Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems
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1 Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems Volume II Active Circuits and Systems Rowan Gilmore Les Besser Artech House Boston " London
2 Contents Preface Acknowledgments xiii xvii 1 Linear RF amplifier design-general considerations Introduction Power gain definitions Neutralization Unilateral transducer gain Unilateral figure ofmerit Illustrative example: unilateral gain calculations Amplifier design with single matching networks Unilateral constant gain circles Illustrative example: single-sided amplifier design RF circuit stability considerations What may cause RF oscillation Stability analysis with arbitrary source and load terminations Two-port stability considerations Stability circles Graphical forms of unconditional stability Graphical forms ofpotential instability Caution about multistage systems Stabilizing an active two-port Finding the minimum-loss resistor at the input ofthe device Broadband stability considerations Stabilization ofa bipolar transistor Examining the effect oflossless feedback Device stabilization The do bias techniques Passive do bias networks Active do bias circuits Feeding do bias into the RF circuit The do bias circuit simulation Filtering ofdo bias networks Statistical and worst-case analyses 69
3 Viii CONTENTS 1.10 Circuit layout considerations Summary Problems 74 References 75 Selected bibliography 76 2 Linear and low-noise RF amplifiers Introduction Bilateral RF amplifier design for maximum small-signal gain Illustrative exercise : amplifier design for maximum gain, G,,x Multistage amplifiers Cascading impedance-matched stages Cascading amplifiers by direct impedance matching Output power and impedance match considerations of cascaded amplifiers Operating gain design for maximum linear output power Operating gain design outline G,, versus P,,,. trade-offs Stability considerations Illustrative example : operating gain design for maximum linear power output Output match considerations Noise in RF circuits Review ofnoise sources in RF systems Two-port noise parameter definitions Available gain design technique Available gain design outline Low-noise amplifier design considerations Illustrative example : design of a single-ended 1.9-GHz LNA Balanced amplifiers Illustrative example: design of a balanced LNA for the 1.7- to 2.3-GHz frequency range Comparison of the various amplifier designs and Smith chartbased graphical design aids Broadband amplifiers Reactive match/mismatch approach Dissipative mismatch at input and/or output ports Amplifier-equalizer combinations Feedback amplifiers Distributed amplifiers Summary Problems 143 References 144 Selected bibliography 145
4 CONTENTS ix 3 Active RF devices and their modeling The diode model Two-port device models The output terminals ofa two-port RF device The bipolar transistor The heterojunction bipolar transistor The GaAs MESFET The high-electron mobility transistor Silicon LDMOS and CMOS technologies Problems 190 References Nonlinear circuit simulation techniques Classification of nonlinear circuit simulators Analytical methods Time-domain methods Hybrid time- and frequency-domain techniquesharmonic balance Frequency-domain techniques The harmonic balance method Harmonic balance analysis of oscillators Oscillator analysis using probes Oscillator analysis using reflection coefficients of the device and resonant load Oscillator analysis using a directional coupler to measure open-loop gain 214 References Nigh-power RF transistor amplifier design Nonlinear concepts Some nonlinear phenomena Quasi-linear power amplifier design The amplifier load line Load pull methods Categories of amplifiers Class-A amplifier Class-B amplifier Class-F amplifier Comparison of class-a, class-b, class-f, and other operational modes Switching-mode amplifiers Cascaded power amplifier design 278
5 x CONTENTS 5.4 Power amplifier design example Transistor selection Transistor characterization Matching the input and output of the device Harmonic tuning example Bias considerations Bias changes at the input Bias changes at the output Bias considerations with power devices Distortion reduction The importance ofamplifier linearity Operating the amplifier backed off Predistortion Feedforward cancellation Device modification System-level reduction of distortion Problems 328 References Oscillators Principles ofoscillator design Two-port oscillator design approach One-port oscillator design approach Transistor oscillator configurations Characterizing oscillator phase noise Oscillator design examples MHz Colpitts crystal oscillator design Design of a 3.7- to 4.2-GHz voltage-controlled oscillator Problems 429 References Mixers and frequency multipliers Mixer overview and their applications in systems Diode mixers and their topologies Single-ended mixer Single-balanced mixer Double-balanced mixer The image problem in mixers Harmonic components in mixers Transistor mixer design Active transistor mixers Resistive FET mixers Dual-gate FET mixers Comparison o mixers 500
6 CONTENTS 7.4 Frequency multipliers-an overview Frequency doublers Arbitrary frequency multiplication Problems 506 References Circuits in systems-radio system applications Mobile telephony systems Second generation mobile systems Third generation mobile systems Software-defined radio RF digital processing Digital processing of a wideband IF Digital processing at baseband (direct conversion) Transceiver issues associated with software-defined radio A 1.9-GHz radio chip set: design overview The air interface specification for PHS Component specification Component design Integrated system chips : an overview RF receiver front ends RF upconverters and transmitter driver amplifiers Transceiver and complete radio solutions Power amplifier modules Conclusion 544 References 545 Appendix 547 Summary of Basic Formulas Summary ofbasic Formulas About the Authors 551 Index 553
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