B SCITEQ. Transceiver and System Design for Digital Communications. Scott R. Bullock, P.E. Third Edition. SciTech Publishing, Inc.

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1 Transceiver and System Design for Digital Communications Scott R. Bullock, P.E. Third Edition B SCITEQ PUBLISHtN^INC. SciTech Publishing, Inc. Raleigh, NC

Contents Preface xvii About the Author xxiii Transceiver Design 1 1.1 Frequency of Operation 2 1.2 The Link Budget 4 1.3 Power in dbm 5 1.4 Transmitter 9 1.4.1 Power from the Transmitter 10 1.4.2 Transmitter Component Losses 10 1.

2 Contents Preface xvii About the Author xxiii Transceiver Design Frequency of Operation The Link Budget Power in dbm Transmitter Power from the Transmitter Transmitter Component Losses Transmitter Line Losses from the Power Amplifier to Antenna Transmitter Antenna Gain Transmitter Antenna Losses Transmitted EIRP Channel Free-Space Attenuation Propagation Losses Multipath Losses Receiver Receiver Antenna Losses Receiver Antenna Gain Receiver Line Losses from the Antenna to the LNA Receiver Component Losses Received Signal Power at the Output to the LNA Receiver Implementation Loss Received Power for Establishing the SNR of a System Received Noise Power Noise Figure Received Noise Power at the Detector Receiver Bandwidth Received E b /N 0 at the Detector Receiver Coding Gain Required E b /N Link Budget Example 28

VÜi I CONTENTS 1.6.16 Spread Spectrum Systems 32 1.6.17 Receiver Spreading Losses 32 1.6.18 Process Gain 32 1.6.19 Received Power for Establishing the SNR for a Spread Spectrum System 33 1.

3 VÜi I CONTENTS Spread Spectrum Systems Receiver Spreading Losses Process Gain Received Power for Establishing the SNR for a Spread Spectrum System Summary 33 The Transmitter Basic Functions of the Transmitter Antenna Transmit/Receive Control Power Amplifier Upconversion Sum and Difference Frequencies Generated in the Upconversion Process Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Maximum Power Transfer Principle Digital Communications Digital versus Analog Communications Baseband Modulation of Digital and Analog Systems Software Programmable Radios and Cognitive Radios Digital Modulation Phase-Shift Keying Binary Phase-Shift Keying Differential Phase-Shift Keying Quadrature (Quaternary) Phase-Shift Keying Offset QPSK Higher Order PSK Variations in PSK Schemes ir/4 Differential QPSK Differential 8-Level PSK Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Phasor Constellations and Noise Immunity Continuous Phase PSK Spectral Regrowth Minimum Shift Keying Frequency-Shift Keying Sidelobe Reduction Methods Ideal Shaping Filter Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum Spread Spectrum 69

CONTENTS I ix 2.5.3 Jammer Resistance 69 2.5.4 Despreading to Realize Process Gain in the Spread Spectrum System 72 2.5.5 Maximal Length Sequence Codes 73 2.5.6 Maximal Length PN Code Generator 74 2.

4 CONTENTS I ix Jammer Resistance Despreading to Realize Process Gain in the Spread Spectrum System Maximal Length Sequence Codes Maximal Length PN Code Generator Maximal Length PN Code Taps Gold Codes Other Codes Spectral Lines in the Frequency Domain Other Forms of Spread Spectrum Transmissions Time Hopping Chirped-FM Multiple Users Other Methods for Multiuser Techniques Orthogonal Signals Quadrature Phase Detection of Two Signals Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Other OFDM Techniques Power Control Summary 88 The Receiver Superheterodyne Receiver Basic Functions of the Receiver Antenna Transmit/Receive Control Limiters Image Reject Filter/Band Reject Filter Dynamic Range/Minimum Detectable Signal Types of DR Amplitude DR Frequency DR Single-Tone Frequency DR Two-Tone Frequency DR Second- and Third-Order Intermodulation Products Calculating Two-Tone Frequency DR System DR Tangential Sensitivity Low-Noise Amplifier Downconversion Splitting Signals into Multiple Bands for Processing Phase Noise 109

X I CONTENTS 3.16 Mixers 110 3.16.1 Mixer Spur Analysis 112 3.16.2 Sixth-Order Analysis 113 3.17 Bandwidth Constraints 114 3.18 Filter Constraints 114 3.19 Group Delay 116 3.19.1 Group Delay Compensation 117 3.

5 X I CONTENTS 3.16 Mixers Mixer Spur Analysis Sixth-Order Analysis Bandwidth Constraints Filter Constraints Group Delay Group Delay Compensation Sampling Theorem and Aliasing Anti-Aliasing Filter Analog-to-Digital Converter Digital Signal Processing Summary 122 AGC Design and PLL Comparison AGC Design AGC Amplifier Curve Linearizers Detector Loop Filter Threshold Level Integrator Control Theory Analysis AGC Design Example Modulation Frequency Distortion Comparison of the PLL and AGC Using Feedback Analysis Techniques Basic PLL Control System Analysis Detector Loop Filter Loop Gain Constant Integrator Conversion Gain Constant Control Theory Analysis Similarities Between the AGC and the PLL Feedback Systems, Oscillations, and Stability Summary 153 Demodulation Types of Demodulation Pulsed Matched Filter Digital Matched Filter Correlator 160

CONTENTS I xi 5.4 Pulse Position Modulation 162 5.5 Code Division Encoding and Decoding 164 5.6 Coherent versus Differential Digital Modulation and Demodulation 164 5.6.1 Coherent Demodulation 167 5.

