Microelectronic Circuits
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1 SECOND EDITION ISHBWHBI \ ' -' Microelectronic Circuits Adel S. Sedra University of Toronto Kenneth С Smith University of Toronto HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON, INC. New York Chicago San Francisco Philadelphia Montreal Toronto London Sydney Tokyo
2 Contents Preface xiii Chapter 1 ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Chapter Information and Signals Frequency Spectrum of Signals '. 1.3 Analog and Digital Signals Amplification and Filtering Communications Computers Instrumentation and Control Concluding Remarks 16 Problems 17 LINEAR CIRCUITS Linear and Nonlinear One-Port Networks 2.2 Amplifiers Circuit Models for Amplifiers Frequency Response of Amplifiers Some Useful Network Theorems 49 18
3 vi CONTENTS Chapter Single-Time-Constant Networks Frequency Response of STC Networks Step Response of STC Networks Pulse Response of STC Networks Summary 76 Problems 77 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 86 Chapter The Op-Amp Terminals The Ideal Op Amp Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Op Amps The Inverting Configuration Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration The Noninverting Configuration Examples of Op-Amp Circuits Nonideal Performance of Op Amps Finite Open-Loop Gain and Bandwidth The Internal Structure of 1С Op Amps Large-Signal Operation of Op Amps Common-Mode Rejection Input and Output Resistances DC Problems Summary 139 Problems 141 DIODES The Ideal Diode Terminal Characteristics of Real Junction Diodes The Forward-Bias Region The Reverse-Bias Region The Breakdown Region and Zener Diodes Analysis of Diode Circuits Modeling the Diode Forward Characteristics The Small-Signal Model and Its Application Physical Operation of Diodes Basic Semiconductor Concepts The pn Junction Under Open-Circuit Conditions The pn Junction Under Reverse-Bias Conditions The pn Junction in the Breakdown Region The pn Junction Under Forward-Bias Conditions The Complete Small-Signal Model Summary 194 Problems 195
4 CONTENTS vii Chapter 5 NONLINEAR CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS 2СИ 5.1 Half-Wave Rectification Precision Half-Wave Rectifier The "Superdiode" Full-Wave Rectification Transformer Coupling of Rectifiers The Bridge Rectifier The Peak Rectifier The Clamped Capacitor or DC Restorer Limiters and Comparators Comparator and Limiter Circuits Comparator with Hysteresis The Bistable Circuit Waveform Generators Other Applications Summary 252 Problems 254 Chapter 6 JUNCTION FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS (JFETs) Physical Operation Static Characteristics The p-channel JFET JFET Circuits at DC Graphical Analysis Biasing The JFET as an Amplifier The JFET Common-Source Amplifier The Source Follower Direct-Coupled and Multistage Amplifiers The JFET as a Switch Summary 317 Problems 319 Chapter 7 METAL-OXIDE-SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS (MOSFETs) The Depletion-Type MOSFET The Enhancement-Type MOSFET Biasing the Enhancement MOSFET in Discrete Circuits Small-Signal Operation of the Enhancement MOSFET Amplifier Basic Configurations of Single-Stage MOSFET Amplifiers 358
5 viii CONTENTS 7.6 Integrated-Circuit MOS Amplifiers An Overview NMOS Load Devices NMOS Amplifier with Enhancement Load NMOS Amplifier with Depletion Load The Current Mirror The CMOS Amplifier The Source Follower MOS Analog Switches Summary 388 Problems 389 Chapter 8 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS (BJTs) Physical Structure and Modes of Operation Operation of the npn Transistor in the Active Mode The pnp Transistor Circuit Symbols and Conventions Graphical Representation of Transistor Characteristics DC Analysis of Transistor Circuits The Transistor as an Amplifier Biasing the BJT for Discrete-Circuit