Radio Receiver Architectures and Analysis

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Radio Receiver Architectures and Analysis"

Transcription

1 Radio Receiver Architectures and Analysis Robert Wilson December 6, 01 Abstract This article discusses some common receiver architectures and analyzes some of the impairments that apply to each. 1

2 Contents 1 Introduction 3 Basic Receiver Functionality 3 3 Super-Heterodyne Receiver RF Filtering Low Noise Amplifier Mixer and Local Oscillator Image Reject Mixers IF Amplification and Filtering Quadrature Mixing and Second LO Low IF Receiver 7 5 Direct Conversion Receiver 8 6 Noise Analysis Local Oscillator Noise IQ Imbalance 9 8 Non-linearity Impairments Second-order Non-linearity Third-order Non-linearity Intermodulation Desensitization and Blocking Cross-modulation

3 1 Introduction The purpose of a radio receiver is to take the observed RF signal and convert it into baseband symbols understandable by the demodulator. The receiver as defined for the purposes of this article doesn t include the estimation or detection of the actual value of the symbols, or any error-correction, equalization or demodulation. Three basic architectures are considered. First, the super-heterodyne architecture is described, which includes a description of all the basic components of each of the considered architectures. Following that the Low IF (LIF) and Zero IF (ZIF) architectures are examined. Finally the different types of impairments that radio receivers must overcome are each analyzed in their own sections. In all cases it is assumed that the transmitted signal is quadrature modulated, so the I and Q channels each have to be received and distinguished. Basic Receiver Functionality Every receiver must perform this minimum set of functions: frequency shift the desired RF signal to baseband, exclude all unwanted signals, and separate the in-band (I) and quadrature (Q) channels. Different architectures accomplish these tasks in different ways, but the most common architectures have a number features in common: they first amplify the observed signal with a low-noise amplifier (LNA), they accomplish frequency shifting by mixing the incoming signal with a local-oscillator (LO), they eliminate the unwanted signals with some combination of filtering and cancelation, and they separate I and Q by mixing the incoming signal with one in-band and one quadrature LO. The basic components will be examined first in the context of the traditionally most popular receiver structure: the super-heterodyne. 3 Super-Heterodyne Receiver The defining characteristic of a super-heterodyne receiver is that the desired signal is shifted to an intermediate frequency (IF) for filtering and amplification before being shifted to baseband. Performing filtering and amplification at an intermediate frequency makes it less expensive in terms of power and 3

4 area to filter out the unwanted channels than if the same bandpass filtering was done at RF. Also, the IF filter can be fixed and the receiver tuned by adjusting the local oscillator (LO) frequency to shift different RF channels to the IF frequency. The other receiver architectures treated in this article (LIF and ZIF) can be seen as special cases of the super-heterodyne (although the ZIF receiver in particular has a somewhat different set of obstacles to non-zero IF receivers). The basic functional blocks of the super-heterodyne receiver are: RF filtering; low-noise amplifier (LNA); mixer and local-oscillator (LO); IF filtering and amplification; quadrature (I and Q) mixers and second-lo; baseband filtering and amplification; and analog-to-digital converter (ADC). 3.1 RF Filtering Filtering at RF might be applied before and after the LNA. A bandpass preselection filter is often used before the LNA, to limit the signal power entering the subsequent stages, block large out-of-band signals, and help reject the image signal (see 3.3 below). Because the insertion loss of a filter that comes before the LNA contributes directly to SNR degradation it can sometimes be preferable to perform additional filtering after the LNA (an image reject filter) in order to allow pre-lna insertion loss to be minimized. However, because some degree of pre-selection filtering is generally required the current trend is to try to achieve all image-reject filtering at that stage and in fact eliminate the post-lna filter. One of the major requirements of the RF filtering is the attenuate the image frequency. Achieving sufficient attenuation of the image requires a trade-off between the complexity of the filter and the choice of LO frequency. A bandpass filter can provide 10dB of attenuation per decade per pole, and the image frequency occurs at f i = f LO f d, so a lower LO frequency in general demands more aggressive filtering. Note also that a decade means 10 times the desired signal frequency, thus higher carrier frequencies require a higher order filter or greater LO - carrier separation to get the same attenuation of the image in db. A Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filter is often used for RF filtering, pre- or post-lna, because of its high selectivity. 4

