Figure 12-1 (p. 578) Block diagram of a sinusoidal oscillator using an amplifier with a frequencydependent
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1 Figure 12-1 (p. 578) Block diagram of a sinusoidal oscillator using an amplifier with a frequencydependent feedback path.
2 Figure 12-2 (p. 579) General circuit for a transistor oscillator. The transistor may be either a bipolar junction transistor or a field effect transistor. This circuit can be used for common emitter/source, base/gate, or collector/drain configurations by grounding either V 2, V 1, or V 4, respectively. Feedback is provided by connecting node V 3 to V 4.
3 Figure 12-3 (p. 581) Transistor oscillator circuits using a common-emitter BJT. (a) Colpitts oscillator. (b) Hartley oscillator.
4 Figure 12-4 (p. 584) (a) Equivalent circuit of a crystal. (b) Input reactance of a crystal resonator.
5 Figure 12-5 (p. 585) Pierce crystal oscillator circuit.
6 Figure 12-6 (p. 585) Circuit for a one-port negative-resistance oscillator.
7 Figure 12-7 (p. 587) Load matching circuit for the one-port oscillator of Example 12.2.
8 Figure 12-8 (p. 587) Circuit for a two-port transistor oscillator.
9 Figure 12-9a (p. 589) Circuit design for the transistor oscillator of Example (a) Oscillator circuit.
10 Figure 12-9b (p. 589) (b) Smith chart for determining T.
11 Figure (p. 590) (a) Geometry of a dielectric resonator coupled to a microstripline; (b) equivalent circuit.
12 Figure (p. 591) (a) Dielectric resonator oscillator using parallel feedback; (b) dielectric resonator oscillator using series feedback.
13 Figure 12-12a (p. 593) (a) Circuit for the dielectric resonator of Example 12.4.
14 Figure 12-12b (p. 593) (b) out vs. frequency in Example 12.4.
15 Figure (p. 594) Output spectrum of a typical RF oscillator.
16 Figure (p. 596) Feedback amplifier model for characterizing oscillator phase noise.
17 Figure (p. 596) Noise power versus frequency for an amplifier with an applied input signal.
18 Figure (p. 597) Idealized power spectral density of amplifier noise, including 1/f and thermal components.
19 Figure (p. 597) Power spectral density of phase noise at the output of an oscillator. (a) Response for f h > f (low Q). (b) Response for f h > f (high Q).
20 Figure (p. 598) Illustrating how local oscillator phase noise can lead to the reception of undesired signals adjacent to the desired signal.
21 Figure (p. 600) Conceptual circuit for the derivation of the Manley-Row relations.
22 Figure (p. 602) Block diagram of a diode frequency multiplier.
23 Figure (p. 603) Conceptual circuit for the derivation of power relations in a resistive frequency multiplier.
24 Figure (p. 605) Circuit diagram of an FET frequency multiplier. The transistor is modeled using a unilateral equivalent circuit.
25 Figure (p. 606) Voltage and currents in the FET multiplier (doubler) circuit of Figure (a) Gate voltage when the transistor is biased just below pinch-off. (b) Drain current, which conducts when the gate voltage is above the threshold voltage. (c) Drain voltage when the load resonator is tuned to the second harmonic.
26 Figure (p. 609) Power versus frequency performance of solid-state sources and microwave tubes.
27 Figure (p. 610) Power versus frequency performance of Gunn diodes. pulsed; continuous.
28 Figure (p. 611) Two Gunn diode sources. The unit on the left is a mechanically tunable E-band source, while the unit on the right is a varactor-tuned V-band source. Photograph courtesy of Millitech Corp., Northampton, MA.
29 Figure (p. 611) Power versus frequency performance of IMPATT diodes.
30 Figure (p. 614) Power versus frequency performance of microwave oscillator tubes.
31 Figure (p. 615) Power versus frequency performance of microwave amplifier tubes.
32 Figure (p. 617) Frequency conversion using a mixer. (a) Up-conversion. (b) Down-conversion.
33 Figure (p. 621) (a) Circuit for a single-ended diode mixer. (b) Idealized equivalent circuit.
34 Figure (p. 622) Variation of FET transconductance versus gate-to-source voltage.
35 Figure (p. 623) Circuit for a single-ended FET mixer.
36 Figure (p. 623) Equivalent circuit for the FET mixer of Figure
37 Figure (p. 625) Balanced mixer circuits. (a) Using a 90 hybrid. (b) Using a 180 hybrid.
38 Figure (p. 626) Photograph of a 35 GHz microstrip monopulse radar receiver circuit. Three balanced mixers using ring hybrids are shown, along with three stepped-impedance low-pass filters, and six quadrature hybrids. Eight feedlines are aperture coupled to microstrip antennas on the reverse side. The circuit also contains a Gunn diode source for the local oscillator. Courtesy of Millitech Corporation.
39 Figure (p. 628) Circuit for an image reject mixer.
40 Figure (p. 629) Double balanced mixer circuit.
41 Figure (p. 630) A differential FET mixer.
42 Figure (p. 630) Subharmonically pumped mixer using an antiparallel diode pair.
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