Design Classical Single-Stage Transistor Amplifiers The Emitter Follower The Transistor as a Switch Cut-off and Saturation Complete Static Characteristics and Graphical Analysis Summary 476 Problems 477 Chapter 9 DIFFERENTIAL AND MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS The BJT Differential Pair Small-Signal Operation of the BJT Differential Amplifier Other Nonideal Characteristics of the Differential Amplifier Biasing in BJT Integrated Circuits The BJT Differential Amplifier with Active Loads The JFET Differential Pair MOS Differential Amplifiers Multistage Amplifiers Summary 538 Problems 539
6 CONTENTS ix Chapter 10 OUTPUT STAGES AND POWER AMPLIFIERS Classification of Output Stages Class A Output Stage Class В Output Stage Class AB Output Stage Biasing the Class AB Circuit Power BJTs Variations on the Class AB Configuration С Power Amplifiers MOS Power Transistors Summary 593 Problems Chapter 11 FREQUENCY RESPONSE s-domain Analysis The Amplifier Transfer Function Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier The Hybrid-я Equivalent Circuit Model Frequency Response of the Common-Emitter Amplifier The Common-Base and Cascode Configurations Frequency Response of the Emitter Follower The Common-Collector Common-Emitter Cascade Frequency Response of the Differential Amplifier The Differential Pair as a Wideband Amplifier The Common-Collector Common-Base Configuration Summary 661 Problems 663 Chapter 12 FEEDBACK The General Feedback Structure Some Properties of Negative Feedback The Four Basic Feedback Topologies Analysis of the Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier Analysis of the Series-Series Feedback Amplifier Analysis of the Shunt-Shunt and the Shunt-Series Feedback Amplifiers 12.7 Determining the Loop Gain The Stability Problem
7 x CONTENTS 12.9 Effect of Feedback on the Amplifier Poles Stability Study Using Bode Plots Frequency Compensation Summary 735 Problems Chapter 13 ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS The 741 Op-Amp Circuit DC Analysis of the Small-Signal Analysis of the 741 Input Stage Small-Signal Analysis of the 741 Second Stage Analysis of the 741 Output Stage Gain and Frequency Response of the CMOS Op Amps Summary 778 Problems 780 Chapter 14 FILTERS, TUNED AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS Filter Technologies Second-Order Filter Functions Single-Amplifier Biquadratic Filters Sensitivity Multiple-Amplifier Biquadratic Filters Switched-Capacitor Filters Tuned Amplifiers Basic Principles of Sinusoidal Oscillators Op-Amp-RC Oscillator Circuits LC and Crystal Oscillators Summary 837 Problems 839 Chapter 15 MOS DIGITAL CIRCUITS Logic Circuits Some Basic Concepts NMOS Inverter with Enhancement Load NMOS Inverter with Depletion Load NMOS Logic Circuits The CMOS Inverter 869
8 CONTENTS xi 15.6 CMOS Gate Circuits Latches and Flip-Flops Multivibrator Circuits Summary 894 Problems 896 Chapter 16 BIPOLAR DIGITAL CIRCUITS The BJT as a Digital Circuit Element 902 Early Forms of BJT Digital Circuits 911 Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL or T 2 L) 915 Characteristics of Standard TTL 928 TTL Families with Improved Performance 935 Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) 942 Summary 956 Problems 958 APPENDIXES follow page 962 A Integrated-Circuit Technology A-1 В Two-Port Network Parameters B-1 С Computer Aids for Electronic Circuit Design D Answers to Selected Problems D-1 C-1 Index 1-1
-.-^' ii:ij..^^- Index. Small-Signal Models, 14 saturation current, 3, 5 Transistor Cutoff Frequency, 18 transconductance, 16, 22 transit time, 10
Index A absolute value, 308 additional pole, 271 analog multiplier, 190 B BiCMOS,107 Bode plot, 266 base-emitter voltage, 16, 50 base-emitter voltages, 296 bias current, 111, 124, 133, 137, 166, 185 bipolar
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