Wireless Communication Electronics

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1 Wireless Communication Electronics

3 Robert Sobot Wireless Communication Electronics Introduction to RF Circuits and Design Techniques 123

4 Robert Sobot Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Western Ontario Richmond Street 1151 N6A 5B8 London, ON Canada ISBN e-isbn DOI / Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

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7 Preface This textbook originated in my lecture notes for the Communication Electronics I undergraduate course that I have offered over the last six years to the students at The University of Western Ontario in London Ontario, Canada. The book covers the transitional area between low frequency and high frequency wireless circuits. Specifically, it introduces the fundamental physical principles related to the operation of a typical wireless radio communication system. By no means have I attempted to touch upon all the possible topics related to wireless transmission systems. Most modern textbooks cover a large number of topics with relatively low level of details, which are usually left as an exercise to the reader. In this textbook I have chosen to discuss the subject in more depth, and thus provide detailed mathematical derivations, applied approximations, and analogies. The chosen topics are, in my experience, suitable for a one semester, four hours per week, senior undergraduate engineering course. My intent was to tell a logical story that flows smoothly from one chapter to the next, hoping that the reader will find it easy to follow. My main inspiration in writing this book came from my students, who at the beginning of the semester would always ask: What do I need to study for this course?. Having a choice between writing a textbook that covers many topics at a high level, or the one that covers fewer fundamental principles but in more detail, I choose the latter. All of the material in this book is considered the basic knowledge that is expected to have been acquired by aspiring engineers entering the field of wireless communication electronics. Therefore, the intended audience for this book are, primarily, senior undergraduate engineering students preparing for their carriers in communication electronics. At the same time, my hope is that graduate engineering students will find this book a useful reference for some of the topics that have been only touched upon in the previous stages of their education, or are explained from a different point of view. Finally, the practicing junior RF engineers may find this book a handy source for the quick answers that are routinely omitted from most textbooks. London ON, Canada Robert Sobot vii

9 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge all those wonderful books that I used as references and the source of my knowledge, and to say thank you to their authors for providing me with the insights that otherwise I would not have been able to acquire. Under their influence, I was able to expand my own picture of reality, which is what acquiring of the knowledge is all about. My hope is that their guidance and shaping of my own understanding of the topics in this book are clearly visible, hence I do want to acknowledge their contributions, which are now being passed on to my readers. In professional life one learns both from written sources and from experience. The experience comes from the interaction with people that we meet and projects that we work on. I am grateful to my former colleagues who I was fortunate to have as my technical mentors on really inspirational projects, first at the Institute of Microelectronic Technologies and Single Crystals, University of Belgrade, former Yugoslavia, then at PMC Sierra Burnaby BC, Canada, where I gained most of my experiences of the real engineering world. I would like to acknowledge the contributions of Professor John MacDougall, who initialized and restructured the course into the form of design and build, and of Professors Alan Webster, Zine Eddine Abid, and Serguei Primak who taught the course at various times. I would like to thank all of my former and current students who relentlessly keep asking Why? and How did you get this?. I hope that the material compiled in this book contains answers to at least some of those questions and that it will encourage them to keep asking questions with unconstrained curiosity about all the phenomena that surround us. Sincere gratitude goes to my publisher and editors for their support and making this book possible. Most of all, I want to thank my wife for being my loyal supporter, and to our son for always hanging around my desk and for making me laugh. ix

11 Contents 1 Introduction Fundamental Concepts in Physics Wireless Transmission of Signals A Short History of Wireless Technology Nature of Waves Wave Characteristics Amplitude Frequency Envelope Phase, Group, and Signal Velocity Wavelength Multitone Waveform Frequency Spectrum Electromagnetic Waves Tuning Maxwell s Equations The Concept of High Frequency RF Communication Systems Summary Problems Basic Terminology Matter and Electricity Electromotive Force Electric Current Effects Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators Basic Electrical Variables Voltage Current Power Impedance Electronic Signals Properties of a Sine Wave DC and AC Signals Single-Ended and Differential Signals Constructive and Destructive Signal Interactions xi

12 xii Contents 2.7 Signal Quantification AC Signal Power The Decibel Scale The Meaning of Ground Summary Problems Electrical Noise Thermal Noise Equivalent Noise Bandwidth Noise Bandwidth in an RC Network Noise Bandwidth in an RLC Network Signal to Noise Ratio Noise Figure Noise Temperature Noise Figure of Cascaded Networks Noise in Active Devices Summary Problems Electronic Devices Simple Circuit Elements Simple Conductive Wire Ideal Voltage Source Ideal Current Source Resistance Capacitance Inductance Transformer Memristance Voltage Divider Basic Network Laws Ohm s Law Kirchhoff s Laws Thévenin and Norton s Transformations Semiconductor Devices Doped Semiconductor Material P N Junction Diode Bipolar Junction Transistor MOS Field-Effect Transistor Junction Field-Effect Transistor Summary Problems Electrical Resonance The LC Circuit Damping and Maintaining Oscillations Forced Oscillations The RLC Circuit Serial RLC Network Parallel RLC Network

