Hardware Implementation of Single Phase Power Factor Correction System using Micro-Controller

Transcription

1 International Journal of Power Electronic and Drive Sytem (IJPEDS) Vol. 7, No. 3, September 2016, pp. 790~799 ISSN: , DOI: /ijped.v7.i3.pp Hardware Implementation of Single Phae Power Factor Correction Sytem uing Micro-Controller Kartikeh Kumar Jha 1, Bidyut Mahato 2, Prem Prakah 3, Kartick Chandra Jana 4 1,3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Birla Intitute of Technology, Mera, Ranchi, India 2,4 Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian School of Mine, Dhanbad, India Article Info Article hitory: Received Nov 12, 2015 Revied Mar 22, 2016 Accepted Apr 23, 2016 Keyword: DC-DC boot converter Microcontroller PID control trategy Power factor correction Total harmonic ditortion ABSTRACT Rapid increae of conumer in electronic device and the ue of main rectification circuit inide thee electronic device i the root caue of main harmonic ditortion. Automatic power factor correction technique can be applied to the indutrie, power ytem and houehold to make them table inturn increae the efficiency of ytem a well a the apparatu. Thi paper deal with the hardware deign of active power factor correction circuit employing boot converter which i ued to boot the DC voltage with a controller baed on PID control trategy. The pule given to power witche by pule width modulation technique generated by utilizing micro-controller board, Arduino thu obviating the need of complex hardware circuitry. MATLAB/SIMULINK wa ued to deign and tune the PID controller parameter. The imulation reult are matching with the prediction and the ame wa implemented a hardware. The waveform variou tet point and acro capacitor were obtained, tudied and compared with the theoretical waveform and are found to be in precie proximity of theoretical waveform. Copyright 2016 Intitute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All right reerved. Correponding Author: Bidyut Mahato, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian School of Mine, Dhanbad, Sardar Patel Nagar, Dhanbad, Jharkhand , India. bidyut1990@gmail.com 1. INTRODUCTION The advancement in power electronic converter ue emi-conductor witche reduce the weight and, ize and imultaneouly the performance of uch converter becoming preferable for indutrial, commercial and reidential purpoe. Electrical and Electronic device require an ac-dc power converter which need the output dc voltage to be well regulated with good teady-tate and tranient performance. Thee device are non-linear load generating harmonic that caue interference with communication ignal, overheating of the neutral line, overvoltage due to reonance condition, overheating of the ditribution tranformer and ditribution line [1]. The diode rectifier-capacitor filter i cot effective for the utility interface, but it everely deteriorate the quality of the utility upply thu affecting the performance of load connected to it. In order to maintain the quality of utility upply, everal national and international agencie have tarted tandardizing and recommending for electronic equipment connected to the utility. Thu, tandardization i the mot effective mean to influence the equipment deign and to control the ditortion in power ytem [2]. Thee new circuit with tandardization have been collectively called power factor correction (PFC) circuit reduce the input current harmonic thu improving power factor a well. For better input current wave, typically the witching frequency hould be at leat an order of magnitude greater than 3 khz (= 60 x 50 Hz=60th harmonic of line frequency). In order to improve the power quality a tandard uch a IEC and IEEE STD 519 on the quality of input current i propoed [3] [4]. Journal homepage:

2 IJPEDS ISSN: A review on the tatu of improved power quality converter (IPQC) technology to reearcher, deigner working on application of witched mode ac dc converter ha been reported [5]. The major advantage and diadvantage of the olution for ingle phae and low power application are highlighted and the field of application i found attending to the number of witche, line current waveform, energy proceing, control loop, etc [6]. The baic feature of PFC are inuoidal input current nearly unity power factor, reduce EMI, good input-output repone, low output voltage ripple, high power converion, univeral input range ( volt) ac rm, low cot. The PFC technique can be either active PFC approach or paive PFC approach [7]. A paive PFC technique involve reactive element (LC filter) between the upply line and diode rectifier to improve the hape of line current. The technique being imple, robut, reliable and rugged, it increae the ize, weight and volume of the converter. Moreover, in thi technique output voltage i not controllable and power factor cannot be highly improved. Active witche are ued with the reactive element in active PFC approach for improving the hape of line current and to obtain controllable output voltage [8] [9]. DC-DC converter i employed at higher frequency to obtain a inuoidal line current waveform a where the control trategie for PFC converter are invetigated and control technique reviewed and analyzed [10]. The boot converter for PFC i more favourable than buck and buck-boot converter in term of peak current tre and efficiency. Deign, detailed modelling and imulation of a DC/DC boot converter connected to PV ytem have propoed [11]. Application of boot converter for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) battery charger have been implemented [12]. Variou method are available for the improvement of the functionality of the boot converter. Thi paper explain about the control algorithm and boot converter to reduce harmonic [13]. PID control ytem deign, analyi tunning rule ha been preented [14] [15]. Boot converter i ued a voltage controller in PV ytem where PID controller i employed for optimal control of DC-DC boot converter ha been preented [16]. The controller permit optimal control of boot converter at any load condition without retuning parameter or poibility of failure [17]. The method of extended linearization i ued to deign the tabilizing non-linear PI controller that regulate to a contant value either the average output voltage or the average input current DC-DC power converter [18] [19]. A brief look at learning the Arduino microcontroller and ome of it application are preented [20]. In thi paper active power factor correction ytem uing PI controller i imulated a well a hardware et-up ha been developed in laboratory. Boot converter i being employed for thi power factor correction ytem, PI controller i ued for feedback and programming i fed to the microcontroller to generate the pule which i fed to the MOSFET ued through iolation circuit (TLP250) which i ued to iolate the power and the control circuit. Variou obervation were recorded for different input voltage, varying the load where reitive load i taken into conideration. 2. PRINCIPLE AND OPERATION Voltage and current waveform in a purely reitive AC circuit are in tep (or in phae), changing polarity at the ame intant in each cycle and all power i conumed by the load. Power circuit of active power factor correction ytem conit of AC upply, rectifier, boot converter circuit and reitive load wherea control circuit conit of power factor correction block i.e. PFC controller a hown in Figure 1. A linear load do not change the waveform of the hape of current, but may change the phae between current and voltage wherea the non-linear load change the hape of the current waveform from a ine wave to ome other form and generate the harmonic current in addition to the actual (fundamental frequency) AC current. Line current harmonic are introduced due to the non-linear load that need to be minimized with tandardization uing active power factor correction ytem. i L V CL R L Vo RECTIFIER PFC Controller Figure 1. Circuit diagram of DC-DC boot converter with PFC controller Hardware Implementation of Single Phae Power Factor Correction Sytem uing Micro- (Kartikeh K. J.)