5 3. Low Noise Amplifier The purpose of the LNA is to help achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the receiver. The SNR directly impacts the achievable bit error rate (BER) as well as being important for a number of auxiliary functions such as timing detection and channel estimation. The SNR seen by downstream receiver blocks is the SNR at the antenna combined with the cumulative marginal contribution of all subsequent noise sources. By amplifying the input signal plus noise by a large factor close to the antenna the marginal contribution of the noise added by downstream blocks is minimized, greatly simplifying their design. The amplifier used for this purpose should itself be low-noise in order to minimize degradation of the SNR, hence the use of the low-noise amplifier or LNA. An important characteristic of the LNA is its third order nonlinearity, which, in the presence of unwanted signals, can introduce in-band distortion to the desired signal, or reduce the receiver sensitivity. See Section 8. for details on third-order non-linearity impairments. Any band-selectivity of the LNA is an advantage because it will aid in image rejection. 3.3 Mixer and Local Oscillator After amplification and filtering the signal is multiplied with the LO in the mixer. The LO frequency is tuned so that the desired signal is shifted to the intermediate frequency (f IF ). The LO frequencies and number of LO stages greatly influence the magnitude and type of impairments the receiver must overcome. A receiver will often be trying to detect a signal in a given frequency band that is surrounded by signals in nearby frequency bands intended for other receivers. To successfully detect the desired signal the receiver must prevent the unwanted signals from interfering in the down-conversion process. Of particular concern are unwanted signals that are close in frequency to the desired signal (because they are more difficult to isolate or filter out) and signals that lie at the so-called image frequency of the desired signal with respect to the LO. The image frequency is the same distance from the LO as the desired signal, but on the other side of the LO. Unwanted signals that are transmitted at the image frequency are problematic because mixing a signal with a sinusoidal LO is the convolution in the frequency domain of 5

6 the two-sided signal spectrum with delta functions at both the positive and negative LO frequencies: y(f) = (s d (λ) + s i (λ)) (δ(λ f + f LO ) + δ(λ f f LO )) dλ (1) where s d (f) is the desired signal and s i (f) is the interfering signal. If the desired signal is centered around frequency f d (also called the carrier frequency) which is less than the LO frequency f LO, and the interfering signal is centered around f i = f LO f d then for f = f IF = f LO f d y(f IF ) = (s d (λ) + s i (λ)) (δ(λ + f d ) + δ(λ + f d f LO )) dλ = s d ( f d ) + s d (f i ) + s i ( f d ) + s i (f i ). () Thus at the output of the mixer both the desired and the image-frequency signals are shifted to frequency f IF (known as the intermediate frequency). To prevent contamination of the desired signal by the image-frequency signal either the image must be filtered out before the mixer, or a more complex image-reject mixer structure must be used, which is discussed below. Note also that in the above analysis the negative frequency part of the desired signal spectrum is what gets translated to f if, due to the use of an LO frequency greater that the carrier frequency (so called high-side LO injection), with the result that the spectrum is reversed compared to the positive frequency spectrum Image Reject Mixers To aid in rejecting signals at the image frequency an image reject mixer structure can be used (these mixers don t generally achieve sufficient suppression of the image to eliminate the need for other image frequency filtering). There are two types of image reject mixers: the Hartely and the Weaver. 3.4 IF Amplification and Filtering After the mixer comes the channel select filter, which is a narrow filter around the intermediate frequency with a passband equal to the desired signal band- 6

7 width, thereby attenuating all undesired signals. Automatic gain control is also usually performed at IF: because the input signal power to the receiver can vary dramatically over time, the receiver must typically detect the input power and adjust the internal gain in order to maintain a relatively constant level at the demodulator, ensuring that the useful range of the ADC is maximized, for example. 3.5 Quadrature Mixing and Second LO Historically, for analogue modulation schemes, the next stage in the receiver was the detector than would generate the desired baseband signal, e.g., an envelope detector or Foster-Seeley discriminator. For complex digital modulation the signal must be converted to the digital domain for detection, so the output of the intermediate frequency stage is mixed with in-band and quadrature versions of a second LO signal and low-pass filtered to create the I and Q signals at a low enough frequency (perhaps DC) to be sampled by an ADC. The low-frequency signals might go through additional gain stages before being sampled. Note that the signal could be shifted down to an alias frequency with respect to the ADC clock rate, rather than to Nyquist, effectively completing the down-conversion during the sampling process. 4 Low IF Receiver As the name suggests, the LIF receiver shifts the desired RF channel down to a lower intermediate frequency than the super-heterodyne (perhaps one or two channel bandwidths above DC), which enables the IF signals to be directly sampled by an ADC. Intermediate frequency processing that was previously performed with analog blocks can now be done digitally, which is generally more flexible and cheaper to implement. This architecture is not without its problems, however. In particular the use of a low IF makes the image frequency very close to the desired RF signal, and thus impossible to remove with RF filtering in practical terms. Using an image reject mixer is possible in some cases, but many systems require much more rejection than can be achieved through that approach alone. Often the preferred approach is to perform quadrature downconversion to a low IF and sample the I and Q signals separately using two ADCs. This maintains the distinction between the desired and image frequencies, and the image signal 7

