto ide fo contolling the output voltage of geneato. The equivalent cicuit can be expeed the equation of DFIG wind tubine a follow: ( ) = RI + ji + jm I + I () R = I + j I + j m( I + I ) (9) Real and eactive powe of geneato ae the ummation of powe between tato and oto ide that can be expe a equation (0) to (). P + jq = 3I (0) P + jq = 3I () P = P + P () total Fig. 3 Equivalent cicuit of SC. d x dt α C = f α ( x c,,,ef ) ( ( )) ( ) Be α in α π L / C / π L 0 = I B i e Q i B e g ( α,,,i,q,b ) i e (3) () By opeating the oto cicuit at a vaiable AC fequency, one i able to contol the mechanical peed of the machine. In thi deign, net powe out of the machine i a combination of the powe coming out of the machine tato and that fom the oto (though the convete) into the ytem. When the unit i opeating at upe-ynchonou peed eal powe i injected fom the oto, though the convete, into the ytem. When the unit i opeating at ub-ynchonou peed eal powe i abobed fom the ytem, though the convete, by the oto. At ynchonou peed, the voltage on the oto i eentially dc and thee i no ignificant net powe intechange between the oto and the ytem. The DFIG geneato povide imila eactive powe capability to a tandad ynchonou machine. ef SLI 0 = g (,, i,i,q,b α e) (5) Chaacteitic of voltage and cuent in teady tate fo contolling SC can be expe in diffeential equation a hown in equation (3) to (5). Thee equation ue to analyze load flow analyi. B. STATCOM model STATCOM i a FACTS device that ue to compenate the eactive ame a SC. The intallation of STATCOM into powe ytem i hunt-connection at point of common coupling. Reactive powe i contolled via powe convete that equied enegy toage o lage capacito. The injection powe i contolled by contolling bu voltage at 57

4 PEDS009 STATCOM. Fom Fig., it can be expeed equation a follow: Fig. Equivalent cicuit of STATCOM. xc d f x,,m,,,, dt α = α m ( C dc ef dc,ef ) () d I RI dc = co( δ θ) (7) dt C R C C dc C dc ( ) ( δ θ) ( ) dc ( ) ( ) ( ) P Ico δ θ Q I in 0 = + δ θ δ θ + + δ θ δ θ P G kdcgco k Bin Q B kdcgco kdcgin g ( α,k,, dc, δ, θ,p,q) ef ± SLI dc dc,ef 0 = P dc / RC RI g ( α,k,, dc, δ, θ,p,q) () (9) whee m i modulation index and f(.) i the contol function, epectively.. SIMULATION STUDY PARAMETERS Real and eactive powe of SCIG at fix-peed wind tubine can be calculated by uing equation () to (7) baed on the value a flow: R = 0.00 p.u., R = p.u., = 0.09 p.u., = p.u., m = p.u., Q=.005 p.u., and pf=935. The izing of wind fam i 00 MW and ha eactive powe equal to 5 p.u. The eal and eactive powe of DFIG ae defined the paamete a SCIG. The tet IEEE bu ytem a hown in Fig. 5 i elected to how the behavio of wind fam. The maximum load facto of thi ytem i 039 at bu no.. Fig. 5 The modified IEEE bu ytem. I. SIMULATION RESULTS Thi tudy i done by uing UWPFLOW pogam envionment, which i integated poweful oftwae to analyze and imulate the powe ytem with complete and accuate function [9]. Each of the wind tubine model type wee implemented into ytem a aggegated wind fam with only one type of wind tubine modeled within wind fam. The imulated eult ae divided into two pat a follow: A. oltage tability when connected SCIG The location of wind fam i analyzed and elected fo intalling on IEEE bu ytem. The iteation analyi method i alo ued to find the poition at PQ bu with 7 m/ wind peed. Fig. how the P- cuve with bae cae of IEEE bu ytem. Bu no. i the weak bu that ha the maximum load facto about 997 p.u. Fig. 5 how the P- cuve when connected SCIG at bu no.. Fig. 7 peent P- cuve when aleady connected SCIG into IEEE bu. The maximum load facto i alo inceaed fo both cae. The elationhip between maximum load facto, bu poition and wind peed can be expeed in thee dimenion gaph a hown in Fig. and Fig. 9. Table ae hown that bu no. ha maximum load facto at -0 m/ wind peed, if wind fam i connected. When wind peed i 0 m/, the maximum load magin i deceaed becaue the geneato will be abobing the eactive powe fom the powe ytem. oltage [p.u] Bae Cae IEEE Bu BUS BUS BUS L.F. [p.u] Fig. P- cuve of bae cae IEEE bu ytem. 5

