Impulse Radar and CTBV Processing
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1 Impulse and CTBV Processing Håkon A. Hjortland Department of Informatics University of Oslo Workshop on UWB implementations Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 Content 1 2 Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
2 Content 1 2 Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 A basic short range impulse radar Main components: Pulse generator. Sampler with multiple-gigahertz sample rate. Target Ideal signal Backscatter Noisy signal SendPulse Pulse generator τ + Sampler Noise (σ N ) (External interference, thermal noise) Figure: Basic radar. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
3 Content 1 2 Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 Overview features: Novel approach. Exploits high speed digital performance of CMOS. Less analog signal processing. Simple circuits. Enables very high sample rate. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
4 How it works (1) Threshold input signal (analog continuous-time digital signal). Sample digital value at high rate. Target V T τ 0 τ Pulse generator + EN Counter EN Counter EN Counter V T τ 0 τ SendPulse Figure:. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 How it works (2) Repeat for all threshold levels. 501 Estimated threshold level (mv) Time (ns) Figure: Sweep of threshold level. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
5 How it works (3) Sum vertically to get readout curve. Use repetition to average out noise. 501 Estimated threshold level (mv) Time (ns) Figure: readout curve. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 Content 1 2 Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
6 What if there is very much noise? If noise signal: Leave threshold at DC level, don t sweep (the threshold will always be able to get hold of the signal due to the noise). Integrate a lot of samples. Target V T = 0.5 τ 0 τ Pulse generator + V T = 0.5 (Fixed) τ 0 EN Counter τ EN Counter EN Counter SendPulse Figure:. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 How to read out a signal Readout value is P(V in (τ) > 0.5) (plus some noise). Use that value to calculate signal value in units of σ N. If σ N is known, calculate the signal voltage value. Ideal V in (τ) = 0.65 PDF Noise (σ N = 0.1) V in (τ) P(V in (τ) > 0.5) = 93% = 1000 samples: Counter 930 Figure: Stochastic resonance sampling principle. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
7 Properties of stochastic resonance sampler We call this stochastic resonance sampling (after the stochastic resonance effect). Simple system, but actually very close to ideal sampler. Requires very much noise (low SNR). Not currently used in the radar (too high SNR). Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 Integration required to achieve a given SNR Desired σ N recovered = 0.001, , 0.01 (graphs from top to bottom) n (Samplings required) Stochastic resonance Swept threshold Analog average 1 10 σ N Figure: Integration required to achieve a given SNR. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
8 Content 1 2 Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 Approx. 1 1 mm 90 nm CMOS chip. Sweep controller logic on chip. SPI for setting registers and getting readout. 35 GHz sampling rate. 128 parallel samplers. 48 MHz PRF. Detecting millimeter-movement at close range. Detecting centimeter-movement at 15 m distance. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
9 Pulse generator. Figure: Pulse generator. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 Programmable initial delay. In τ 1 τ 2 τ 1 τ 2 Out τ 1 τ 2 Medium tune Coarse tune Figure: Programmable initial delay. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
10 Zoom-thresholder. 1,3,5 or 7 CS stages 9,7,5 or 3 CS stages Pad Digital (but unclocked) out 50 Ω HP gain stage Self biased Flicker noise rejecting V t AC coupling point muxable in a cascade of 10 common source elements Figure: Zoom-thresholder. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 Zoom-thresholder common source element. 125 Ω 125 Ω Gain=2.5 Gain=2.5 Figure: Zoom-thresholder common source element. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
11 Content 1 2 Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 Continuous-Time Binary Value (CTBV) signal processing Unclocked digital signals worked well for radar. Trying to generalize, introducing the term: Continuous-Time Binary Value (CTBV) signal processing. Discrete Time Continuous Value Binary Continuous Digital Analog sampled-data (switch-cap... ) CTBV Analog Figure: Signal processing domains. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
12 CTBV signal representation. Clocked digital signal: Clock Signal t Digital values CTBV signal: T Signal T 1 t Analog values Much more information content Figure: CTBV signal representation. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 CTBV example circuits. W L = k/10 W L = k W L = k W L = k/10 Pulse stretcher Pulse shortener Edge to pulse Figure: CTBV example circuits. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
13 CTBV operations Some CTBV operations: Delay. Logic. Pulse shaping. Sampling. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 CTBV advantages Advantages of : Advanced processing (pattern detection, etc.). Simple circuits. High speed. Gate delays (10 20 ps) or below (using time differences). No clock: Faster, saves power. Low power (simple, unclocked cicuits). Perfect for fine-pitch CMOS technology (cheap, high speed digital, poor analog performance). Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
14 CTBV challenges Challenges with : Limited functionality: Not a general replacement for the other signal processing domains. Minimum pulse width requirements: Too short pulses might get lost. Phase noise: Limits the SNR of the signals (e.g. a pulse width). Device mismatch: Unpredictable delays. Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29 CTBV future work What can be done with CTBV? Bubble-sorter (successfully implemented). Parallel counter (may be used in UWB-IR data receiver). More advanced circuits? Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
15 The End Questions? Håkon A. Hjortland (Univ. of Oslo) Impulse and CTBV Processing UWB impl. ws / 29
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