Technology. R. Thomas Wright Professor Emeritus, Industry and Technology Ball State University Muncie, Indiana

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Goodheart-Willcox Compay, Ic. Maufactured i the Uited States of America.

1 2 Techology Copyright 2008 by The Goodheart-Willcox Compay, Ic. Previous editios copyright 2004, 2000, 1996, 1992 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored, or trasmitted i ay form or by ay electroic or mechaical meas, icludig iformatio storage ad retrieval systems, without the prior writte permissio of The Goodheart-Willcox Compay, Ic. Maufactured i the Uited States of America. Library of Cogress Catalog Card Number ISBN-13: ISBN-10: The Goodheart-Willcox Compay, Ic. Brad Disclaimer: Brad ames, compay ames, ad illustratios for products ad services icluded i this text are provided for educatioal purposes oly ad do ot represet or imply edorsemet or recommedatio by the author or the publisher. The Goodheart-Willcox Compay, Ic. Safety Notice: The reader is expressly advised to carefully read, uderstad, ad apply all safety precautios ad warigs described i this book or that might also be idicated i udertakig the activities ad exercises described herei to miimize risk of persoal ijury or ijury to others. Commo sese ad good judgmet should also be exercised ad applied to help avoid all potetial hazards. The reader should always refer to the appropriate maufacturer's techical iformatio, directios, ad recommedatios; the proceed with care to follow specific equipmet operatig istructios. The reader should uderstad these otices ad cautios are ot exhaustive. The publisher makes o warraty or represetatio whatsoever, either expressed or implied, icludig but ot limited to equipmet, procedures, ad applicatios described or referred to herei, their quality, performace, merchatability, or fitess for a particular purpose. The publisher assumes o resposibility for ay chages, errors, or omissios i this book. The publisher specifically disclaims ay liability whatsoever, icludig ay direct, idirect, icidetal, cosequetial, special, or exemplary damages resultig, i whole or i part, from the reader's use or reliace upo the iformatio, istructios, procedures, warigs, cautios, applicatios, or other matter cotaied i this book. The publisher assumes o resposibility for the activities of the reader. R. Thomas Wright Professor Emeritus, Idustry ad Techology Ball State Uiversity Mucie, Idiaa Publisher Goodheart-Willcox Compay, Ic. Tiley Park, Illiois Library of Cogress Catalogig-i-Publicatio Data Wright, R. Thomas Techology / by R. Thomas Wright. p. cm. ISBN-13: ISBN-10: Techology. I. Title. T47.W dc

2 Itroductio Techology will help you to uderstad: How people use techology to make our world work. Why techological systems work the way they do. I what ways techology affects both people ad our plaet. It covers the seve areas of techological activity: Commuicatio ad iformatio Medical Trasportatio Agricultural ad biotechology Costructio Eergy ad power Maufacturig I this book you will lear that techology is a reactio to problems ad opportuities a huma adaptive system. You will lear that techological systems are made up of may parts that require tools. You will lear about the problemsolvig ad desig process, especially the testig, evaluatig, ad commuicatig of desig solutios. Sectios explore, i depth, the productio of products ad structures, commuicatio ad iformatio, agricultural ad biorelated techologies, trasportatio, ad the use of eergy. Because every system must have directio, the maagemet of techological systems is covered. The examiatio of societal ad persoal views of techology rouds out the book. Techology is illustrated with photographs, drawigs, diagrams, ad origial artwork to help explai the cocepts i the text. Most of these illustratios are i color. This material has bee carefully selected to make techology easy to uderstad. Each chapter begis with objectives so you kow what will be covered. Key words are i bold to help make you aware of them. Review questios ad activities will improve your uderstadig. The activities betwee sectios provide you with valuable hads-o experiece. Impacts, both positive ad egative, accompay the use of techology. The oly way that people i the moder world ca choose ad apply techology resposibly is to uderstad how techology develops ad how the various techological systems iteract. A Studet Activity Maual has activities ad exercises that will give you importat experiece while fully erichig the cocepts developed i the text. A soud uderstadig of techology is vital for makig wise choices. As you study, you will see the effects of your choices. These choices cotrol how techology is used. Each perso ca make a differece to be sure that techology is used resposibly. With a solid uderstadig of techology, you ca uderstad ad take a active part i our huma-built world. About the Author Dr. R. Thomas Wright g g g g g Maufacturig Automatio Techology, Processes of Maufacturig, Explorig Maufacturig, Techology. Explorig Productio g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g

