Chlorophyll a/b-chlorophyll a sensor for the Biophysical Oceanographic Sensor Array

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chlorophyll a/b-chlorophyll a sensor for the Biophysical Oceanographic Sensor Array"

Transcription

1 Intern Project Report Chlorophyll a/b-chlorophyll a sensor for the Biophysical Oceanographic Sensor Array Mary Ma Mentor: Zbigniew Kolber August 21 st, 2003

2 Introduction Photosynthetic organisms found in the ocean are an important part of ocean ecology. These organisms include both plants and photosynthetic bacteria. Photosynthetic organisms all contain some type of chlorophyll or bacterio-chlorophyll which are pigments necessary to capture light energy. These pigments fluoresce following absorption of light under certain conditions which give an indication of the status of photosynthesis. My project involves building a fluorescence sensor capable of measuring the amount of fluorescence emitted from the photosynthetic organisms. Fluorescence sensors are commercially available but they are large size and consume lots of power. The goal of my project is to build a sensor that is small size and has low power consumption. It will be used as part of a system to measure the concentrations of phytoplankton and photosynthetic bacteria in the ocean based on the fluorescence signals at 685 nm and 880 nm. Overview of the Design: Noise Analysis For our purposes, light can be considered in terms of photons, packets of energy with zero rest mass. The higher the light level, the more of these energy packets are available. As the level of light, and therefore the photon rate, decreases, it becomes more susceptible to interference from random events and noise from many sources. Figure 1 shows the many sources of interference which can make the recovery of a low light level tedious or difficult. The typical 1/f curve consists of a variety of unusual sources not usually taken into consideration. The frequency of 1/f noise approaches zero, or DC. Power/bandwidth signal 1/f noise White noise Frequency (hz) Figure 1: 1/f noise and signal

3 Structure and Methods 1. Photo sensor Photo diodes and photo multipliers are the most popular photo sensors. Since photo diodes have much smaller size than photo multipliers, my project was designed to use a photodiode as the fluorescence detector. Photo diodes also have higher dark noise than photo multipliers. 2. Lock-in amplifier One of the most popular methods to reduce noise and recover a low level detected light signal is to modulate the signal. As shown in Figure 2, the signal is moved in frequency from the noisy 1/f area at zero frequency to a less noisy area at some arbitrary frequency f. m Figure 2 : By moving the signal away from noisy low frequency regions, a low level Detected light signal can be recovered. This type of system locks the center frequency of the narrowband amplifier to the modulation frequency. The heart of lock-in amplifier is best described by considering Figure 3. The signal of interest is fed in parallel to inverting and non-inverting unity gain amplifiers. The output of these two amplifiers is selected by the switch position as determined by the polarity of a reference signal ( f r ). If the signal we are looking at is v in = V o sin( ω t ) and we multiply it by a square wave which has a Fourier series of v sq = (sin( ωt) + sin(3ωt ) + sin(5ωt ) +...), we get π 3 5 2V o vout = (1 cos(2ωt ) cos(4ωt ) cos(6ωt )...), the output has a DC π level proportional to the input voltage.

4 Figure 3: With the phase-sensitive amplifier technique, the center frequency of the narrowband amplifier is locked to the modulation frequency. 3. Structure of the sensor system The system generates a stable light source. The light from a stable light source is passed through a sample and reaches a detector (photo diode). The resulting electrical signal from the detector is amplified and processed by a lock-in amplifier. The output of the low pass filter gives an indication of the amount of light transmitted by the sample. Figure 4 is a block diagram of the sensor system.

5 12v Voltage to current converter Narrowband filter Photo diode Generator Current to voltage converter Phase shifter Output of sensor Amp. Narrowband filter Phase sensitive detector Lowpass filter Figure 4: Block diagram of sensor system 4. Circuit design 1) Generator and Narrowband filter Since ceramic resonators are easy to operate and give stable waveforms, this project uses a ceramic resonator ( X921-ND), its center frequency is 445kHz. Ceramic filters have high Q quality and narrowband character. The ceramic filter (TD2332-ND) is the narrow filter used in this sensor system. This circuit is shown in Figure 5. The inverter used is a Schmitt Inverter (74VHC14) fabricated with silicon gate CMOS technology. The inputs have hysteresis between the positive-going and negative-going input thresholds, which are capable of transforming slowly changing input signals into sharply defined ones. So even though the input signal is not a standard CMOS logic level, it still works well. 2) Voltage to current converter The output of the narrowband ceramic filter is a sinusoidal wave. Its DC offset is equal to zero. Considering the power consumption, my project uses single power supply for this voltage to current converter. The chip used (LT1630) has rail-to-rail input and output op amps with a 30MHz gain-bandwidth product and 10v/us slew rate. It is good for a single power supply. Because of the single

6 5v power supply, the DC offset voltage of input should be 2.5v or 2v. It is not necessary to worry about the ac output range because this circuit output is current not voltage. Figure 5: Schematics of generator and narrowband filter The output of the op amp drives a JFET which provides current for an LED (bright blue light). Because the JFET has voltage-control-current character, it is easy to control the current value of the drain. The feedback loop is important for this circuit design. Figure 6 below shows the voltage to current converter circuit. Capacitors C1 and C3 are important for the feedback because they can increase the ac feedback speed to keep the inputs of op amp balanced. Capacitors C5 and C6 are used to filter the output noise. The purpose of the LED is to create a light source for the sensor.

