Analog Filter and. Circuit Design Handbook. Arthur B. Williams. Singapore Sydney Toronto. Mc Graw Hill Education

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1 Analog Filter and Circuit Design Handbook Arthur B. Williams Mc Graw Hill Education New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto

2 Contents Preface xv 1 Introduction to Modern Network Theory The Pole-Zero Concept Synthesis of Filters from Polynomials Synthesis by Expansion of Driving-Point Impedance Synthesis for Unequal Terminations Synthesis by Equating Coefficients Active versus Passive Filters Frequency Limitations Size Considerations Economics and Ease of Manufacture Ease of Adjustment 12 References 12 2 Selecting the Response Characteristic Frequency-Response Normalization Frequency and Impedance Scaling Low-Pass Normalization High-Pass Normalization Band-Pass Normalization Band-Reject Normalization Transient Response The Effect of Nonuniform Time Delay Step Response of Networks Impulse Response Estimating Transient Characteristics Butterworth Maximally Flat Amplitude Chebyshev Response Bessel Maximally Flat Delay Linear Phase with Equiripple Error Transitional Filters Synchronously Tuned Filters Elliptic-Function Filters Using Filter Solutions (Book Version) Software for Design of Elliptic Using the ELI 1.0 Program for the Design of Odd-Order Function Low-Pass Filters 80 Elliptic-Function Low-Pass Filters up to the 31st Order Maximally Hat Delay With Chebyshev Stopband Papoulis Optimum "L" Filter 82 References 83 vii

3 viii Contents 3 Low-Pass Filter Design LC Low-Pass Filters All-Pole Filters Elliptic-Function Filters Effects of Dissipation Using Predistorted Designs Active Low-Pass Filters All-Pole Filters VCVS Uniform Capacitor Structure The Low-Sensitivity Second-Order Section Elliptic-Function VCVS Filters State-Variable Low-Pass Filters Generalized Impedance Converters Minimal Phase-Shift Filters 132 References High-Pass Filter Design LC High-Pass Filters The Low-Pass to High-Pass Transformation The T-to-Pi Capacitance Conversion Active High-Pass Filters The Low-Pass to High-Pass Transformation All-Pole High-Pass Filters Elliptic-Function High-Pass Filters State-Variable High-Pass Filters 148 the GIC High-Pass Filters Using Active Elliptic-Function High-Pass Filters Using the GIC Constant-Delay High-Pass Filters 159 References Band-Pass Filters LC Band-Pass Filters Wideband Filters Narrowband Filters The Design of Parallel Tuned Circuits The Design of Series Tuned Circuits Synchronously Tuned Filters Narrowband Coupled Resonators Predistorted Band-Pass Filters Elliptic-Function Band-Pass Filters Active Band-Pass Filters Wideband Filters The Band-Pass Transformation of Low-Pass Poles and Zeros Sensitivity in Active Band-Pass Circuits All-Pole Band-Pass Configurations Elliptic-Function Band-Pass Filters 224 References 237

4 Contents ix 6 Band-Reject Filters LC Band-Reject Filters The Band-Reject Circuit Transformation All-Pole Band-Reject Filters Elliptic-Function Band-Reject Filters Null Networks Active Band-Reject Filters Wideband Active Band-Reject Filters Band-Reject Transformation of Low-Pass Poles Narrowband Active Band-Reject Filters Active Null Networks 272 References Networks for the Time Domain All-Pass Transfer Functions First-Order All-Pass Transfer Functions Second-Order All-Pass Transfer Functions Delay Equalizer Sections LCAll-Pass Structures Active All-Pass Structures Design of All-Pass Delay Lines The Low-Pass to All-Pass Transformation LC Delay Lines Active Delay Lines Delay Equalization of Filters First-Order Equalizers Second-Order Equalizers Wideband 90 Phase-Shift Networks Design of Passive Delay Lines with Repetitious Elements An All-Pass Delay Line Image Parameter Unsymmetrical Delay Line 315 References Refinements in LC Filter Design and the Use of Resistive Networks Introduction Tapped Inductors Circuit Transformations Norton's Capacitance Transformer Narrowband Approximations Designing with Parasitic Capacitance Amplitude Equalization for Inadequate Q Coil-Saving Elliptic-Function Band-Pass Filters Filter Tuning Methods Measurement Methods Insertion Loss and Frequency Response Input Impedance of Filter Networks Time-Domain Characteristics 340