3 Brief Cotets Cotets Sectio 1 Techology 14 1 Techology: A Dyamic, Huma System 16 2 Techology As a System 30 3 Types of Techological Systems 44 Sectio 2 Techological System Compoets 58 4 Iputs to Techological Systems 60 5 Techological Processes 80 6 Outputs ad Feedback ad Cotrol 104 Sectio 3 Tools of Techology Productio Tools ad Their Safe Use Measuremet Systems ad Tools ad Their Role i Techology 156 Sectio 4 Problem Solvig ad Desig i Techology The Problem-Solvig ad Desig Process Developig Desig Solutios Evaluatig Desig Solutios Commuicatig Desig Solutios 224 Sectio 5 Applyig Techology: Producig Products ad Structures Usig Techology to Produce Artifacts The Types of Material Resources ad How They Are Obtaied Processig Resources Maufacturig Products Costructig Structures Usig ad Servicig Products ad Structures 344 Sectio 6 Applyig Techology: Commuicatig Iformatio ad Ideas Usig Techology to Commuicate Prited Graphic Commuicatio Photographic Commuicatio Telecommuicatio Computer ad Iteret Commuicatio 442 Sectio 7 Applyig Techology: Trasportig People ad Cargo Usig Techology to Trasport Trasportatio Vehicles Operatig Trasportatio Systems 506 Sectio 8 Applyig Techology: Usig Eergy Eergy: The Foudatio of Techology Eergy Coversio Systems 538 Sectio 9 Applyig Techology: Meetig Needs through Biorelated Techologies Agricultural ad Related Biotechologies Food-Processig Techologies Medical ad Health Techologies 614 Sectio 10 Maagig a Techological Eterprise Orgaizig a Techological Eterprise Operatig Techological Eterprises Usig ad Assessig Techology 674 Sectio 11 Techological Systems i Moder Society Techology: A Societal View Techology: A Persoal View 706 Sectio 1 Techology Cloig 15 Chapter 1 Techology: A Dyamic, Huma System 16 Techology Defied 17 Idustrial Egieerig Techicias 18 Techology As a Dyamic Process 19 Positive ad Negative Aspects of Techology 20 The Presidetial Electio of Techology ad Types of Kowledge 21 Smart Houses 23 The Evolutio of Techology 24 Chapter 2 Techology As a System 30 System Compoets 31 Newto s Third Law of Motio 34 Solar Collectors 39 Purchasig Agets 43 Chapter 3 Types of Techological Systems 44 Level of Developmet 44 Ecoomic Structure 46 Cotrollers 48 Number of People Ivolved 49 Type of Techology Developed ad Used 49 Geetic Egieerig 52 Sectio 1 Activities 56 Sectio 2 Techological System Compoets Self-Cleaig Widows 59 Chapter 4 Iputs to Techological Systems 60 People 61 Tools ad Machies 63 Materials 69 Iformatio 72 The Law of Equilibrium 73 Eergy 74 Fiaces 75 Time 76 Costructio Laborers 79 Chapter 5 Techological Processes 80 Problem-Solvig or Desig Processes 82 Productio Processes 85 Hybrid Vehicles 90 Maagemet Processes 99