7 Figure 6: Schematics of voltage to current converter 3) Phase shifter Phase shifter circuit design can be achieved in several ways. One method uses an op amp to achieve a low output impedance and buffer the phase-shifted signal. The type of circuit is shown in Figure 7. Figure 7: Phase shifter using op amp But this type of circuit easily oscillates because it has a positive feedback loop in some frequency conditions. To avoid oscillations, my project changed the design to a simple RC shifter. The RC shifter can cause a phase shift for a sinusoidal wave. To get a square wave, a comparator is added to convert the sinusoidal wave into a square wave at the output of the RC phase shifter. The output of the comparator may not produce a good square wave, but using an inverter can sharpen the square wave. The RC-phase shifter circuit is shown in Figure 8. In Figure 8, C1 and R2 combined are the RC-phase shifter. Changing the R2 value can change the phase value of the output. Because the phase change causes the voltage of impedance to be modified, adding a capacitor (C3) avoids influence from the dc voltage on the rest of the circuit. The entire phase shifter includes the RC-phase and a comparator (LM393) which converts the sinusoidal wave to a square wave.

8 4) Phase sensitive detector A phase sensitive detector is the most important and difficult part of this sensor system. Several ways can be used to achieve the function. One popular method is shown in Figure 3. Simply using an analog switch and an op amp can realize the function. This method requires that one considers the requirements for the dc component of signal. If the input signal of the phase sensitive detector changes the dc component value, the op amp has to change the dc offset to meet the signal requirement. If we add a capacitor to eliminate the dc component, that may solve the offset problem. But in our case, the signal detected by the photo diode is a wave modulated by the dc signal. If we use a capacitor to eliminate the dc components, it means that we eliminate the useful signal. Here we used a clever method which is to use switch capacitors to avoid the need to consider the dc offset effect on the op amp. Figure 8: Schematics of RC-phase shifter The switch capacitor circuit is shown in Figure 9. The circuit design is also based on the idea which is shown in Figure 3. The chip used for the switch capacitor (LTC1043) is a monolithic, charge-balanced, dual switched capacitor instrumentation building block. A pair of switches alternately connects an external capacitor to an input signal and connects the charged capacitor across an output port. My project uses the reference square wave as the control clock to control the switch. There are two input paths into the differential amp (LTC1050): one passes through the switch on the positive phase of the control clock and is connected into the positive input of the differential amp; the other

9 passes through the switch on the negative phase of the control clock and is connected into the negative input of the differential amp. The differential amp design requires a very precise match between the components. In theory the design appears simple, but in practical experiments it is very hard to realize. First, the input signal may be not symmetrical, so it brings some unbalanced elements (etc. dc component) into the differential circuit. Adjusting the resistors of the differential amp helps to make the circuits balanced. Second, the component precision is also considered during the circuit experiments. Furthermore, the op amp must work on the double power supply and have good symmetrical character in the internal circuits. Figure 9: Schematics of the phase sensitive detector Results 1) The generator output wave (455KHz) is shown in Figure 10. This generator is used for the control clock of the system and drive the voltage to current converter. 2) The voltage to current converter wave for the LED is shown in Figure 11. The circuit successfully generated a light source for the sensor. 3) The phase shifter input (sinusoidal) and output (square) waves are shown in Figure 12. This demonstrates that the phase shifter is capable of adjusting the phase of the input wave to match the phase requirement. 4) The result from the phase sensitive detector (not shown) demonstrates the charge or discharge wave for the capacitors. The slope of the wave is high, the tr value is 23 ns, but the bandwidth of the differential op amp LTC1050 is 30MHz. So the

10 result of the differential amp becomes a sinusoidal wave. Since the amp eliminates the high frequency component, it doesn t affect our low frequency signal. Figure 10: Wave of generator output

11 Figure 11: The current wave for the LED

12 Figure 12: The output and input waves for the phase shifter. The square wave is the output and sinusoidal wave is the input. Summary of experience During my project many experiments failed, which resulted in my gaining experience in problem-solving. For example, I spent lots of time fixing oscillations. A variable resistor makes the design easier, but it usually becomes the source of oscillations. Board wires are another source of oscillations. Long wires were used on the board for my project. When I cut them for reuse, the wires caused some oscillation trouble for the circuits. The dc path is disconnected, but the ac path still passes the wires because the cut points act as small capacitors on the board. Therefore, I had to use another board which didn t have long wires. Another problem is that the switch capacitors chip is apparently damaged and must be replaced. Reference The art of electronics Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill

Fig 1: The symbol for a comparator

Fig 1: The symbol for a comparator INTRODUCTION A comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents and switches its output to indicate which is larger. They are commonly used in devices such as They are commonly used in devices

More information

GATE SOLVED PAPER - IN

GATE SOLVED PAPER - IN YEAR 202 ONE MARK Q. The i-v characteristics of the diode in the circuit given below are : v -. A v 0.7 V i 500 07 $ = * 0 A, v < 0.7 V The current in the circuit is (A) 0 ma (C) 6.67 ma (B) 9.3 ma (D)