8 can then be eliminated through filtering or image reject mixing in the digital domain. The cost of this approach is the additional hardware in the form of the second ADC, in addition to stringent dynamic range requirements on the ADCs because the sampled signal includes both wanted and unwanted signals. 5 Direct Conversion Receiver Also known as a Zero-IF or Homodyne receiver, the direct conversion receiver eliminates the IF stage and shifts the desired signal directly to DC. It may use a pre-selection filter like the superheterodyne does, and uses an LNA for good SNR. Unlike the super-heterodyne the image filter is not required because there is no image. Instead the output of the LNA is mixed with in-phase and quadrature LO signals with the same frequency as the desired signal, followed by low-pass filters, thereby creating the desired I and Q baseband signals directly, which then have the appropriate gain applied before being sampled by the ADCs. Although simpler in concept than the super-heterodyne receiver, and requiring less hardware, the direct-conversion receiver suffers from some impairments. In particular, because the desired signal is being sampled by the ADCs with no frequency offset, any DC offset in the receive chain cannot be eliminated through simple filtering. Ideally the DC offset can be detected and eliminated in the digital domain, however if it is not sufficiently controlled at the ADC input then it reduces the effective range of the ADC that can be used for the desired signal, increasing quantization noise or causing clipping. Unfortunately there are many ways that DC offsets can be created in a receiver chain: 1. Second order non-linearities in the mixer, or to a lesser extent in the LNA if the mixer has some feedthrough (see 8.1). LO-to-RF leakage: the LO signal can leak into the RF port of the mixer or LNA (or any other component before the mixer) and thereby mix with itself. 3. RF-to-LO leakage: the reverse case of the above where the RF signal leaks into the mixer LO port. In general some form of DC offset control is required in the analog domain 8

9 6 Noise Analysis Noise Figure, Noise temperature, antenna temperature, noise figure of passive elements 6.1 Local Oscillator Noise Reciprocal mixing: because mixing is a convolution operation in the frequency domain, a strong interferer close to the carrier frequency will shift LO phase noise into the signal bandwidth at IF. 7 IQ Imbalance Gain and phase imbalance results in a residual side-band on the other side of the carrier, which contributes to SNR. 8 Non-linearity Impairments The gain of an RF device can be described in general using the Taylor series polynomial v out = α 1 v in + α vin + α 3 vin 3 + α n vin. n (3) Of particular interest are the third- and second-order terms, as these terms can result in unwanted spectral artifacts that interfere with the desired signal, at RF, IF, or baseband. (Higher order terms can create problematic spectral artifacts also, but generally of much smaller magnitude.) Typically, the second order coefficient α is positive while the third order coefficient α 3 is negative. 8.1 Second-order Non-linearity The output of a device with a second-order non-linearity will contain components at the sum and difference of all input frequencies, including the n=4 9

10 difference of every frequency with itself (i.e. 0 Hz). V out = α 1 V in cos(ωt) + α V in cos (ωt) = α 1 V in cos(ωt) + α V in (1 + cos(ωt)) (4) It is the 0Hz, or DC, component of the output that is usually the most troublesome for a receiver, because the spectrum of the modulating signal often contains some power at DC, thus it can be difficult to remove interfering DC signal without distorting the desired signal. Second-order non-linearity is usually measured in terms of the device s second-order Intercept-Point, or IP, which is the point on the input-output power curve at which the output signal power at ω equals that at ω. The IP can be specified in terms of the input or output power (IIP or OIP respectively), but it is usually specified in terms of the input power. From (4) it can be shown that ( ) α P IIP = 10 log 1 10 (5) α where P = V in, and P OIP = 10 log 10 (α 1 ) α1 α When measuring IP in practice the second harmonic of an input tone will often be outside of the bandwidth of the device, thus it is common to measure IP using a two-tone input signal. (6) V out = α 1 (V a cos(ω a t) + V b cos(ω b t)) + α (V a cos(ω a t) + V b cos(ω b t)) = α 1 (V a cos(ω a t) + V b cos(ω b t)) + ( V + α a (1 + cos(ω at)) + V b (1 + cos(ω bt)) + ) + V a V b (cos ((ω a + ω b )t) + cos ((ω a ω b )t)) (7) Assuming V a = V b the two-tone (TT) IIP is found by setting P T T α1v a / = αv a 4 /, therefore PIIP T T = V ( ) a α = 10 log α OIP = (8)

11 and P T T OIP = 10 log 10 (α 1 α 1 α ) (9) 8. Third-order Non-linearity A third-order non-linearity in a receiver component can result in a number of different impairments, depending on where in the receive chain it occurs, and on the presence or absence of power in particular frequency ranges in the received signal. Consider the output of a device with a third-order non-linearity excited by two input sinusoids at frequencies ω a and ω b respectively (the two signals could both be interfering signals, or one might be the desired signal, different scenarios will be examined later) V out = α 1 (V a cos(ω a t) + V b cos(ω b t)) + α 3 (V a cos(ω a t) + V b cos(ω b t)) 3 (10) with a little algebra it can be shown that [ V out = α 1 + α [ α 1 + α 3 4 ( ) ] 3V a + 6Vb V a cos(ω a t) ) ] V b cos(ω b t) ( 3V b + 6V a α 3V a V b cos ((ω a ω b )t) α 3V a V b cos ((ω b ω a )t) + high frequency terms. (11) The high frequency terms are specifically at 3ω a, 3ω b, ω a +ω b, and ω b +ω a. In general these terms are not as important as the other terms because if the input signals are within the band-select filter bandwidth, then the highfrequency outputs are far away from the desired band and will be easily filtered by later stages. However, in scenarios with a large tuning range relative to the carrier frequency a potential interferer at one third of the desired signal frequency might still be within the band-select filter s passband. Third-order distortion effects are usually categorized into three types: Desensitization and blocking; Cross-modulation; Intermodulation. 11