5 X Contents Group Delay Measuring the Q of Inductors Designing For Unequal Impedances Exponentially Tapered Impedance Scaling Minimum-Loss Resistive Pad for Impedance Matching Design of Unsymmetrical Resistive T and n Attenuators for Impedance Matching Symmetrical Attenuators Symmetrical T and n Attenuators Power Splitters Resistive Power Splitters A Magic-T Splitter Introduction of Transmission Zeros to an Existing Design 352 References Component Selection for LC and Active Filters Review of Basic Magnetic Principles Units of Measurement Saturation and DC Polarization Inductor Losses Effect of an Air Gap Magnetic Materials and Physical Form Factors of Inductors Magnetic Materials Magnetic Coil Structures Surface-Mount RF Inductors Capacitor Selection 362 of Dielectrics Properties Capacitor Construction Selecting Capacitors for Filter Applications Resistors Fixed Resistors Variable Resistors Resistor Johnson (Thermal) Noise 377 References Normalized Filter Design Tables Switched-Capacitor Filters Introduction The Theory of Switched-Capacitor Filters The Switched Resistor The Basic Integrator as a Building Block The Limitations of Switched-Capacitor Filters 453 Second-Order Filters Universal Switched-Capacitor Modes of Operation Operating Mode Features Using the MF10 and LMF100 Dual Universal Second-Order Filter 459

6 Contents xi 11.4 Types of Switched-Capacitor Universal Microprocessor-Programmable Universal Filters 464 Switched-Capacitor Filters Pin-Programmable Universal Switched-Capacitor Filters Dedicated Switched-Capacitor Filters The Switched-Capacitor Filter Selection Guide 465 References Adjustable and Fixed Delay and Amplitude Equalizers The Need for Equalization Delay and Amplitude Equalization The Equalization Process Amplitude Equalization Delay Equalization Pole-Zero Concept Applied to Amplitude and Delay Equalizers Adjustable-Delay and Amplitude Equalizer Circuits LC Delay Equalizers LC Delay and Amplitude Equalizers Active Delay and Amplitude Equalizers 477 References Voltage Feedback Operational Amplifiers Review of Basic Op-Amp Theory The Ideal Amplifier Inverting Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier Differential Input Amplifier Differential Input and Output Amplifier Analysis of Nonideal Amplifiers Noninverting Amplifier Analysis Inverting Amplifier Analysis Stability Effects of Open-Loop Gain Understanding Op-Amp Specifications Bandwidth and Gain Phase and Gain Margin DC Offsets Slew-Rate Limiting Settling Time Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) Output Voltage Swing Noise Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Power Supply Considerations 500

7 xii Contents 13.5 Operational Amplifier Selection Op-Amp Types Op-Amp Packaging Survey of Popular Amplifiers General Manufacturing Considerations 508 References Linear Amplifier Applications Resistive Feedback Networks Adding and Subtracting Signals The Instrumentation Amplifier AC Coupling of Amplifiers Bootstrapping a Voltage Follower for high input impedance T-Network in Inverting Amplifier Feedback Loop to Reduce Resistor Values Bootstrapped Inverting Amplifier for High Input-Impedance Current-to-Voltage and Voltage-to-Current Converters Current-to-Voltage Converter Voltage-to-Current Converter (Current Source) The Howland Current Pump Current-Mode Amplifiers Bridge Amplifiers 524 References Nonlinear Circuits Ideal Rectifiers and Their Applications Half-Wave Precision Rectifier Full-Wave Precision Rectifier Peak Detector Sample and Hold Circuit Automatic Gain Control Log and Antilog Circuits Multipliers The Gilbert Cell Multiplier Parameters Multiplier Math Functions Modulators 544 References Waveform Shaping Integrators and Differentiators The Ideal Integrator A Practical Integrator Differentiators 549

8 Contents xiii 16.2 Comparators Basic Comparator Window Comparator Hysteresis Limiters Time-Delay Circuits Using Comparators 558 References Waveform Generation Sine Wave Generators Phase Shift Oscillators The Wien Bridge Oscillator Multiple-Feedback Band-Pass Oscillator Generating Nonsinusoidal Waveforms Square Wave Relaxation Oscillator Triangular Wave Relaxation Oscillator The 555 Timer Hex Inverter RC Oscillators 575 References Current Feedback Amplifiers Introduction to Current Feedback Amplifiers Analysis and Applications of Current Feedback Amplifiers Models of Current Feedback Amplifier Stability Slew Rate of CFB Op Amps Implementing VFB Designs Using CFB Op Amps 589 References Large Signal Amplifiers Class D Amplifiers for Audio Half-Bridge Topology Full-Bridge Topology Class D Operation Without an Output Filter Class DLC Filter Design Crossover Networks Component Selection Transformer-Coupled Line Driver Configuration Traditional Transformer-Coupled Line Driver Differential Transformer-Coupled Line Driver Active Output Impedance Line Driver Thermal Management 607 References 610

9 xiv Contents Appendix A Software Download and Errata 611 A.1 Software Download 611 A.2 Installing and Using "FILTER SOLUTIONS" (Book Version) Software for Design of Elliptic A.3 Installing and Using "ELI 1.0" Program for Design of Function Low-Pass Filters 611 Odd-Order Elliptic Function Low-Pass Filters up to 31st Order 612 A.4 FLTRFORM.XLS Spreadsheet of Formulas 612 A.5 Errata 612 Index 613

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