More information

EMT212 Analog Electronic II. Chapter 4. Oscillator

EMT212 Analog Electronic II. Chapter 4. Oscillator EMT Analog Electronic II Chapter 4 Oscillator Objectives Describe the basic concept of an oscillator Discuss the basic principles of operation of an oscillator Analyze the operation of RC, LC and crystal

More information

CMOS Schmitt Trigger A Uniquely Versatile Design Component

CMOS Schmitt Trigger A Uniquely Versatile Design Component CMOS Schmitt Trigger A Uniquely Versatile Design Component INTRODUCTION The Schmitt trigger has found many applications in numerous circuits, both analog and digital. The versatility of a TTL Schmitt is

More information

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 019 Spring Term 00.101 Introductory Analog Electronics Laboratory Laboratory No.

More information

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 019.101 Introductory Analog Electronics Laboratory Laboratory No. READING ASSIGNMENT

More information

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS 1 B.Tech III Year I Semester (R09) Regular & Supplementary Examinations December/January 2013/14 1 (a) Why is R e in an emitter-coupled differential amplifier replaced by a constant current source? (b)

More information

Question Paper Code: 21398

Question Paper Code: 21398 Reg. No. : Question Paper Code: 21398 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2013 Fourth Semester Electrical and Electronics Engineering EE2254 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS (Regulation

More information

Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers Table of contents 1. Design 1.1. The Differential Amplifier 1.2. Level Shifter 1.3. Power Amplifier 2. Characteristics 3. The Opamp without NFB 4. Linear Amplifiers 4.1. The Non-Inverting

More information

LM2900 LM3900 LM3301 Quad Amplifiers

LM2900 LM3900 LM3301 Quad Amplifiers LM2900 LM3900 LM3301 Quad Amplifiers General Description The LM2900 series consists of four independent dual input internally compensated amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate off of a

More information

Lesson number one. Operational Amplifier Basics

Lesson number one. Operational Amplifier Basics What About Lesson number one Operational Amplifier Basics As well as resistors and capacitors, Operational Amplifiers, or Op-amps as they are more commonly called, are one of the basic building blocks

More information

Infrared Communications Lab

Infrared Communications Lab Infrared Communications Lab This lab assignment assumes that the student knows about: Ohm s Law oltage, Current and Resistance Operational Amplifiers (See Appendix I) The first part of the lab is to develop

More information

CMOS Schmitt Trigger A Uniquely Versatile Design Component

CMOS Schmitt Trigger A Uniquely Versatile Design Component CMOS Schmitt Trigger A Uniquely Versatile Design Component INTRODUCTION The Schmitt trigger has found many applications in numerous circuits both analog and digital The versatility of a TTL Schmitt is

More information

Assignment 11. 1) Using the LM741 op-amp IC a circuit is designed as shown, then find the output waveform for an input of 5kHz

Assignment 11. 1) Using the LM741 op-amp IC a circuit is designed as shown, then find the output waveform for an input of 5kHz Assignment 11 1) Using the LM741 op-amp IC a circuit is designed as shown, then find the output waveform for an input of 5kHz Vo = 1 x R1Cf 0 Vin t dt, voltage output for the op amp integrator 0.1 m 1

More information

Difference between BJTs and FETs. Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFET)

Difference between BJTs and FETs. Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFET) Difference between BJTs and FETs Transistors can be categorized according to their structure, and two of the more commonly known transistor structures, are the BJT and FET. The comparison between BJTs

More information

An Analog Phase-Locked Loop

An Analog Phase-Locked Loop 1 An Analog Phase-Locked Loop Greg Flewelling ABSTRACT This report discusses the design, simulation, and layout of an Analog Phase-Locked Loop (APLL). The circuit consists of five major parts: A differential

More information

tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq

tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvb nmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer Instrumentation Device Components Semester 2 nd tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas

More information

Experiment 7: Frequency Modulation and Phase Locked Loops

Experiment 7: Frequency Modulation and Phase Locked Loops Experiment 7: Frequency Modulation and Phase Locked Loops Frequency Modulation Background Normally, we consider a voltage wave form with a fixed frequency of the form v(t) = V sin( ct + ), (1) where c

More information

Section 4: Operational Amplifiers

Section 4: Operational Amplifiers Section 4: Operational Amplifiers Op Amps Integrated circuits Simpler to understand than transistors Get back to linear systems, but now with gain Come in various forms Comparators Full Op Amps Differential

More information

1) Consider the circuit shown in figure below. Compute the output waveform for an input of 5kHz

1) Consider the circuit shown in figure below. Compute the output waveform for an input of 5kHz ) Consider the circuit shown in figure below. Compute the output waveform for an input of 5kHz Solution: a) Input is of constant amplitude of 2 V from 0 to 0. ms and 2 V from 0. ms to 0.2 ms. The output

More information

Op-Amp Simulation Part II

Op-Amp Simulation Part II Op-Amp Simulation Part II EE/CS 5720/6720 This assignment continues the simulation and characterization of a simple operational amplifier. Turn in a copy of this assignment with answers in the appropriate

More information

Chapter 13: Comparators

Chapter 13: Comparators Chapter 13: Comparators So far, we have used op amps in their normal, linear mode, where they follow the op amp Golden Rules (no input current to either input, no voltage difference between the inputs).