12 8..1 Intermodulation The terms in (11) at frequencies ω a ω b and ω b ω a are called intermodulation distortion or IMD3 (the 3 indicating the distortion is due to a third-order non-linearity), i.e. the result of the modulation of the signal at ω a by the signal at ω b and vice versa. The inter-modulating signals might be the desired signal and an interferer, or two interferers that create products that fall in the desired signal s frequency band. A common measure of third-order distortion is the third-order intercept point, or IP3, defined as the point at which an IMD3 product has the same output power as the linear frequency term, assuming that the two inputs at ω a and ω b have the same amplitude, i.e. V a = V b. Using that assumption, the on-frequency term is given by V ωa = [ α ] 4 α 3Va V a cos(ω a t) α 1 V a cos(ω a t) (1) assuming that α 1 >> 9 4 α 3V a. The IMD3 term is given by V ωa ω b = 3 4 α 3V 3 a cos ((ω a ω b )t) (13) Equating P ωa = V ω a / with P ωa ω b = V ω a ω b / gives the Input Intercept Point or IIP3 as P IIP 3 = V a = α 1 3 α 3 (14) and substituting V a = P IIP 3 into (1) or (13) gives the Output Intercept Point or OIP3 as P OIP 3 = V ω a = α3 1 3 α 3 (15) The Inter-Modulation Ratio (IMR) is the ratio of the power at the input signal frequency to the power at the IMD frequency 1

13 or in terms of the output values 16α IMR 3,dB = 10 log 1V a 10 9α3V a 6 = 10 log 10 16α 1 9α 3V 4 a = 10 log 10 4α 1 9α 3P a = 10 log 10 P IIP 3 P a = (P IIP 3,dB P a,db ) (16) IMR 3,dB = (P OIP 3,dB P ωa,db) (17) where x db = 10 log 10 (x). Now consider the case where the two inputs do not have equal power and P ωa ω b = α 1. P bp a P iip3 P ωb ω a = α 1. P b P a P iip3 (18) (19) with the result that with respect to ω a ω b IMR 3,dB = G db + P a,db + P b,db P iip3,db (0) where G db = α 1. Noting that P oip3,db = P iip3,db + G db (15), P ωa,db = P a,db + G db and P ωb,db = P b,db + G db we also have IMR 3,dB = P ωa,db + P ωb,db P oip3,db (1) 8.. Desensitization and Blocking In the case where the signal V a cos(ω a t) is the desired signal and V b cos(ω b t) is an interferer (or blocker) of much larger amplitude, the interferer can be considered to desensitize or ultimately block the desired signal. Consider the 13

14 output term at the desired signal frequency, neglecting the term 3α 4 3Va 3 on the basis that V b >> V a ( V ωa = α ) α 3Vb V a cos(ω a t). () The effective gain of the desired frequency term is the linear gain plus some factor that depends on the third-order non-linearity and the interfering signal strength. Because α 3 is in general negative the interferer has the effect of reducing the effective gain at the desired signal frequency, increasing the minimum required strength of the desired signal for successful demodulation (i.e. desensitizing the receiver), and if the non-linearity and interfering signal strength are strong enough the gain can be reduced to zero, in which case the desired signal is blocked Cross-modulation Consider a scenario that is the same as Section 8.., except that the interfering signal is the amplitude modulated (AM) signal [1 + m cos(ω m t)] V b cos(ω b t). (3) Then at the output of the non-linearity the term at the desired signal frequency is ( V ωa = α ]) α 3Vb [1 + m + m cos(ω mt) + m cos(ω m t) V a cos(ω a t). (4) Equation (4) shows that the at the output of the non-linearity the desired signal at ω a is amplitude modulated by a scaled version of the signal that modulates the interferer at ω b, hence the term cross-modulation. 14

Receiver Architecture

Receiver Architecture Receiver Architecture Receiver basics Channel selection why not at RF? BPF first or LNA first? Direct digitization of RF signal Receiver architectures Sub-sampling receiver noise problem Heterodyne receiver

More information

Session 3. CMOS RF IC Design Principles

Session 3. CMOS RF IC Design Principles Session 3 CMOS RF IC Design Principles Session Delivered by: D. Varun 1 Session Topics Standards RF wireless communications Multi standard RF transceivers RF front end architectures Frequency down conversion

More information

RADIO RECEIVERS ECE 3103 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

RADIO RECEIVERS ECE 3103 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS RADIO RECEIVERS ECE 3103 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FUNCTIONS OF A RADIO RECEIVER The main functions of a radio receiver are: 1. To intercept the RF signal by using the receiver antenna 2. Select the

More information

Introduction to Receivers

Introduction to Receivers Introduction to Receivers Purpose: translate RF signals to baseband Shift frequency Amplify Filter Demodulate Why is this a challenge? Interference Large dynamic range required Many receivers must be capable

More information

Wideband Receiver for Communications Receiver or Spectrum Analysis Usage: A Comparison of Superheterodyne to Quadrature Down Conversion

Wideband Receiver for Communications Receiver or Spectrum Analysis Usage: A Comparison of Superheterodyne to Quadrature Down Conversion A Comparison of Superheterodyne to Quadrature Down Conversion Tony Manicone, Vanteon Corporation There are many different system architectures which can be used in the design of High Frequency wideband