3 792 ISSN: Power emiconductor device like MOSFET and IGBT being ued for the active PFC technique that involve in the haping of the line current. The low and medium power ranging upto few kilowatt (<5 kw) where a MOSFET are not uitable choice for PFC becaue of their witching peed, eae of ruggedne and driving. BJT, IGBT are ued for high voltage medium power application. The ue of active PFC technique have the advantage of lower %THD, unity power factor i poible to achieve with %THD of about 3-5%, reduced in weight, ize and having cot benefit for higher power level when compared with the paive PFC technique. Power circuit and control circuit are explained below with neceary detail. The mot prominent topology in PFC application i the boot topology [21] [22], hown in Figure 1 together with a generic controller. Capacitor allow a mall ripple of the output voltage V o thu reduce the input power pulation Power Circuit Main block in the power circuit i the boot converter circuit. In general, the boot converter i the implet way to increae the voltage of a DC upply i which i not poible with the help of the tranformer and promie high efficiency. The dc-dc boot converter topology i mot widely ued for power management and voltage-regulator application [23][24]. With thi feature the uage of heat ink and cooling agent can be avoided. Working principle of boot converter i explained. Baic circuit of the boot converter i hown in Figure 1. Here, L i the inductor and R i the reitor which i conidered a a load, i i the current flow through the circuit. Triggering depend on the duty cycle a the pule generated by PWM technique triggered by the witch that remain on during t on cycle and off during t off cycle V i the DC input voltage upply which i taken from the bridge rectifier that convert AC input voltage into DC output voltage, V o which i larger than the input V. i D V L V i V O Figure 2(a). Circuit diagram of DC-DC boot converter during ON tate i i D V L V V O Figure 2(b). Circuit diagram of DC-DC boot converter during OFF tate When witch turn on, the current flow through witch thereby increaing the current through the inductor. At the end of time t on, i current i tored into the inductor. Above Figure 2(a) how the boot converter operating in on tate. In thi tate of operation the witch will be in cloed tate o that V will be the ource voltage applied acro inductor. ON State begin when MOSFET i witched on at t=0 and terminate at t=t on. The inductor current i greater than zero and ramp up linearly. The inductor voltage i V L. Figure 2(b) how the boot converter operating in off tate. In thi tate of operation the witch will be in open poition and inductor tart dicharging and aid the upply voltage to boot the voltage. OFF State begin when IGBT' i witched off at t=t off and terminate at t =T. The inductor current decreae until the IGBT i turned on during the next cycle again. Voltage acro the inductor in thi period i (V -V o ). IJPEDS Vol. 7, No. 3, September 2016 :

4 IJPEDS ISSN: Time integral of the inductor voltage in teady tate over one time period mut be zero. When the witch i ON the inductor get charged to it maximum level, becaue of it flexibility of ON and OFF tate it can be witched to OFF tate when inductor charge to it maximum capacity. ( ) (1) ( ) (2) where V i the input voltage, V o i the average output voltage, t on i the witching on time of IGBT, t off i the witching off time of IGBT, T i the witching period, D i the duty cycle Control Circuit Implementation for PI Controller The current loop and the compenating current error amplifier for the claical approach of the boot PFC converter operated uing PI controller. The feedback loop i eential to maintain the output voltage. In thi Figure 3, V o i given to the Pule Width Modulator and the output of the PWM i compared with V ref which i given to the controller (PI) and then added with V which i given to the ytem. V ref error PI PI Controller R L V 0 1 (1-D) V Figure 3. Cloed Loop Sytem Boot PFC Converter for PI Controller The teady tate time integral of the inductor voltage for one cycle can be written below ince the boot converter operate in two mode: di V =L* (3) in dt Uing Laplace Tranformation, V ()=Li () (4) V ()=i ()*R (5) o V () V ()= *R o L V () R o = V () L (6) Equation (6) being baic Laplace Tranformation equation of the boot converter. R Ki L V = * V + K + * V -V o p o ref (7) Taking V ref =0, Hardware Implementation of Single Phae Power Factor Correction Sytem uing Micro- (Kartikeh K. J.)

5 794 ISSN: R K 1 R i V + * K + * *V =V * o p o L 1-D L (8) Tranfer function of cloed loop ytem, V o V = R L R K 1 i 1+ * K + * p L 1-D (9) The K p and K i value i calculated by uing MATLAB. 3. SIMULATION RESULTS AND EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP WITH RESULTS 3.1. Simulation Reult Simulation reult comprie of imulation of active power factor correction in MATLAB uing PI controller. The reult captured are of input current, input voltage and output voltage. A boot converter uing PI controller being imulated in MATLAB a hown in Figure 4(a). The imulation reult of variou parameter uch a input current, input voltage and output voltage are hown in Figure 4(b), 4(c), 4(d) repectively. According to the imulation reult, input voltage=230v, output voltage=400v and input current=2.1a are meaured. Power factor of the converter i PF=0.993 and THD value i % are meaured. To reduce the witching loe, the witching frequency i taken a 15 khz. Input current variation 2%. Duty cycle ( ): V 1 =, α=0.50 V 1-α o Inductor deign: The main boot inductor had to be hand wound. The core choen wa a Mag core high flux A2. It ha a 33mm outer diameter and a permeability of 125. The value of inductance required can be calculated by: di V =L, L=0.97mH dt A value of L=1mH wa ued for hardware deign purpoe. Figure 4(a). Simulation circuit for boot converter uing PI controller Figure 4(b). Input current waveform IJPEDS Vol. 7, No. 3, September 2016 :