More information

When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to relate the gain and bandwidth of an op amp

When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to relate the gain and bandwidth of an op amp Op Amp Fundamentals When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to relate the gain and bandwidth of an op amp In general, the parameters are interactive. However, in this unit, circuit input

More information

Interactive Tone Generator with Capacitive Touch. Corey Cleveland and Eric Ponce. Project Proposal

Interactive Tone Generator with Capacitive Touch. Corey Cleveland and Eric Ponce. Project Proposal Interactive Tone Generator with Capacitive Touch Corey Cleveland and Eric Ponce Project Proposal Overview Capacitance is defined as the ability for an object to store charge. All objects have this ability,

More information

Concepts to be Reviewed

Concepts to be Reviewed Introductory Medical Device Prototyping Analog Circuits Part 3 Operational Amplifiers, http://saliterman.umn.edu/ Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Concepts to be Reviewed Operational

More information

Oscillator Principles

Oscillator Principles Oscillators Introduction Oscillators are circuits that generates a repetitive waveform of fixed amplitude and frequency without any external input signal. The function of an oscillator is to generate alternating

More information

AM Stabilized RF Amplifier Driver

AM Stabilized RF Amplifier Driver LIGO T00074 AM Stabilized RF Amplifier Driver SURF Project Final Report August 00 Jing Luo Mentor: Daniel Sigg Co Mentor: Paul Schwinberg Abstract: The AOM/EOM driver is a high power RF amplifier used

More information

UMAINE ECE Morse Code ROM and Transmitter at ISM Band Frequency

UMAINE ECE Morse Code ROM and Transmitter at ISM Band Frequency UMAINE ECE Morse Code ROM and Transmitter at ISM Band Frequency Jamie E. Reinhold December 15, 2011 Abstract The design, simulation and layout of a UMAINE ECE Morse code Read Only Memory and transmitter

More information

QUAD 5V RAIL-TO-RAIL PRECISION OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

QUAD 5V RAIL-TO-RAIL PRECISION OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER ADVANCED LINEAR DEVICES, INC. ALD472A/ALD472B ALD472 QUAD 5V RAILTORAIL PRECISION OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER GENERAL DESCRIPTION The ALD472 is a quad monolithic precision CMOS railtorail operational amplifier

More information

Special-Purpose Operational Amplifier Circuits

Special-Purpose Operational Amplifier Circuits Special-Purpose Operational Amplifier Circuits Instrumentation Amplifier An instrumentation amplifier (IA) is a differential voltagegain device that amplifies the difference between the voltages existing

More information

XR FSK Modem Filter FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM GENERAL DESCRIPTION FEATURES ORDERING INFORMATION APPLICATIONS SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

XR FSK Modem Filter FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM GENERAL DESCRIPTION FEATURES ORDERING INFORMATION APPLICATIONS SYSTEM DESCRIPTION FSK Modem Filter GENERAL DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM The XR-2103 is a Monolithic Switched-Capacitor Filter designed to perform the complete filtering function necessary for a Bell 103 Compatible

More information

ELC224 Final Review (12/10/2009) Name:

ELC224 Final Review (12/10/2009) Name: ELC224 Final Review (12/10/2009) Name: Select the correct answer to the problems 1 through 20. 1. A common-emitter amplifier that uses direct coupling is an example of a dc amplifier. 2. The frequency

More information

DUAL ULTRA MICROPOWER RAIL-TO-RAIL CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

DUAL ULTRA MICROPOWER RAIL-TO-RAIL CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER ADVANCED LINEAR DEVICES, INC. ALD276A/ALD276B ALD276 DUAL ULTRA MICROPOWER RAILTORAIL CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER GENERAL DESCRIPTION The ALD276 is a dual monolithic CMOS micropower high slewrate operational

More information

MAS.836 HOW TO BIAS AN OP-AMP

MAS.836 HOW TO BIAS AN OP-AMP MAS.836 HOW TO BIAS AN OP-AMP Op-Amp Circuits: Bias, in an electronic circuit, describes the steady state operating characteristics with no signal being applied. In an op-amp circuit, the operating characteristic

More information

EE 3305 Lab I Revised July 18, 2003

EE 3305 Lab I Revised July 18, 2003 Operational Amplifiers Operational amplifiers are high-gain amplifiers with a similar general description typified by the most famous example, the LM741. The LM741 is used for many amplifier varieties

More information

Capacitive Touch Sensing Tone Generator. Corey Cleveland and Eric Ponce

Capacitive Touch Sensing Tone Generator. Corey Cleveland and Eric Ponce Capacitive Touch Sensing Tone Generator Corey Cleveland and Eric Ponce Table of Contents Introduction Capacitive Sensing Overview Reference Oscillator Capacitive Grid Phase Detector Signal Transformer

More information

EE 368 Electronics Lab. Experiment 10 Operational Amplifier Applications (2)

EE 368 Electronics Lab. Experiment 10 Operational Amplifier Applications (2) EE 368 Electronics Lab Experiment 10 Operational Amplifier Applications (2) 1 Experiment 10 Operational Amplifier Applications (2) Objectives To gain experience with Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp). To