More information

RF/IF Terminology and Specs

RF/IF Terminology and Specs RF/IF Terminology and Specs Contributors: Brad Brannon John Greichen Leo McHugh Eamon Nash Eberhard Brunner 1 Terminology LNA - Low-Noise Amplifier. A specialized amplifier to boost the very small received

More information

TSEK02: Radio Electronics Lecture 8: RX Nonlinearity Issues, Demodulation. Ted Johansson, EKS, ISY

TSEK02: Radio Electronics Lecture 8: RX Nonlinearity Issues, Demodulation. Ted Johansson, EKS, ISY TSEK02: Radio Electronics Lecture 8: RX Nonlinearity Issues, Demodulation Ted Johansson, EKS, ISY RX Nonlinearity Issues: 2.2, 2.4 Demodulation: not in the book 2 RX nonlinearities System Nonlinearity

More information

6.976 High Speed Communication Circuits and Systems Lecture 20 Performance Measures of Wireless Communication

6.976 High Speed Communication Circuits and Systems Lecture 20 Performance Measures of Wireless Communication 6.976 High Speed Communication Circuits and Systems Lecture 20 Performance Measures of Wireless Communication Michael Perrott Massachusetts Institute of Technology Copyright 2003 by Michael H. Perrott

More information

Receiver Design. Prof. Tzong-Lin Wu EMC Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University 2011/2/21

Receiver Design. Prof. Tzong-Lin Wu EMC Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University 2011/2/21 Receiver Design Prof. Tzong-Lin Wu EMC Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University 2011/2/21 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 1 The receiver mush be very sensitive to -110dBm

More information

ADI 2006 RF Seminar. Chapter VI A Detailed Look at Wireless Signal Chain Architectures

ADI 2006 RF Seminar. Chapter VI A Detailed Look at Wireless Signal Chain Architectures DI 2006 R Seminar Chapter VI Detailed Look at Wireless Chain rchitectures 1 Receiver rchitectures Receivers are designed to detect and demodulate the desired signal and remove unwanted blockers Receiver

More information

Module 8 Theory. dbs AM Detector Ring Modulator Receiver Chain. Functional Blocks Parameters. IRTS Region 4

Module 8 Theory. dbs AM Detector Ring Modulator Receiver Chain. Functional Blocks Parameters. IRTS Region 4 Module 8 Theory dbs AM Detector Ring Modulator Receiver Chain Functional Blocks Parameters Decibel (db) The term db or decibel is a relative unit of measurement used frequently in electronic communications

More information

Technician License Course Chapter 3 Types of Radios and Radio Circuits. Module 7

Technician License Course Chapter 3 Types of Radios and Radio Circuits. Module 7 Technician License Course Chapter 3 Types of Radios and Radio Circuits Module 7 Radio Block Diagrams Radio Circuits can be shown as functional blocks connected together. Knowing the description of common

More information

ADI 2006 RF Seminar. Chapter II RF/IF Components and Specifications for Receivers

ADI 2006 RF Seminar. Chapter II RF/IF Components and Specifications for Receivers ADI 2006 RF Seminar Chapter II RF/IF Components and Specifications for Receivers 1 RF/IF Components and Specifications for Receivers Fixed Gain and Variable Gain Amplifiers IQ Demodulators Analog-to-Digital

More information

TSEK02: Radio Electronics Lecture 8: RX Nonlinearity Issues, Demodulation. Ted Johansson, EKS, ISY

TSEK02: Radio Electronics Lecture 8: RX Nonlinearity Issues, Demodulation. Ted Johansson, EKS, ISY TSEK02: Radio Electronics Lecture 8: RX Nonlinearity Issues, Demodulation Ted Johansson, EKS, ISY 2 RX Nonlinearity Issues, Demodulation RX nonlinearities (parts of 2.2) System Nonlinearity Sensitivity

More information

Superheterodyne Receiver Tutorial

Superheterodyne Receiver Tutorial 1 of 6 Superheterodyne Receiver Tutorial J P Silver E-mail: john@rfic.co.uk 1 ABSTRACT This paper discusses the basic design concepts of the Superheterodyne receiver in both single and double conversion

More information

Understanding IP2 and IP3 Issues in Direct Conversion Receivers for WCDMA Wide Area Basestations

Understanding IP2 and IP3 Issues in Direct Conversion Receivers for WCDMA Wide Area Basestations L DESIGN FEATURES Understanding I and I3 Issues in Direct Conversion Receivers for Wide Area Basestations Introduction A direct conversion receiver architecture offers several advantages over the traditional

More information

THE BASICS OF RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN

THE BASICS OF RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN THE BASICS OF RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN Mark Hunter * Abstract This paper is intended to give an overview of the design of radio transceivers to the engineer new to the field. It is shown how the requirements

More information

Receiver Architectures

Receiver Architectures 83080RA/1 Receiver Architectures Markku Renfors Tampere University of Technology Digital Media Institute/Telecommunications 83080RA/2 Topics 1. Main analog components for receivers - amplifiers - filters