5 PEDS009 oltage [p.u] Maximum Loading Facto (Load Bu) BUS 0 BUS BUS BUS L.F. [p.u] Fig. 7 P- cuve of IEEE bu ytem when connected SCIG. Maximum Loading Facto (Wind Speed) oltage [p.u] m/ 5m/ 7m/ 0m/ 3m/ 5m/ Bae Cae L.F [p.u] Fig. P- cuve of IEEE bu ytem when wind peed i changed. Maximum Loading Facto (Location & Wind Speed) oltage [p.u] Maximum Loading Facto (Load Bu) BUS 0 BUS BUS BUS L.F. [p.u] Fig. 0 P- cuve of IEEE bu ytem when connected DFIG oltage [p.u]. Maximum Loading Facto (Wind Speed) L.F [p.u] m/ 5m/ 7m/ 0m/ 3m/ 5m/ Bae Cae Fig. P- cuve of IEEE bu ytem when wind peed i changed. Maximum Loading Facto (Location & Wind Speed).5 Max. LF [p.u] 0 0 Bu Wind peed [m/] Fig. 9 Relationhip of wind peed, max LF and bu poition. Max. LF [p.u] 0 Bu 0 Wind peed [m/] Fig. Relationhip of wind peed, max LF and bu poition. Table Relationhip of wind peed, max LF and bu poition of SCIG. Wind peed (m/) Location Maximum Loading Facto (p.u) Bu Bu Bu Bu Bu Bu Bu Bu Bu B. oltage Stability when connected DFIG The location of wind fam i analyzed and elected fo intalling on IEEE bu ytem. The iteation analyi method i alo ued to find the poition at PQ bu with 7 m/ wind peed. The P- cuve with bae cae of IEEE bu ytem. Bu no. i the weak bu that ha the maximum load facto about p.u. Fig. 0 how P- cuve when connected DFIG at bu no.. The maximum load facto i inceaed. The elationhip between maximum load facto, bu poition and wind peed can be expeed in thee dimenion gaph a hown in Fig. and Fig.. Fom Table ae hown that bu no. ha maximum load facto. Table Relationhip of wind peed, max LF and bu poition of DFIG. Wind peed (m/) Location Maximum Loading Facto (p.u) Bu Bu Bu Bu Bu Bu Bu Bu Bu C. Uing SC and STATCOM In ode to maintain the table opeation of wind tubine geneato, ome contol tategie which ue FACTS device ae peented to impove tability magin. SC and STATCOM a a eactive powe contol device fo wind fam connection to powe ytem. The ability of thee FACTS device i poviding continuouly vaiable uceptance and the ability to eact fat. Thee device can eithe contol the voltage at a load bu. Fig. 3 how P- cuve of IEEE bu ytem when connected wind geneato and SC and Fig. how P- cuve of IEEE bu ytem when connected wind geneato and STATCOM. The eult ae hown that the maximum loading facto inceaed when etting STATCOM up to 5.33% and 53.% in 59

6 PEDS009 ytem that connected quiel cage induction geneato and doubly fed induction geneato wind tubine epectively. oltage[p.u] P- Cuve Location SC L.F. [p.u.] BUS 0 BUS BUS BUS 3 bae Cae Fig. 3 P- cuve of IEEE bu ytem when connected wind tubine and SC. oltage[p.u]. P- Cuve Location STATCOM L.F. [p.u.] BUS 0 BUS BUS BUS 3 bae Cae Fig. P- cuve of IEEE bu ytem when connected wind tubine and STATCOM oltage[p.u]. P- Cuve Fix Speed Wind Tubine and FACTS Bae Cae IEEE Bu Setting Fix peed WT Setting WT and SC Setting WT and STATCOM L.F. [p.u.] Fig. 5 P- cuve of IEEE bu ytem when connected wind tubine and SC and STATCOM II. SUMMARY The effect of teady-tate model of fixed-peed and vaiable peed wind tubine geneato on voltage tability limit wa tudied in thi pape. The quiel cage induction geneato (SCIG) wa modeled a a conventional PQ bu and a an impoved PQ bu, whee the dependence of eactive powe on nodal voltage wa taken into account duing the load flow iteation. The doubly-fed induction geneato (DFIG) wa modelled in powe facto contolled mode a a conventional PQ bu, and in voltage contolled mode a a P bu with eactive powe geneato limit enfoced. To impove the voltage tability, FACTS device i elected. The eult how that STATCOM can impove maximum loading facto bette SC fo Both type of wind fam geneato. Maximum loading facto inceaed when etting STATCOM up to 5.33% and 53.% in ytem that connected quiel cage induction geneato and doubly fed induction geneato wind tubine epectively. Theefoe, thi methodology can give diect advantage fo oganization that ae eponible to built convincing of powe ytem in tudy the epond of etting wind tubine geneato on voltage tability. REFERENCES [] IEEE/CIGRE Joint Tak Foce on Stability and Definition, Definition and Claification of Powe Stability, IEEE Tanaction on powe ytem, ol.9, No., May 00, pp [] G.Coath, M.Al-Dabbagh, Effect of teady-tate wind tubine geneato model on powe flow convegence and voltage tability limit, Autalaian univeitie powe engineeing confeence (AUPEC 005), Autalia, 005. [3] N.Mithulananthan, A.Sode-Yome, N.Achaya, S.Phichaiawat, Application of FACTS Contolle in Thailand Powe Sytem, RTG Budget-Joint Reeach Poject, Fical-Yea 003, Januay 005. [] A.Sode-Yome, N. Mithulananthan, K.Y.Lee, A Maximum Loading Magin Method fo Static oltage Stability in Powe Sytem, IEEE Tanaction on Powe Sytem, ol. No., May 00. [5] A. Feij oo and J. Cida, Modeling of wind fam in the load flow analyi, IEEE Tanaction on Powe Sytem, vol. 5, no., pp. 0 5, 000. [] G. Coath, M. Al-Dabbagh, and S. Halgamuge, Paticle wam optimization fo eactive powe and voltage contol with gid-integated wind fam, in Poceeding of the IEEE Powe Engineeing Society Geneal Meeting, vol., 00. [7] J. Slootweg and W. Kling, I the anwe blowing in the wind?, IEEE Powe and Enegy Magazine, vol., pp. 33, Novembe Decembe 003. [] Ameican wind enegy aociation, AWEA Electical Guide to Utility Scale Wind Tubine, Policy Depatment 0 th Steet NW, Wahington DC, 005. [9] A. Sode-Yome, N. Mithulananthan, (00). Compaion of hunt capacito, SC and STATCOM in tatic voltage tability magin enhancement, Intenational Jounal of Electical Engineeing Education, UMIST, ol., No.3. 0

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