More information

An Oscillator is a circuit which produces a periodic waveform at its output with only the dc supply voltage at the input. The output voltage can be

An Oscillator is a circuit which produces a periodic waveform at its output with only the dc supply voltage at the input. The output voltage can be An Oscillator is a circuit which produces a periodic waveform at its output with only the dc supply voltage at the input. The output voltage can be either sinusoidal or non sinusoidal depending upon the

More information

Operational Amplifier BME 360 Lecture Notes Ying Sun

Operational Amplifier BME 360 Lecture Notes Ying Sun Operational Amplifier BME 360 Lecture Notes Ying Sun Characteristics of Op-Amp An operational amplifier (op-amp) is an analog integrated circuit that consists of several stages of transistor amplification

More information

Distributed by: www.jameco.com 1-800-831-4242 The content and copyrights of the attached material are the property of its owner. LM2900 LM3900 LM3301 Quad Amplifiers General Description The LM2900 series

More information

21/10/58. M2-3 Signal Generators. Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard s 1 st product (1939) US patent No HP 200A s schematic

21/10/58. M2-3 Signal Generators. Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard s 1 st product (1939) US patent No HP 200A s schematic M2-3 Signal Generators Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard s 1 st product (1939) US patent No.2267782 1 HP 200A s schematic 2 1 The basic structure of a sinusoidal oscillator. A positive feedback loop is formed

More information

Physics 303 Fall Module 4: The Operational Amplifier

Physics 303 Fall Module 4: The Operational Amplifier Module 4: The Operational Amplifier Operational Amplifiers: General Introduction In the laboratory, analog signals (that is to say continuously variable, not discrete signals) often require amplification.

More information

CHAPTER 3. Instrumentation Amplifier (IA) Background. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Instrumentation Amplifier Architecture and Configurations

CHAPTER 3. Instrumentation Amplifier (IA) Background. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Instrumentation Amplifier Architecture and Configurations CHAPTER 3 Instrumentation Amplifier (IA) Background 3.1 Introduction The IAs are key circuits in many sensor readout systems where, there is a need to amplify small differential signals in the presence

More information

TRANSDUCER INTERFACE APPLICATIONS

TRANSDUCER INTERFACE APPLICATIONS TRANSDUCER INTERFACE APPLICATIONS Instrumentation amplifiers have long been used as preamplifiers in transducer applications. High quality transducers typically provide a highly linear output, but at a

More information

The steeper the phase shift as a function of frequency φ(ω) the more stable the frequency of oscillation

The steeper the phase shift as a function of frequency φ(ω) the more stable the frequency of oscillation It should be noted that the frequency of oscillation ω o is determined by the phase characteristics of the feedback loop. the loop oscillates at the frequency for which the phase is zero The steeper the

More information

Low Cost, General Purpose High Speed JFET Amplifier AD825

Low Cost, General Purpose High Speed JFET Amplifier AD825 a FEATURES High Speed 41 MHz, 3 db Bandwidth 125 V/ s Slew Rate 8 ns Settling Time Input Bias Current of 2 pa and Noise Current of 1 fa/ Hz Input Voltage Noise of 12 nv/ Hz Fully Specified Power Supplies:

More information

Lecture 2: Non-Ideal Amps and Op-Amps

Lecture 2: Non-Ideal Amps and Op-Amps Lecture 2: Non-Ideal Amps and Op-Amps Prof. Ali M. Niknejad Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley Practical Op-Amps Linear Imperfections: Finite open-loop gain (A 0 < ) Finite input resistance

More information

Chapter 2 Signal Conditioning, Propagation, and Conversion

Chapter 2 Signal Conditioning, Propagation, and Conversion 09/0 PHY 4330 Instrumentation I Chapter Signal Conditioning, Propagation, and Conversion. Amplification (Review of Op-amps) Reference: D. A. Bell, Operational Amplifiers Applications, Troubleshooting,

More information

Introduction to Analog Interfacing. ECE/CS 5780/6780: Embedded System Design. Various Op Amps. Ideal Op Amps

Introduction to Analog Interfacing. ECE/CS 5780/6780: Embedded System Design. Various Op Amps. Ideal Op Amps Introduction to Analog Interfacing ECE/CS 5780/6780: Embedded System Design Scott R. Little Lecture 19: Operational Amplifiers Most embedded systems include components that measure and/or control real-world

More information

Sensor Interfacing and Operational Amplifiers Lab 3

Sensor Interfacing and Operational Amplifiers Lab 3 Name Lab Day Lab Time Sensor Interfacing and Operational Amplifiers Lab 3 Introduction: In this lab you will design and build a circuit that will convert the temperature indicated by a thermistor s resistance

More information

PHYS225 Lecture 10. Electronic Circuits

PHYS225 Lecture 10. Electronic Circuits PHYS225 Lecture 10 Electronic Circuits Last lecture Operational Amplifiers Many applications Use feedback for control Negative feedback Ideal case rules Output is whatever is needed to make inputs equal

More information

4.2.2 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)

4.2.2 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) 4.2.2 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) The Metal Oxide Semitonductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) has two modes of operation, the depletion mode, and the enhancement mode.