4 The Teessee Valley Authority 97 Productio Maagers 103 Chapter 6 Outputs ad Feedback ad Cotrol 104 Outputs: Desirable ad Udesirable 105 Outputs: Iteded ad Uiteded 107 Outputs: Immediate ad Delayed 107 Itegrated Circuits 108 Feedback ad Cotrol 109 Chlorofluorocarbos 117 Detal Hygieists 119 Sectio 2 Activities 122 Sectio 3 Tools of Techology Satellite Radio 125 Chapter 7 Productio Tools ad Their Safe Use 126 Material-Processig Tools ad Machies 127 Machiists 130 Types of Machie Tools 131 Flexible Maufacturig 134 Eergy-Processig Coverters 139 Iformatio-Processig Machies 145 Coectios to Techology: Commuicatio Computer Bugs 148 Usig Techology Safely 151 Chapter 8 Measuremet Systems ad Tools ad Their Role i Techology 156 Measuremet Systems: Past ad Preset 157 Qualities Measured 160 Types of Measuremet 164 Measuremet Tools 165 Surveyors 167 Measuremet ad Cotrol 168 Measurig Area 171 Sectio 3 Activities 174 Sectio 4 Problem Solvig ad Desig i Techology Naotechology 177 Chapter 9 The Problem-Solvig ad Desig Process 178 The Problem-Solvig/Desig Process i Geeral 179 The Problem-Solvig/Desig Process i Techology 179 Egieers 180 Steps i Solvig Techological Problems ad Meetig Opportuities 182 Idetifyig a Techological Problem or Opportuity 183 The Origi of Radar 187 Chapter 10 Developig Desig Solutios 190 System Desig 190 Product Desig 192 Developig Desig Solutios 192 Solid Geometry 198 Drafters 205 Chapter 11 Evaluatig Desig Solutios 206 Modelig Desig Solutios 206 Aalyzig the Desig 214 Radar 216 Redesigig Products ad Structures 218 Computer-Aided Desig, Egieerig Aimatio 221 Market Researchers 223 Chapter 12 Commuicatig Desig Solutios 224 Product Documets ad Reports 224 Coectios to Techology: Commuicatio Priciples of Desig 231 Computer-Aided Desig 234 Egieerig Techicias 237 Approval Documets ad Reports 237 Computer-Aided Desig, 2D Architectural 240 Sectio 4 Activities 242 Sectio 5 Applyig Techology: Producig Products ad Structures Gas-Plasma Displays 245 Chapter 13 Usig Techology to Produce Artifacts 246 Productio Activities 246 Servicig ad Repairig Products ad Structures 250 The Priciples of Expasio ad Cotractio 251 Plumbers 252 Chapter 14 The Types of Material Resources ad How They Are Obtaied 254 Types of Natural Material Resources 254 Locatig ad Obtaiig Natural Resources 258 Forest ad Coservatio Workers 260 Sythetic Fuels 265 Chapter 15 Processig Resources 270 Mechaical Processes 271 Thermal Processes 275 Calculatig Board Footage 277 Chemical ad Electrochemical Processes 284 Nuclear Eergy 285 Millwrights 289 Chapter 16 Maufacturig Products 290 Types of Maufacturig Processes 290 Robots 298 Automatig ad Cotrollig Processes 312 Automobile Assembly Workers 313 Chapter 17 Costructig Structures 318 Types of Structures 318 Carpeters 325 Coectios to Techology: Commuicatio Word Origis 333 Structural Egieerig 342 Chapter 18 Usig ad Servicig Products ad Structures 344 Selectig Techological Products 344 Istallig Techological Products 346 Maitaiig Techological Products 347 Repairig Techological Products 348 Buildig Ispectors 348 Alterig Techological Products 350 Disposig of Techological Products 352 Materials Sciece 353 Sectio 5 Activities 356 Sectio 6 Applyig Techology: Commuicatig Iformatioad Ideas Fiber Optic Systems 361 Chapter 19 Usig Techology to Commuicate 362 Items That Are Commuicated 363 Goals of Commuicatio 364