More information

TSEK38 Radio Frequency Transceiver Design: Project work B

TSEK38 Radio Frequency Transceiver Design: Project work B TSEK38 Project Work: Task specification A 1(15) TSEK38 Radio Frequency Transceiver Design: Project work B Course home page: Course responsible: http://www.isy.liu.se/en/edu/kurs/tsek38/ Ted Johansson (ted.johansson@liu.se)

More information

Lecture 15: Introduction to Mixers

Lecture 15: Introduction to Mixers EECS 142 Lecture 15: Introduction to Mixers Prof. Ali M. Niknejad University of California, Berkeley Copyright c 2005 by Ali M. Niknejad A. M. Niknejad University of California, Berkeley EECS 142 Lecture

More information

INTRODUCTION TO TRANSCEIVER DESIGN ECE3103 ADVANCED TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION TO TRANSCEIVER DESIGN ECE3103 ADVANCED TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION TO TRANSCEIVER DESIGN ECE3103 ADVANCED TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FUNCTIONS OF A TRANSMITTER The basic functions of a transmitter are: a) up-conversion: move signal to desired RF carrier frequency.

More information

Termination Insensitive Mixers By Howard Hausman President/CEO, MITEQ, Inc. 100 Davids Drive Hauppauge, NY

Termination Insensitive Mixers By Howard Hausman President/CEO, MITEQ, Inc. 100 Davids Drive Hauppauge, NY Termination Insensitive Mixers By Howard Hausman President/CEO, MITEQ, Inc. 100 Davids Drive Hauppauge, NY 11788 hhausman@miteq.com Abstract Microwave mixers are non-linear devices that are used to translate

More information

ELT Receiver Architectures and Signal Processing Exam Requirements and Model Questions 2018

ELT Receiver Architectures and Signal Processing Exam Requirements and Model Questions 2018 TUT/ICE 1 ELT-44006 Receiver Architectures and Signal Processing Exam Requirements and Model Questions 2018 General idea of these Model Questions is to highlight the central knowledge expected to be known

More information

High Dynamic Range Receiver Parameters

High Dynamic Range Receiver Parameters High Dynamic Range Receiver Parameters The concept of a high-dynamic-range receiver implies more than an ability to detect, with low distortion, desired signals differing, in amplitude by as much as 90

More information

Co-existence. DECT/CAT-iq vs. other wireless technologies from a HW perspective

Co-existence. DECT/CAT-iq vs. other wireless technologies from a HW perspective Co-existence DECT/CAT-iq vs. other wireless technologies from a HW perspective Abstract: This White Paper addresses three different co-existence issues (blocking, sideband interference, and inter-modulation)

More information

ELEN 701 RF & Microwave Systems Engineering. Lecture 2 September 27, 2006 Dr. Michael Thorburn Santa Clara University

ELEN 701 RF & Microwave Systems Engineering. Lecture 2 September 27, 2006 Dr. Michael Thorburn Santa Clara University ELEN 701 RF & Microwave Systems Engineering Lecture 2 September 27, 2006 Dr. Michael Thorburn Santa Clara University Lecture 2 Radio Architecture and Design Considerations, Part I Architecture Superheterodyne

More information

RF Receiver Hardware Design

RF Receiver Hardware Design RF Receiver Hardware Design Bill Sward bsward@rtlogic.com February 18, 2011 Topics Customer Requirements Communication link environment Performance Parameters/Metrics Frequency Conversion Architectures

More information

APPLICATION NOTE 3942 Optimize the Buffer Amplifier/ADC Connection

APPLICATION NOTE 3942 Optimize the Buffer Amplifier/ADC Connection Maxim > Design Support > Technical Documents > Application Notes > Communications Circuits > APP 3942 Maxim > Design Support > Technical Documents > Application Notes > High-Speed Interconnect > APP 3942

More information

Problems from the 3 rd edition

Problems from the 3 rd edition (2.1-1) Find the energies of the signals: a) sin t, 0 t π b) sin t, 0 t π c) 2 sin t, 0 t π d) sin (t-2π), 2π t 4π Problems from the 3 rd edition Comment on the effect on energy of sign change, time shifting

More information

Introduction. In the frequency domain, complex signals are separated into their frequency components, and the level at each frequency is displayed

Introduction. In the frequency domain, complex signals are separated into their frequency components, and the level at each frequency is displayed SPECTRUM ANALYZER Introduction A spectrum analyzer measures the amplitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument The spectrum analyzer is to the frequency

More information

Understanding Mixers Terms Defined, and Measuring Performance

Understanding Mixers Terms Defined, and Measuring Performance Understanding Mixers Terms Defined, and Measuring Performance Mixer Terms Defined Statistical Processing Applied to Mixers Today's stringent demands for precise electronic systems place a heavy burden

More information

TSEK38: Radio Frequency Transceiver Design Lecture 3: Superheterodyne TRX design

TSEK38: Radio Frequency Transceiver Design Lecture 3: Superheterodyne TRX design TSEK38: Radio Frequency Transceiver Design Lecture 3: Superheterodyne TRX design Ted Johansson, ISY ted.johansson@liu.se 2 Outline of lecture 3 Introduction RF TRX architectures (3) Superheterodyne architecture

More information

Transceiver Architectures (III)