More information

1 2 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 Fourth Semester Electrical and Electronics Engineering EE 2254 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS (Common to Instrumentation and Control

More information

Digital Applications of the Operational Amplifier

Digital Applications of the Operational Amplifier Lab Procedure 1. Objective This project will show the versatile operation of an operational amplifier in a voltage comparator (Schmitt Trigger) circuit and a sample and hold circuit. 2. Components Qty

More information

B.E. SEMESTER III (ELECTRICAL) SUBJECT CODE: X30902 Subject Name: Analog & Digital Electronics

B.E. SEMESTER III (ELECTRICAL) SUBJECT CODE: X30902 Subject Name: Analog & Digital Electronics B.E. SEMESTER III (ELECTRICAL) SUBJECT CODE: X30902 Subject Name: Analog & Digital Electronics Sr. No. Date TITLE To From Marks Sign 1 To verify the application of op-amp as an Inverting Amplifier 2 To

More information

2.996/6.971 Biomedical Devices Design Laboratory Lecture 7: OpAmps

2.996/6.971 Biomedical Devices Design Laboratory Lecture 7: OpAmps 2.996/6.971 Biomedical Devices Design Laboratory Lecture 7: OpAmps Instructor: Dr. Hong Ma Oct. 3, 2007 Fundamental Circuit: Source and Load Sources Power supply Signal Generator Sensor Amplifier output

More information

Gechstudentszone.wordpress.com

Gechstudentszone.wordpress.com 8.1 Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) UNIT 8: Operational Amplifier An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended

More information

LM110 LM210 LM310 Voltage Follower

LM110 LM210 LM310 Voltage Follower LM110 LM210 LM310 Voltage Follower General Description The LM110 series are monolithic operational amplifiers internally connected as unity-gain non-inverting amplifiers They use super-gain transistors

More information

UNIT-I CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION FOR LINEAR

UNIT-I CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION FOR LINEAR UNIT-I CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION FOR LINEAR ICs 2 marks questions 1.Mention the advantages of integrated circuits. *Miniaturisation and hence increased equipment density. *Cost reduction due to batch processing.

More information

Emitter Coupled Differential Amplifier

Emitter Coupled Differential Amplifier Emitter Coupled Differential Amplifier Returning to the transistor, a very common and useful circuit is the differential amplifier. It's basic circuit is: Vcc Q1 Q2 Re Vee To see how this circuit works,

More information

Experiment 1: Amplifier Characterization Spring 2019

Experiment 1: Amplifier Characterization Spring 2019 Experiment 1: Amplifier Characterization Spring 2019 Objective: The objective of this experiment is to develop methods for characterizing key properties of operational amplifiers Note: We will be using

More information

Summer 2015 Examination

Summer 2015 Examination Summer 2015 Examination Subject Code: 17445 Model Answer Important Instructions to examiners: 1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.

More information

Q.P. Code : [ TURN OVER]

Q.P. Code : [ TURN OVER] Q.P. Code : 587801 8ADF85B2CAF8DDC703193679392A86308ADF85B2CAF8DDC703193679392A86308ADF85B2CAF8DDC703193679392A86308ADF85B2CAF8DDC703193679392A86308ADF85B2CAF8DDC70 6308ADF85B2CAF8DDC703193679392A86308ADF85B2CAF8DDC703193679392A86308ADF85B2CAF8DDC703193679392A86308ADF85B2CAF8DDC703193679392A86308ADF85B2CAF8DDC703

More information

Source Transformation

Source Transformation HW Chapter 0: 4, 20, 26, 44, 52, 64, 74, 92. Source Transformation Source transformation in frequency domain involves transforming a voltage source in series with an impedance to a current source in parallel

More information

레이저의주파수안정화방법및그응용 박상언 ( 한국표준과학연구원, 길이시간센터 )

레이저의주파수안정화방법및그응용 박상언 ( 한국표준과학연구원, 길이시간센터 ) 레이저의주파수안정화방법및그응용 박상언 ( 한국표준과학연구원, 길이시간센터 ) Contents Frequency references Frequency locking methods Basic principle of loop filter Example of lock box circuits Quantifying frequency stability Applications

More information

Integrated Circuit: Classification:

Integrated Circuit: Classification: Integrated Circuit: It is a miniature, low cost electronic circuit consisting of active and passive components that are irreparably joined together on a single crystal chip of silicon. Classification:

More information

For input: Peak to peak amplitude of the input = volts. Time period for 1 full cycle = sec

For input: Peak to peak amplitude of the input = volts. Time period for 1 full cycle = sec Inverting amplifier: [Closed Loop Configuration] Design: A CL = V o /V in = - R f / R in ; Assume R in = ; Gain = ; Circuit Diagram: RF +10V F.G ~ + Rin 2 3 7 IC741 + 4 6 v0-10v CRO Model Graph Inverting

More information

11. Chapter: Amplitude stabilization of the harmonic oscillator

11. Chapter: Amplitude stabilization of the harmonic oscillator Punčochář, Mohylová: TELO, Chapter 10 1 11. Chapter: Amplitude stabilization of the harmonic oscillator Time of study: 3 hours Goals: the student should be able to define basic principles of oscillator

More information

GATE: Electronics MCQs (Practice Test 1 of 13)

