WIRELESS TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
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1 WIRELESS TRANSCEIVER DESIGN Mastering the Design of Modern Wireiess Equipment and Systems Ariel Luzzatto and Gadi Shirazi BICINTINHIAl ;I807J \ WILEY \ J2O07! ül,,, r BICINTINNIAL John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
2 Preface About the Authors Abbreviations xiii xvii xix 1 Modern Transceiver Architectures Overview Receiver Architectures Superheterodyne Receiver (SHR) SHR Highlights Quadrature (IQ) Modulation Highlights SHR Outlook Direct Conversion Receiver (DCR) DCR Highlights DCR Outlook Very Low IF Receiver (VLIF) VLIF Highlights Complex Polyphase Filter Highlights VLIF Outlook Transmitter Architectures Two-Step Conversion Transmitter (TSCT) TSCT Highlights TSCT Outlook Direct Launch Transmitter (DLT) DLT Highlights DLT Outlook Direct FM Transmitter (DFMT) DFMT Highlights DFMT Outlook Dual-Port Direct FM Transmitter (DDFMT) DDFMT Highlights DDFMT Outlook 25
3 viii Contents 1.4 Transceiver Architectures Full-Duplex CDMA/FDMA Architectures Full-Duplex Highlights Full-Duplex Outlook Half-Duplex/TDMA Architectures Half-Duplex Highlights Half-Duplex Outlook Simplex/TDD Architectures Simplex Highlights Simplex Outlook Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Systems 32 2 Receiving Systems Sensitivity Computation of Sensitivity Computation of SHR Sensitivity Computation of DCR Sensitivity Computation of VLIF Sensitivity Measurement of Sensitivity Co-Channel Rejection Computation of Co-Channel Rejection Measurement of Co-Channel Rejection Selectivity Computation of Selectivity Computation of SHR Selectivity Computation of DCR Selectivity Computation of VLIF Selectivity Measurement of Selectivity Intermodulation Rejection Computation of Intermodulation Rejection Measurement of Intermodulation Rejection Half-IF Rejection Computation of Half-IF Rejection Measurement of Half-IF Rejection Image Rejection Computation of Image Rejection Measurement of Image Rejection Second-Order Distortion Rejection Computation of Second-Order Distortion Rejection Measurement of Second-Order Distortion Rejection 59
4 ix 2.8 Blocking Computation of Blocking Measurement of Blocking Dynamic Range Computation of Dynamic Range Measurement of Dynamic Range Duplex Desense Computation of Duplex Desense Measurement of Duplex Desense Duplex-Image Rejection Computation of Duplex-Image Rejection Measurement of Duplex-Image Rejection Half-Duplex Spur Phantom-Duplex Spurs Conducted and Radiated Spurs 69 3 Transmitting Systems Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Computation of PAPR for Quasi-Static RF Signals Measurement of PAPR Effects of Nonlinearity in RF Power Amplifiers Analytic Models for PA Nonlinearity Effects of PA Nonlinearity on Digital Modulation Effects of PA Nonlinearity on Spectral Shape A Tight Bound for Spectral Regrowth Characterization of PA Nonlinearity Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) Measurement of IMDN Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) Measurement of EVM Adjacent Coupled Power Ratio (ACPR) Measurement of ACPR Spectral Mask Measurement of Spectral Mask PA Efficiency Transmitter Transients AttackTime Frequency Shift Upon Keying Conducted and Radiated Emission Conducted Spurs 108
5 3.6.2 Back Intermodulation Radiated Spurs Radiation Basics Antenna Aperture Measurement of Radiated Spurs Enhancement Techniques Linearization Techniques Cartesian Feedback Feed-forward Pre-distortion Envelope-Tracking Supply Synthesizers Synthesizer Architectures Fractional-N Outlook Fractional-7V Theory Dual-Count Fractional-N First-Order Sigma-Delta Fractional-N Multi Stage Noise Shaping (MASH) Architecture Stage One Stage Two Stage Three MASH Noise Analysis Pseudorandom Sequence Bounds Analog Sigma-Delta A/D Converter Review of PLL Fundamentals Basic Integer-N Configuration Integer-N Transient Analysis Integer-N Lock Time Analysis Phase-Frequency Detector Extension of PLL Fundamentals to Fractional-A^ Measurement of Synthesizers Lock Time Frequency Accuracy and Stability Reference Spurs Oscillators Low-Power Self-Limiting Oscillators Feedback Network Design Noisy Oscillator - Leeson's Equation Bipolar Oscillators Non-Saturating Bipolar Theory 181
6 xi Detailed Bipolar VCO Design Crystal Oscillators Piezoelectric Crystal Outlook Fundamental-Mode Inverter-Driven Oscillators Measurement of Crystal Parameters Measurement of Oscillators Phase Noise as Narrowband FM Single Sideband (SSB) Noise Residual FM Frequency Pushing/Pulling Output Flatness Lumped Equivalent of Distributed Resonators Resonant Low-Loss Transmission Lines Harmonie Oscillators A Unified Approach to Oscillator Design Parasitic and Nonlinear Phenomena Parasitic Effects in Oscillators and Synthesizers Injection Locking Injection Pulling Remodulation Reverse Junction Breakdown Microphonics Ground Currents Parasitic Poles and PLL Stability Perturbative Analysis Intercept Point and Spurious Responses Receiver Intermodulation Rejection (IMRN) Transmitter Intermodulation Distortion (IMDN) Measurement of Input Intercept Points (IPNi) Parasitic Effects in Transmitters PA Instability Spectral 'Bumps' Parasitic Effects in Receivers Able-Baker Spurs Self-Quieters Doppler Blocking Chopper Noise Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 255 Bibliography Index
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