Transceiver Architectures (III) Image-Reject Receivers Transceiver Architectures (III) Since the image and the signal lie on the two sides of the LO frequency, it is possible to architect the RX so that it can distinguish between the

More information

Recap of Last 2 Classes

Recap of Last 2 Classes Recap of Last 2 Classes Transmission Media Analog versus Digital Signals Bandwidth Considerations Attentuation, Delay Distortion and Noise Nyquist and Shannon Analog Modulation Digital Modulation What

More information

Designing a 960 MHz CMOS LNA and Mixer using ADS. EE 5390 RFIC Design Michelle Montoya Alfredo Perez. April 15, 2004

Designing a 960 MHz CMOS LNA and Mixer using ADS. EE 5390 RFIC Design Michelle Montoya Alfredo Perez. April 15, 2004 Designing a 960 MHz CMOS LNA and Mixer using ADS EE 5390 RFIC Design Michelle Montoya Alfredo Perez April 15, 2004 The University of Texas at El Paso Dr Tim S. Yao ABSTRACT Two circuits satisfying the

More information

QUICK START GUIDE FOR DEMONSTRATION CIRCUIT 678A 40MHZ TO 900MHZ DIRECT CONVERSION QUADRATURE DEMODULATOR

QUICK START GUIDE FOR DEMONSTRATION CIRCUIT 678A 40MHZ TO 900MHZ DIRECT CONVERSION QUADRATURE DEMODULATOR DESCRIPTION QUICK START GUIDE FOR DEMONSTRATION CIRCUIT 678A LT5517 Demonstration circuit 678A is a 40MHz to 900MHz Direct Conversion Quadrature Demodulator featuring the LT5517. The LT 5517 is a direct

More information

1 Introduction to Highly Integrated and Tunable RF Receiver Front Ends

1 Introduction to Highly Integrated and Tunable RF Receiver Front Ends 1 Introduction to Highly Integrated and Tunable RF Receiver Front Ends 1.1 Introduction With the ever-increasing demand for instant access to data over wideband communication channels, the quest for a

More information

EE470 Electronic Communication Theory Exam II

EE470 Electronic Communication Theory Exam II EE470 Electronic Communication Theory Exam II Open text, closed notes. For partial credit, you must show all formulas in symbolic form and you must work neatly!!! Date: November 6, 2013 Name: 1. [16%]

More information

Lecture 6. Angle Modulation and Demodulation

Lecture 6. Angle Modulation and Demodulation Lecture 6 and Demodulation Agenda Introduction to and Demodulation Frequency and Phase Modulation Angle Demodulation FM Applications Introduction The other two parameters (frequency and phase) of the carrier

More information

Optimizing the Performance of Very Wideband Direct Conversion Receivers

Optimizing the Performance of Very Wideband Direct Conversion Receivers Optimizing the Performance of Very Wideband Direct Conversion Receivers Design Note 1027 John Myers, Michiel Kouwenhoven, James Wong, Vladimir Dvorkin Introduction Zero-IF receivers are not new; they have

More information

RF Integrated Circuits

RF Integrated Circuits Introduction and Motivation RF Integrated Circuits The recent explosion in the radio frequency (RF) and wireless market has caught the semiconductor industry by surprise. The increasing demand for affordable

More information

Code No: R Set No. 1

Code No: R Set No. 1 Code No: R05220405 Set No. 1 II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2007 ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS ( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics & Telematics) Time: 3 hours

More information

Implementation And Evaluation Of An RF Receiver Architecture Using An Undersampling Track-And-Hold Circuit

Implementation And Evaluation Of An RF Receiver Architecture Using An Undersampling Track-And-Hold Circuit Implementation And Evaluation Of An RF Receiver Architecture Using An Undersampling Track-And-Hold Circuit Magnus Dahlbäck LiTH-ISY-EX-3448-2003 Linköping 5 January 2004 Implementation And Evaluation

More information

Introduction to Amplitude Modulation

Introduction to Amplitude Modulation 1 Introduction to Amplitude Modulation Introduction to project management. Problem definition. Design principles and practices. Implementation techniques including circuit design, software design, solid

More information

A Comparative Analysis between Homodyne and Heterodyne Receiver Architecture Md Sarwar Hossain * & Muhammad Sajjad Hussain **

A Comparative Analysis between Homodyne and Heterodyne Receiver Architecture Md Sarwar Hossain * & Muhammad Sajjad Hussain ** A Comparative Analysis between Homodyne and Heterodyne Receiver Architecture Manarat International University Studies, 2 (1): 152-157, December 2011 ISSN 1815-6754 @ Manarat International University, 2011

More information

Outline. Communications Engineering 1

Outline. Communications Engineering 1 Outline Introduction Signal, random variable, random process and spectra Analog modulation Analog to digital conversion Digital transmission through baseband channels Signal space representation Optimal

More information

Today s communication

Today s communication From October 2009 High Frequency Electronics Copyright 2009 Summit Technical Media, LLC Selecting High-Linearity Mixers for Wireless Base Stations By Stephanie Overhoff Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.