GATE: Electronics MCQs (Practice Test 1 of 13) GATE: Electronics MCQs (Practice Test 1 of 13) 1. Removing bypass capacitor across the emitter leg resistor in a CE amplifier causes a. increase in current gain b. decrease in current gain c. increase

More information

onlinecomponents.com FET Circuit Applications FET Circuit Applications AN-32 National Semiconductor Application Note 32 February 1970

onlinecomponents.com FET Circuit Applications FET Circuit Applications AN-32 National Semiconductor Application Note 32 February 1970 FET Circuit Applications National Semiconductor Application Note 32 February 1970 Polycarbonate dielectric Sample and Hold With Offset Adjustment TL H 6791 1 Long Time Comparator TL H 6791 2 The 2N4393

More information

Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers Fundamentals of op-amp Operation modes Golden rules of op-amp Op-amp circuits Inverting & non-inverting amplifier Unity follower, integrator & differentiator Introduction An operational amplifier, or op-amp,

More information

CHARACTERISTICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - I

CHARACTERISTICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - I CHARACTERISTICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - I OBJECTIVE The purpose of the experiment is to examine non-ideal characteristics of an operational amplifier. The characteristics that are investigated include

More information

Laboratory 9. Required Components: Objectives. Optional Components: Operational Amplifier Circuits (modified from lab text by Alciatore)

Laboratory 9. Required Components: Objectives. Optional Components: Operational Amplifier Circuits (modified from lab text by Alciatore) Laboratory 9 Operational Amplifier Circuits (modified from lab text by Alciatore) Required Components: 1x 741 op-amp 2x 1k resistors 4x 10k resistors 1x l00k resistor 1x 0.1F capacitor Optional Components:

More information

Optical to Electrical Converter

Optical to Electrical Converter Optical to Electrical Converter By Dietrich Reimer Senior Project ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 2010 1 Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures...

More information

55:041 Electronic Circuits The University of Iowa Fall Exam 3. Question 1 Unless stated otherwise, each question below is 1 point.

55:041 Electronic Circuits The University of Iowa Fall Exam 3. Question 1 Unless stated otherwise, each question below is 1 point. Exam 3 Name: Score /65 Question 1 Unless stated otherwise, each question below is 1 point. 1. An engineer designs a class-ab amplifier to deliver 2 W (sinusoidal) signal power to an resistive load. Ignoring

More information

Design and Simulation of Low Voltage Operational Amplifier

Design and Simulation of Low Voltage Operational Amplifier Design and Simulation of Low Voltage Operational Amplifier Zach Nelson Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154 United States of America

More information

Experiments #7. Operational Amplifier part 1

Experiments #7. Operational Amplifier part 1 Experiments #7 Operational Amplifier part 1 1) Objectives: The objective of this lab is to study operational amplifier (op amp) and its applications. We will be simulating and building some basic op-amp

More information

About the Tutorial. Audience. Prerequisites. Copyright & Disclaimer. Linear Integrated Circuits Applications

About the Tutorial. Audience. Prerequisites. Copyright & Disclaimer. Linear Integrated Circuits Applications About the Tutorial Linear Integrated Circuits are solid state analog devices that can operate over a continuous range of input signals. Theoretically, they are characterized by an infinite number of operating

More information

EKT 314 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

EKT 314 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION EKT 314 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION Elektronik Instrumentasi Semester 2 2012/2013 Chapter 3 Analog Signal Conditioning Session 2 Mr. Fazrul Faiz Zakaria school of computer and communication engineering.

More information

ELT 215 Operational Amplifiers (LECTURE) Chapter 5

ELT 215 Operational Amplifiers (LECTURE) Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 Nonlinear Signal Processing Circuits INTRODUCTION ELT 215 Operational Amplifiers (LECTURE) In this chapter, we shall present several nonlinear circuits using op-amps, which include those situations

More information

Ultra Low Static Power OTA with Slew Rate Enhancement

Ultra Low Static Power OTA with Slew Rate Enhancement ECE 595B Analog IC Design Design Project Fall 2009 Project Proposal Ultra Low Static Power OTA with Slew Rate Enhancement Patrick Wesskamp PUID: 00230-83995 1) Introduction In this design project I plan

More information

TDA Power Factor Controller. IC for High Power Factor and Active Harmonic Filtering

TDA Power Factor Controller. IC for High Power Factor and Active Harmonic Filtering Power Factor Controller IC for High Power Factor and Active Harmonic Filtering TDA 4817 Advance Information Bipolar IC Features IC for sinusoidal line-current consumption Power factor approaching 1 Controls

More information

ELEC207 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

ELEC207 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Concept of VIRTUAL SHORT For feedback amplifiers constructed with op-amps, the two op-amp terminals will always be approximately equal (V + = V - ) This condition in op-amp feedback amplifiers is known

More information

State Machine Oscillators

State Machine Oscillators by Kenneth A. Kuhn March 22, 2009, rev. March 31, 2013 Introduction State machine oscillators are based on periodic charging and discharging a capacitor to specific voltages using one or more voltage comparators

More information

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS ANALOG ELECTRONICS II EMT 212 2009/2010 EXPERIMENT # 3 OP-AMP (OSCILLATORS) 1 1. OBJECTIVE: 1.1 To demonstrate the Wien bridge oscillator 1.2 To demonstrate the RC phase-shift