5 The Commuicatio Model 364 Types of Commuicatio 365 Commuicatio Systems 366 Compact Disc (CD) Systems 368 Coectios to Techology: Commuicatio The Power of Radio 370 Advertisig 371 Chapter 20 Prited Graphic Commuicatio 374 Pritig Methods 375 Steps i Producig Prited Graphic Messages 378 Fax Machies 384 Coectios to Techology: Mathematics Measurig Type 389 Computer-Based Publishig 390 News Reporters 391 Promotioal Graphics 396 Desktop Publishig 398 Chapter 21 Photographic Commuicatio 400 Light ad Photography 401 Commercial ad Idustrial Photographers 402 Fudametals of Photographic Commuicatio 403 Digital Theaters 411 Digital Photography 411 Other Types of Photographic Commuicatio 412 The Begiigs of Photojouralism 413 Imagig Techology 416 Chapter 22 Telecommuicatio 418 The Physics of Telecommuicatio 418 Types of Telecommuicatio Systems 422 Commuicatig with Telecommuicatio Systems 425 Fiber Optics 429 Coectios to Techology: Commuicatio Advertisig 430 Other Commuicatio Techologies 434 Film Techology 438 Radio ad Televisio Broadcastig 441 Chapter 23 Computer ad Iteret Commuicatio 442 Computer Systems: A Overview 443 Networks 444 The Iteret 445 Iteret Access 446 Iteret Domais 447 The World Wide Web 448 The Iteret 451 Electroic Mail 452 Virtual Reality 454 Newsgroups ad Chat Rooms 455 Electroic Commerce 456 Computer Programmers 456 Cyberspace Pursuit 460 Sectio 6 Activities 462 Sectio 7 Applyig Techology: Trasportig People ad Cargo Huma Trasporters 465 Chapter 24 Usig Techology to Trasport 466 Trasportatio: A Defiitio 466 The Importace of Trasportatio 467 Trasportatio As a System 468 Types of Trasportatio Systems 468 Trasportatio System Compoets 469 Newto s First Law of Motio 471 Automotive Mechaics 473 Chapter 25 Trasportatio Vehicles 476 Vehicular Systems: A Overview 476 Lad Trasportatio Vehicles 479 Water Trasportatio Vehicles 483 Maglev Trai 488 Air Trasportatio Vehicles 491 Space Trasportatio Vehicles 498 Calculatig Buoyat Force 501 Railroad Coductors 502 Chapter 26 Operatig Trasportatio Systems 506 Types of Trasportatio 506 Compoets of a Trasportatio System 508 Trasportig People ad Cargo 513 Maitaiig Trasportatio Systems 514 Regulatig Trasportatio Systems 515 Bus Drivers 516 Relatig Speed, Time, ad Distace 517 System Cotrol Techology 520 Sectio 7 Activities 522 Sectio 8 Applyig Techology: Usig Eergy Fuel Cells i Automobiles 525 Chapter 27 Eergy: The Foudatio of Techology 526 Types of Eergy 526 Eergy, Work, ad Power 527 Forms of Eergy 529 Origi of Horsepower 530 Eergy Is Iterrelated 531 Sources of Eergy 531 Eergy Techology: Help or Harm 534 Power Plat Operators 534 Chapter 28 Eergy Coversio Systems 538 Iexhaustible Eergy Coverters 539 Power Lie Istallers 542 Reewable Eergy Coverters 548 Thermal Eergy Coverters 549 Electrical Eergy Coverters 553 Applyig Eergy to Do Work 556 Laws of Gases 558 Sectio 8 Activities 562 Sectio 9 Applyig Techology: Meetig Needs through Biorelated Techologies Geetically Modified Foods 565 Chapter 29 Agricultural ad Related Biotechologies 566 Types of Agriculture 567 Crop Productio 568 Techology i Crop Productio 569 A Special Type of Crop Productio 580 Raisig Livestock 580 Agricultural Workers 580 The Homestead Act ad the Morrill Act 584 A Special Type of Aimal Raisig 585 Agriculture ad Biotechology 586 Agriculture ad Biotechology Desig 590 Chapter 30 Food-Processig Techologies 592 Primary Food Processig 594 Food Processig Workers 602 Secodary Food Processig 606 Coectios to Techology: Sciece Irradiatio 607

6 Chapter 31 Medical ad Health Techologies 614 Techology ad Welless 615 Techology ad Illess 620 Dialysis Machies 624 Aerodyamics 625 Biomedical Egieers 631 Medical Techology 634 Sectio 9 Activities 636 Sectio 10 Maagig a Techological Eterprise Warmup Jacket 639 Chapter 32 Orgaizig a Techological Eterprise 640 Techology ad the Etrepreeur 640 Techology ad Maagemet 641 Risks ad Rewards 644 Formig a Compay 645 Fiacig the Compay 648 Top Executives 649 Chapter 33 Operatig Techological Eterprises 652 Societal Istitutios 652 Ecoomic Eterprises 653 Idustry 654 Areas of Idustrial Activity 654 Research ad Developmet 655 Productio 658 Wid Tuels 660 Marketig 663 Idustrial Relatios 665 Calculatig Bids 668 Fiacial Affairs 669 Techical Illustrators 670 Idustry-Cosumer Product Cycle 671 Chapter 34 Usig ad Assessig Techology 674 Usig Techology 675 Earth-Sheltered Buildig 678 Assessig Techology 680 Ladscape Architects 682 Sectio 10 Activities 684 Sectio 11 Techological Systems i Moder Society The Ede Project 689 Chapter 35 Techology: A Societal View 690 Techology Cotrols ad Haresses Natural Forces 691 Techology Has a Global Impact 692 Techology ad the Future 692 Mechaizatio 694 Techology: Challeges ad Promises 695 Public Relatios 705 Chapter 36 Techology: A Persoal View 706 Techology ad Lifestyle 706 Techology ad Employmet 710 Techology ad Idividual Cotrol 714 Techology ad Major Cocers 715 Techology ad New Horizos 718 Techology Educatio Teachers 719 Sectio 11 Activities 722 TSA Modular Activities g g g g g g g g g g g g Official TSA Competitive Evets Guide, g Official TSA Competitive Evets Guides: g g Official TSA Competitive Evets Guide, g g g g