13 Contents xiii 5.3 Q Factor Q Factor of a Serial RLC Network Q Factor of a Parallel RLC Network Self-resonance of an Inductor Serial to Parallel Impedance Transformations Dynamic Resistance General RLC Networks Derivation for the Resonant Frequency ω Derivation for the Dynamic Resistance R D Selectivity Bandpass Filters Coupled Tuned Circuit Summary Problems Matching Networks System Partitioning Concept Maximum Power Transfer Measuring Power Loss Due to Mismatch Matching Networks Impedance Transformation The Q Matching Technique Matching Real Impedances Matching Complex Impedances Bandwidth of a Single-Stage LC Matching Network Increasing Bandwidth with Multisection Impedance Matching Decreasing Bandwidth with Multisection Impedance Matching Summary Problems RF and IF Amplifiers General Amplifiers Amplifier Classification Voltage Amplifier Current Amplifier Transconductance Amplifier Transresistance Amplifier Single-Stage Amplifiers Common-Base Amplifier Common-Emitter Amplifier Common-Collector Amplifier Cascode Amplifier The Biasing Problem Emitter-Degenerated CE Amplifier Voltage Divider for Biasing Control Two-Stage Biasing Control AC Analysis of Voltage Amplifiers Miller Capacitance Tuned Amplifiers Single-Stage CE RF Amplifier Single-Stage CB RF Amplifier Insertion Loss

14 xiv Contents 7.8 Summary Problems Sinusoidal Oscillators Criteria for Oscillations Ring Oscillators Phase-Shift Oscillators RF Oscillators Tapped L, Centre-Grounded Feedback Network Tapped C, Centre-Grounded Feedback Network Tapped L, Bottom-Grounded Feedback Network Tapped C, Bottom-Grounded Feedback Network Tuned Transformer Amplitude-Limiting Methods Automatic Gain Control Clamp Biasing Gain Reduction with Temperature-Dependent Resistors Device Saturation with Tuned Output Crystal-Controlled Oscillators Voltage-Controlled Oscillators Time and Amplitude Jitter Summary Problems Frequency Shifting Signal-Mixing Mechanism Diode Mixers Transistor Mixers JFET Mixers Dual-Gate MOSFET Mixers Image Frequency Image Rejection LC Tank Admittance Summary Problems Phase-Locked Loops PLL Operational Principles Linear Model of PLL Phase Detector Model VCO Model PLL Bandwidth The Loop Filter Model PLL Applications Frequency Synthesizers Clock and Data Recovery Units (CRU) Tracking Filters Summary Problems Modulation The Need for Modulation

15 Contents xv 11.2 Amplitude Modulation Trapezoidal Patterns and the Modulation Index Frequency Spectrum of Amplitude-Modulated Signal Average Power Double-Sideband and Single-Sideband Modulation The Need for Frequency and Phase Synchronization Amplitude Modulator Circuits Angle Modulation Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation Angle Modulator Circuits PLL Modulator Summary Problems AM and FM Signal Demodulation AM Demodulation Principles Diode AM Envelope Detector Ripple Factor Detection Efficiency Input Resistance Distortion Factor FM Wave Demodulation Slope Detectors and FM Discriminators Quadrature Detector PLL Demodulator Summary Problems RF Receivers Basic Radio Receiver Topologies Nonlinear Effects Harmonic Distortion Inter-Modulation Cross-Modulation Image Frequency Radio Receiver Specifications Dynamic Range Summary Problems A Physical Constants and Engineering Prefixes B Maxwell s Equations C Second-Order Differential Equation D Complex Numbers E Basic Trigonometric Identities F Useful Algebraic Equations G Bessel Polynomials

16 xvi Contents Bibliography Glossary Solutions Index

17 Abbreviations AC A/D ADC AF AFC AGC AM BiCMOS BJT BW CMOS CRTC CW D/A DAC db dbm DC ELF EM ev FCC FET FFT FM GaAs GHz HBT HF Hz IC IF InGaAs InP I/O IR Alternating current Analogue to digital Analogue to digital converter Audio frequency Automatic frequency control Automatic gain control Amplitude modulation Bipolar-CMOS Bipolar junction transistor Bandwidth Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunication Commission Continuous wave Digital to analogue Digital to analogue converter Decibel Decibel with respect to 1 mw Direct current Extremely low frequency Electromagnetic Electron volts Federal communication commision Field effect transistor Fast Fourier transform Frequency modulation Gallium arsenide Gigahertz Heterojunction bipolar transistor High frequency Hertz Integrated circuit Intermediate frequency Indium gallium arsenide Indium phosphide Input output Infrared xvii

18 xviii Abbreviations JFET KCL KVL LC LF LNA LO MMIC MOS MOSFET NF PCB PLL PM pp ppm Q RADAR RF RMS SAW SHF SINAD S/N SNR SPICE TC THD UHF UV VCO V/F VHF V/I VLF VSWR Junction field-effect transistor Kirchhoff s current law Kirchhoff s voltage law Inductive capacitive Low frequency Low-noise amplifier Local oscillator Monolithic microwave integrated circuit Metal-oxide semiconductor Metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor Noise figure Printed circuit board Phase-locked loop Phase modulation Peak-to-peak Parts per million Quality factor Radion detecting and ranging Radio frequency Root mean square Surface acoustic wave Super high frequency Signal-to-noise plus distortion Signal to noise Signal-to-noise ratio Simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis Temperature coefficient Total harmonic distortion Ultra high frequency Ultraviolet Voltage-controlled oscillator Voltage to frequency Very high frequency Voltage current Very low frequency Voltage standing wave ratio

Wireless Communication Electronics by Example

Wireless Communication Electronics by Example Robert Sobot Wireless Communication Electronics by Example 123 Robert Sobot Electrical and Computer Engineering Western University London, ON Canada ISBN 978-3-319-02870-5