More information

Friday, 1/27/17 Constraints on A(jω)

Friday, 1/27/17 Constraints on A(jω) Friday, 1/27/17 Constraints on A(jω) The simplest electronic oscillators are op amp based, and A(jω) is typically a simple op amp fixed gain amplifier, such as the negative gain and positive gain amplifiers

More information

Scheme I Sample Question Paper

Scheme I Sample Question Paper Sample Question Paper Marks : 70 Time: 3 Hrs. Q.1) Attempt any FIVE of the following. 10 Marks a) Classify configuration of differential amplifier. b) Draw equivalent circuit of an OPAMP c) Suggest and

More information

Homework Assignment 03 Solution

Homework Assignment 03 Solution Homework Assignment 03 Solution Question 1 Determine the h 11 and h 21 parameters for the circuit. Be sure to supply the units and proper sign for each parameter. (8 points) Solution Setting v 2 = 0 h

More information

GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA STATE PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION EXAMINATION BOARD II YEAR PUC EXAMINATION MARCH-2013 SCHEME OF VALUATION

GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA STATE PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION EXAMINATION BOARD II YEAR PUC EXAMINATION MARCH-2013 SCHEME OF VALUATION GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA STATE PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION EXAMINATION BOARD II YEAR PUC EXAMINATION MARCH-03 SCHEME OF VALUATION Subject Code: 0 Subject: PART - A 0. What does the arrow mark indicate

More information

Precision Rectifier Circuits

Precision Rectifier Circuits Precision Rectifier Circuits Rectifier circuits are used in the design of power supply circuits. In such applications, the voltage being rectified are usually much greater than the diode voltage drop,

More information

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS (OP-AMPS) II

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS (OP-AMPS) II OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS (OP-AMPS) II LAB 5 INTRO: INTRODUCTION TO INVERTING AMPLIFIERS AND OTHER OP-AMP CIRCUITS GOALS In this lab, you will characterize the gain and frequency dependence of inverting op-amp

More information

EE2254 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS UNIT-I IC FABRICATION

EE2254 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS UNIT-I IC FABRICATION DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Question bank EE2254 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS UNIT-I IC FABRICATION 1. Mention the advantages of integrated circuits. 2. Write down the various processes

More information

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous) Dundigal, Hyderabad

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous) Dundigal, Hyderabad 1 P a g e INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous) Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING TUTORIAL QUESTION BANK Name : INTEGRATED CIRCUITS APPLICATIONS Code

More information

DESIGN OF AN ANALOG FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

DESIGN OF AN ANALOG FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM DESIGN OF AN ANALOG FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OBJECTIVE To design and build a complete analog fiber optic transmission system, using light emitting diodes and photodiodes. INTRODUCTION A fiber optic

More information

CHARACTERIZATION OF OP-AMP

CHARACTERIZATION OF OP-AMP EXPERIMENT 4 CHARACTERIZATION OF OP-AMP OBJECTIVES 1. To sketch and briefly explain an operational amplifier circuit symbol and identify all terminals. 2. To list the amplifier stages in a typical op-amp

More information

Precision IC Comparator Runs from a5v Logic Supply

Precision IC Comparator Runs from a5v Logic Supply Precision IC Comparator Runs from a5v Logic Supply Robert J Widlar Apartado Postal 541 Puerto Vallarta Jalisco Mexico introduction In digital systems it is sometimes necessary to convert low level analog

More information

ML4818 Phase Modulation/Soft Switching Controller

ML4818 Phase Modulation/Soft Switching Controller Phase Modulation/Soft Switching Controller www.fairchildsemi.com Features Full bridge phase modulation zero voltage switching circuit with programmable ZV transition times Constant frequency operation

More information

Devices and Op-Amps p. 1 Introduction to Diodes p. 3 Introduction to Diodes p. 4 Inside the Diode p. 6 Three Diode Models p. 10 Computer Circuit

Devices and Op-Amps p. 1 Introduction to Diodes p. 3 Introduction to Diodes p. 4 Inside the Diode p. 6 Three Diode Models p. 10 Computer Circuit Contents p. v Preface p. ix Devices and Op-Amps p. 1 Introduction to Diodes p. 3 Introduction to Diodes p. 4 Inside the Diode p. 6 Three Diode Models p. 10 Computer Circuit Analysis p. 16 MultiSIM Lab

More information

Differential Amplifiers

Differential Amplifiers Differential Amplifiers Benefits of Differential Signal Processing The Benefits Become Apparent when Trying to get the Most Speed and/or Resolution out of a Design Avoid Grounding/Return Noise Problems

More information

Thursday, 1/23/19 Automatic Gain Control As previously shown, 1 0 is a nonlinear system that produces a limit cycle with a distorted sinusoid for

Thursday, 1/23/19 Automatic Gain Control As previously shown, 1 0 is a nonlinear system that produces a limit cycle with a distorted sinusoid for Thursday, 1/23/19 Automatic Gain Control As previously shown, 1 0 is a nonlinear system that produces a limit cycle with a distorted sinusoid for x(t), which is not a very good sinusoidal oscillator. A

More information