7 Features TSA Modular Activities Computer-Aided Desig, Egieerig Aimatio 221 Computer-Aided Desig, 2D Architectural 240 Structural Egieerig 342 Promotioal Graphics 396 Desktop Publishig 398 Imagig Techology 416 Film Techology 438 Cyberspace Pursuit 460 System Cotrol Techology 520 Agriculture ad Biotechology Desig 590 Medical Techology 634 Tomorrow s Techology Today Cloig 15 Self-Cleaig Widows 59 Satellite Radio 125 Naotechology 177 Gas-Plasma Displays 245 Fiber Optic Systems 361 Huma Trasporters 465 Fuel Cells i Automobiles 525 Geetically Modified Foods 565 Warmup Jacket 639 The Ede Project 689 Smart Houses 23 Solar Collectors 39 Hybrid Vehicles 90 Itegrated Circuits 108 Flexible Maufacturig 134 Radar 216 Computer-Aided Desig 234 Nuclear Eergy 285 Robots 298 Compact Disc (CD) Systems 368 Fax Machies 384 Digital Theaters 405 Fiber Optics 429 Virtual Reality 454 Maglev Trai 488 Dialysis Machies 624 Wid Tuels 660 Earth-Sheltered Buildig 678 Mechaizatio 694 Coectios to Techology Sciece Newto s Third Law of Motio 34 Geetic Egieerig 52 Chlorofluorocarbos 117 The Priciples of Expasio ad Cotractio 251 Sythetic Fuels 265 Materials Sciece 353 Newto s First Law of Motio 471 Laws of Gases 558 Irradiatio 607 Aerodyamics 625 Mathematics The Law of Equilibrium 73 Measurig Area 171 Solid Geometry 198 Calculatig Board Footage 277 Measurig Type 389 Calculatig Buoyat Force 501 Relatig Speed, Time, ad Distace 517 Calculatig Bids 668 Commuicatio Computer Bugs 148 Priciples of Desig 231 Word Origis 333 The Power of Radio 370 Advertisig 430 History The Presidetial Electio of The Teessee Valley Authority 97 The Origi of Radar 187 The Begiigs of Photojouralism 413 The Iteret 451 Origi of Horsepower 530 The Homestead Act ad the Morrill Act 584 Career Corers Idustrial Egieerig Techicias 18 Purchasig Agets 43 Cotrollers 48 Costructio Laborers 79 Productio Maagers 103 Detal Hygieists 119 Machiists 130 Surveyors 167 Egieers 180 Drafters 205 Market Researchers 223 Egieerig Techicias 237 Plumbers 252 Forest ad Coservatio Workers 260 Millwrights 289 Automobile Assembly Workers 313 Carpeters 325 Buildig Ispectors 348 Advertisig 371 News Reporters 391 Commercial ad Idustrial Photographers 402 Radio ad Televisio Broadcastig 441 Computer Programmers 456 Automotive Mechaics 473 Railroad Coductors 502 Bus Drivers 516 Power Plat Operators 534 Power Lie Istallers 542 Agricultural Workers 580 Food Processig Workers 602 Biomedical Egieers 631 Top Executives 649 Techical Illustrators 670 Ladscape Architects 682 Public Relatios 705 Techology Educatio Teachers 719

Density Slicing Reference Manual

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