6 IJPEDS ISSN: Figure 4(c). Input voltage waveform Figure 4(d). Output voltage waveform Capacitor deign: dv i c=c dt A value of C= 450µF wa ued for hardware deign purpoe.the pecification of the converter are provided in Table 1 for open loop and Table 2 for cloed loop repectively a hown below: Table 1. Specification for the open loop converter Table 2. Specification for the cloe loop converter Output power 20W Output power 20W Vin range 10V Vin range 7-18V Line frequency 50Hz Line frequency 50Hz Output voltage 20V Output voltage 20V 3.2. Experimental Set-Up with Hardware Reult Hardware reult comprie of hardware deign of opto-iolator circuit (TLP 250), captured image of firing pule fed to the MOSFET from microcontroller through TLP circuit, et-up for boot converter at reitive load for fixed input voltage, at reitive load for different input voltage, et-up for boot converter at variable load at fixed input, input current and voltage waveform at different witching frequency TLP Circuit Opto-iolator circuit i made for iolation of the power circuit and the control circuit a well a to provide the pule generated from microcontroller to the MOSFET. Figure 5(a) how the TLP circuit deign for providing pule to MOSFET. TLP require a DC upply being provided by battery and AC upply provided by tranformer i rectified uing imple bridge rectifier circuit, the output voltage i then filtered and fed to the dc-dc boot converter. The TLP output pule fed to MOSFET i captured in Digital torage ocillocope (DSO) a hown in Figure 5(b) at f=15khz. Figure 5(a). TLP circuit deign for providing pule to MOSFET Figure 5(b). TLP output pule fed to MOSFET Hardware Implementation of Single Phae Power Factor Correction Sytem uing Micro- (Kartikeh K. J.)

7 796 ISSN: Set-Up for Boot Converter with Input and Output Voltage Hardware et-up of boot converter with reitive load ha been hown in Figure 6. Multimeter howing the input and output voltage of the active power factor correction ytem. Programming i to be written in C coding and the output pule from micro-controller i fed to the MOSFET of the boot converter through TLP that i being ued to iolate the power and control circuit. Figure 6. Experimental et-up of boot converter indicating the input and output voltage in multimeter with reitive load Contant Output Voltage for Variou Input Voltage DC Battery i ued to provide power upply to the TLP and the ingle phae auto-tranformer a hown below i ued to give upply to the power circuit. Handmade inductor i deigned for boot converter. Mag core high flux A2 wa choen having 33mm outer diameter and a permeability of 125. Variou output voltage are recorded at variou input DC voltage taking reitive load into conideration a hown in Figure 7(a), 7(b), 7(c), 7(d) at a fixed value of rheotat. Figure 7(a) Figure 7(b) Figure 7(c) Figure 7(d) Figure 7. Show almot contant output voltage at different value of input voltage i.e. 7(a) V=9.164V and Vo=20.5V, 7(b). V=9.164V and Vo=20.5V 7(c) V=9.164V and Vo=20.5V 7(d) V=9.164V and Vo=20.5V IJPEDS Vol. 7, No. 3, September 2016 :