6 CONTENTS I xi 5.4 Pulse Position Modulation Code Division Encoding and Decoding Coherent versus Differential Digital Modulation and Demodulation Coherent Demodulation Carrier Recovery Squaring Loop Costas Loop Modified Costas Loop and AFC Addition Despreading Correlator Symbol Synchronizer The Eye Pattern Digital Processor Intersymbol Interference Scrambler/Descrambler Phase-Shift Detection Shannon's Limit Summary 185 Basic Probability and Pulse Theory The Gaussian Process Quantization and Sampling Errors Probability of Error Probability of Detection and False Alarms Pulsed System Probabilities Using the BDF Error Detection and Correction Error Detection Error Detection Using Parity Error Detection Using Checksum Error Detection Using CRC Error Correction Error Correction using Redundancy Forward Error Correction Interleaving Types of FEC Block Codes Linear Block Codes Hamming Code Convolutional Codes Viterbi Decoder Multi-h Turbo and Low-Density Parity Check Codes Theory of Pulse Systems 224

XÜ I CONTENTS 6.10 PN Code 226 6.11 Summary 227 Multipath 229 7.1 Basic Types of Multipath 230 7.2 Specular Reflection on a Smooth Surface 230 7.3 Specular Reflection on a Rough Surface 232 7.

7 XÜ I CONTENTS 6.10 PN Code Summary 227 Multipath Basic Types of Multipath Specular Reflection on a Smooth Surface Specular Reflection on a Rough Surface Diffuse Reflection Curvature of the Earth Pulse Systems (Radar) Vector Analysis Approach Power Summation Approach Multipath Mitigation Techniques Antenna Diversity Summary 240 Improving the System Against Jammers Burst Jammer Adaptive Filter Digital Filter Intuitive Analysis Basic Adaptive Filter Least Mean Square Algorithm Digital/Analog ALE Wideband ALE Jammer Suppressor Filter Digital Circuitry Simulation Results Amplitude and Phase Suppression Results Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalizer Basic GSO Adaptive GSO Implementation Intercept Receiver Comparison Summary 275 Global Navigation Satellite Systems Satellite Transmissions Data Signal Structure GPS Receiver Atmospheric Errors Multipath Errors Narrow Correlator Selective Availability Carrier Smoothed Code 286

CONTENTS I xiii 9.9 Differential GPS 287 9.10 DGPS Time Synchronization 288 9.11 Relative GPS 289 9.12 Doppler 291 9.13 Kinematic Carrier Phase Tracking 291 9.14 Double Difference 292 9.

8 CONTENTS I xiii 9.9 Differential GPS DGPS Time Synchronization Relative GPS Doppler Kinematic Carrier Phase Tracking Double Difference Wide Lane/Narrow Lane Other Satellite Positioning Systems Summary 295 Satellite Communications Communications Satellites General Satellite Operation Operational Frequencies Modulation Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation Fixed Satellite Service Geosynchronous and Geostationary Orbits Ground Station Antennas Types of Antennas Used in Satellite Communications Systems Noise and the Low-Noise Amplifier Equivalent Temperature Analysis The Link Budget Effective Isotropic Radiated Power Propagation Losses Received Power at the Receiver Carrier Power/Equivalent Temperature Multiple Channels in the Same Frequency Band Multiple Access Schemes Propagation Delay Cost for Use of the Satellites Regulations Types of Satellites Used for Communications System Design for Satellite Communications Summary 316 Broadband Communications and Networking Mobile Users Types of Distribution Methods for the Home Power Line Communications Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Home Phoneline Networking Alliance 322

Xiv I CONTENTS 11.4 Radio Frequency Communications 322 11.4.1 IEEE 802.11 323 11.4.2 Bluetooth 324 11.4.3 WiMAX 326 11.5 Military Radios and Data Links 327 11.5.1 The Joint Tactical Radio System 327 11.

9 Xiv I CONTENTS 11.4 Radio Frequency Communications IEEE Bluetooth WiMAX Military Radios and Data Links The Joint Tactical Radio System Software Defined Radios Software Communications Architecture JTRS Radios (Clusters) Waveforms JTRS Network Challenge Gateway and Network Configurations Link Link 16 Modulation Time Division Multiple Access "Stacked" Nets Time Slot Reallocation Bit/Message Structure Summary 339 Direction Finding and Interferometer Analysis Interferometer Analysis Direction Cosines Basic Interferometer Equation Three-Dimensional Approach Antenna Position Matrix Coordinate Conversion Due to Ktch and Roll Using Direction Cosines Alternate Method Summary 354 Answers 355 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter

10 CONTENTS I xv Appendix 371 Appendix A 371 Appendix В 375 Appendix С 377 Appendix D 379 Index 381

Transceiver and System Design for Digital Communications

Transceiver and System Design for Digital Communications trol, an intuitive approach to probability, jamming reduction method using various adaptive processes, global positioning systems (GPS) data link,