8 IJPEDS ISSN: Contant Output Voltage for Variable Load Contant output voltage were recorded at different value reitive load a hown in Figure 8(a), 8(b) at 55ohm and 95ohm repectively. In Figure 8(a) V=12.066V and Vo=19.2V at R (reitive load)=55 ohm wherea Figure 8(b) how V=12.165V and Vo=20.4V at R (reitive load)=95 ohm. Figure 8(a) Figure 8(b) Figure 8. Show almot contant output voltage at different value load i.e. 8(a). V=12.066V and Vo=19.2V at R (reitive load)=55 ohm, 8(b). V=12.165V and Vo=20.4V at R (reitive load)=95 ohm Input Current and Voltage Waveform at Different Switching Frequency At variou frequency i.e. at 15kHz and 6.7kHz, the input current and input voltage waveform are recorded in Figure 9(a) and Figure 9(b) repectively. Figure 9(a). Figure 9(b). Figure 9. Input current and voltage waveform at different witching frequency at 9(a) 15 khz 9(b) 6.7 khz. 4. CONCLUSION The effective ue of grid power can be only achieved with the minimization of line current harmonic meeting the required tandardization. The power factor correction i a method of removing the undeirable effect of electric load thu obtaining unity power factor. Thi PFC technique i categorized into active PFC and paive PFC method depend on the election of electric element to filter out the harmonic uing the low frequency filter component. In thi method, output voltage i un-controllable, therefore active witche are ued for active PFC approach to obtain controllable output voltage to achieve a better line current hape. DC-DC converter i thu employed and being operated at high frequency to hape the line current waveform a inuoidal a poible. REFERENCES [1] William J.B. Deign of feedback loop in unity power factor AC to DC converter. 20th Annual IEEE in Power Electronic Specialit Conference. 1989; 2: [2] Lai J-S, Hurt D, Key T. 6 Switch-mode upply power factor improvement via harmonic elimination method. Sixth Annual Conference and Expoition in Applied Power Electronic. 1991: [3] Redlt, Richard. Power-factor correction in ingle-phae witching-mode power upplie-an overview. International Journal of Electronic. 1994; 77(5): Hardware Implementation of Single Phae Power Factor Correction Sytem uing Micro- (Kartikeh K. J.)

9 798 ISSN: [4] Jiapei Jin, Tiantian Chen, Shaoze Su. A Control Strategy for Single phae Grid Connected Inverter with Power Quality Regulatory Function. TELKOMNIKA Indoneian Journal of Electrical Engineering. 2014; 12(1): [5] Singh B., Singh B. N., Chandra A., Al-Haddad K., Pandey A., Kothari D.P. A review of ingle-phae improved power quality AC-DC converter. IEEE Tranaction on Indutrial Electronic. 2003; 50(5): [6] Garcia O., Cobo J.A., Prieto R., Alou P.and Uceda J. Single phae power factor correction: a urvey. IEEE Tranaction on Power Electronic.2003;18(3): [7] Cho Young hoon. A Low Cot Single Switch Bridgele Boot PFC Converter. International Journal of Power Electronic and Drive Sytem (IJPEDS). 2014; 4(2): [8] Kocher Mark J., Steigerwald R.L. An AC-to-DC Converter with High Quality Input Waveform. IEEE Tranaction on Indutry Application. 1983; 19(4): [9] Wall, Simon and Jackon Robin. Fat controller deign for ingle-phae power-factor correction ytem. IEEE Tranaction on Indutrial Electronic. 1997: [10] Roetto L., Spiazzi G. and Tenti P. Control technique for power factor correction converter. proc. PEMC. 1994; 94. [11] Haaneen B.M., and Adel A. Elbaet Mohammed. Deign and imulation of DC/DC boot converter. 12th IEEE International Middle-Eat Power Sytem Conference. 2008: [12] Khan S.A, Aktar M, Hoain Md. Imail. Single Phae PFC Converter for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Charger. International Journal of Power Electronic and Drive Sytem (IJPEDS). 2012; 2(3): [13] Dave, Mitulkumar R. and Dave K.C. Analyi of Boot Converter Uing PI Control Algorithm. International Journal of Engineering Trend and Technology [14] Ang K.H., Chong G., Yun Li. PID control ytem analyi, deign, and technology. IEEE Tranaction on in Control Sytem Technology. 2005; 13(4): [15] Dwyer O', Aidan. PI and PID controller tuning rule: an overview and peronal perpective. 2006: [16] Lenine D., Babu Ch. Sai, Shankaraiah. Performance Evaluation of Fuzzy and PI Controller for Boot Converter with Active PFC. International Journal of Power Electronic and Drive Sytem (IJPEDS). 2012; 2(4): [17] Elhaer M., Mohamed A., Mohammed O. Smart optimal control of DC-DC boot converter in PV ytem. IEEE/PES Conference and Expoition in Tranmiion and Ditribution: Latin America (T&D-LA) : [18] Sira-Ramirez. Deign of PI controller for DC-to-DC power upplie via extended linearization. International Journal of Control. 1990: [19] Grabowki E.F.C., Jappe T.K., Mua S.A. Dicrete hardware controller deign of a ingle phae PFC boot converter with FPGA. 6 th IET International Conference in Power Electronic Machine and Drive. 2012: 1-5. [20] Mahato B., Thakura P.R., and Jana K.C. Hardware deign and implementation of Unity Power Factor Rectifier uing microcontroller. 6th IEEE India International Conference in Power Electronic (IICPE). 2014: 1-5. [21] Matui K., Yamamoto L., Kihi T., Haegawa M., Mori H. and Ueda F. A comparion of variou buck-boot converter and their application to PFC. 28th IEEE Annual Conference on Indutrial Electronic Society. IECON. 2002; 1: [22] Srinivaan R., Palaniapan M., Oruganti R. A ingle phae two-witch buck type AC-DC converter topology with inductor voltage control. 28th Annual IEEE Power Electronic Specialit Conference.1997; 1: [23] Funabiki, Shigeyuki, Toita Noriyuki and Mechi Abdallah. A ingle-phae PWM AC to DC converter with a tep up/down voltage and inuoidal ource current. Annual Meeting IEEE Conference on Indutry Application Society. 1991: [24] Kataoka, Teruo, Mizumachi K and Miyairi Shota. A pulewidth controlled AC-to-DC converter to improve power factor and waveform of AC line current. IEEE Tranaction on Indutry Application. 1979; 6: BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS Kartikeh Kumar Jha received hi M.E and B.Tech degree from Birla Intitute of Technology, Mera, Ranchi and Dr.T.Thimmaiah Intitute of Technology, KGF, (Karnataka) in 2012 and 2015 repectively. He i working a aitant profeor in moti babu intitute of technology in the department of Electrical Engineering. Hi main reearch interet include AC Drive, Power factor correction, Phae controlled rectifier, Multilevel inverter, Converter, and Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Bidyut Mahato received hi M.E and B.Tech degree from Birla Intitute of Technology, Mera, Ranchi and Guru Nanak Intitute of Technology in 2014 and 2011 repectively. Since 2014, he i working toward the Ph.D degree from Indian School of Mine, Dhanbad in the department of Electrical Engineering. Hi main reearch interet include Power factor correction, Phae controlled rectifier, Multilevel inverter, Converter, AC Drive and Hybrid Electric Vehicle. IJPEDS Vol. 7, No. 3, September 2016 :

10 IJPEDS ISSN: Prem Prakah received hi M.E and B.tech degree from IISC, Bangalore and N.I.T, Kurukhetra repectively. Since, March 2003, he ha been working a Aitant profeor in Birla Intitute of Technology, Mera, India and working toward hi Ph.D degree from Birla Intitute of Technology, Mera, India. He i member of AMIE (I) and life member of ISTE. Hi area of interet include Power Electronic, High Voltage Engg. and Smart grid. Kartick Chandra Jana received hi M.Tech and Ph.D degree from NIT Durgapur and Jadavpur Univerity in 2003 and 2013 repectively. He i currently erving a Aitant Profeor in Indian School of Mine, Dhanbad from June He ha been working in Birla Intitute of Technology, Mera from July 2003 till May Hi reearch i in area of Modelling and Deign of Multilevel Inverter, Real-time control of power electronic device, Deign and Implementation of efficient power converter. Hardware Implementation of Single Phae Power Factor Correction Sytem uing Micro- (Kartikeh K. J.)