More information

Linearity Improvement Techniques for Wireless Transmitters: Part 1

Linearity Improvement Techniques for Wireless Transmitters: Part 1 From May 009 High Frequency Electronics Copyright 009 Summit Technical Media, LLC Linearity Improvement Techniques for Wireless Transmitters: art 1 By Andrei Grebennikov Bell Labs Ireland In modern telecommunication

More information

Description of the AM Superheterodyne Radio Receiver

Description of the AM Superheterodyne Radio Receiver Superheterodyne AM Radio Receiver Since the inception of the AM radio, it spread widely due to its ease of use and more importantly, it low cost. The low cost of most AM radios sold in the market is due

More information

Digital Signal Analysis

Digital Signal Analysis Digital Signal Analysis Objectives - Provide a digital modulation overview - Review common digital radio impairments Digital Modulation Overview Signal Characteristics to Modify Polar Display / IQ Relationship

More information

Keysight Technologies Pulsed Antenna Measurements Using PNA Network Analyzers

Keysight Technologies Pulsed Antenna Measurements Using PNA Network Analyzers Keysight Technologies Pulsed Antenna Measurements Using PNA Network Analyzers White Paper Abstract This paper presents advances in the instrumentation techniques that can be used for the measurement and

More information

Lecture 6 SIGNAL PROCESSING. Radar Signal Processing Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti. Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

Lecture 6 SIGNAL PROCESSING. Radar Signal Processing Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti. Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti Lecture 6 SIGNAL PROCESSING Signal Reception Receiver Bandwidth Pulse Shape Power Relation Beam Width Pulse Repetition Frequency Antenna Gain Radar Cross Section of Target. Signal-to-noise ratio Receiver

More information

RFID Systems: Radio Architecture

RFID Systems: Radio Architecture RFID Systems: Radio Architecture 1 A discussion of radio architecture and RFID. What are the critical pieces? Familiarity with how radio and especially RFID radios are designed will allow you to make correct

More information

Lab course Analog Part of a State-of-the-Art Mobile Radio Receiver

Lab course Analog Part of a State-of-the-Art Mobile Radio Receiver Communication Technology Laboratory Wireless Communications Group Prof. Dr. A. Wittneben ETH Zurich, ETF, Sternwartstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich Tel 41 44 632 36 11 Fax 41 44 632 12 09 Lab course Analog Part

More information

ELEN 701 RF & Microwave Systems Engineering. Lecture 8 November 8, 2006 Dr. Michael Thorburn Santa Clara University

ELEN 701 RF & Microwave Systems Engineering. Lecture 8 November 8, 2006 Dr. Michael Thorburn Santa Clara University ELEN 701 RF & Microwave Systems Engineering Lecture 8 November 8, 2006 Dr. Michael Thorburn Santa Clara University System Noise Figure Signal S1 Noise N1 GAIN = G Signal G x S1 Noise G x (N1+No) Self Noise

More information

1 Introduction RF receivers Transmission observation receiver Thesis Objectives Outline... 3

1 Introduction RF receivers Transmission observation receiver Thesis Objectives Outline... 3 Printed in Sweden E-huset, Lund, 2016 Abstract In this thesis work, a highly linear passive attenuator and mixer were designed to be used in a wide-band Transmission Observation Receiver (TOR). The TOR

More information

Charan Langton, Editor

Charan Langton, Editor Charan Langton, Editor SIGNAL PROCESSING & SIMULATION NEWSLETTER Baseband, Passband Signals and Amplitude Modulation The most salient feature of information signals is that they are generally low frequency.

More information

Speech, music, images, and video are examples of analog signals. Each of these signals is characterized by its bandwidth, dynamic range, and the

Speech, music, images, and video are examples of analog signals. Each of these signals is characterized by its bandwidth, dynamic range, and the Speech, music, images, and video are examples of analog signals. Each of these signals is characterized by its bandwidth, dynamic range, and the nature of the signal. For instance, in the case of audio

More information

Receiver Architectures

Receiver Architectures Receiver Architectures Direct Detection of radio signals 1 2.. n f C,i Antenna Amplifier RF Filter A Demodulation Base Band 1 f C,i Not convenient: - RF filter must be very selective and tunable - Amplifier

More information

Residual Phase Noise Measurement Extracts DUT Noise from External Noise Sources By David Brandon and John Cavey

Residual Phase Noise Measurement Extracts DUT Noise from External Noise Sources By David Brandon and John Cavey Residual Phase Noise easurement xtracts DUT Noise from xternal Noise Sources By David Brandon [david.brandon@analog.com and John Cavey [john.cavey@analog.com Residual phase noise measurement cancels the

More information

Reconfigurable 6 GHz Vector Signal Transceiver with I/Q Interface

Reconfigurable 6 GHz Vector Signal Transceiver with I/Q Interface SPECIFICATIONS PXIe-5645 Reconfigurable 6 GHz Vector Signal Transceiver with I/Q Interface Contents Definitions...2 Conditions... 3 Frequency...4 Frequency Settling Time... 4 Internal Frequency Reference...

More information

4- Single Side Band (SSB)

4- Single Side Band (SSB) 4- Single Side Band (SSB) It can be shown that: s(t) S.S.B = m(t) cos ω c t ± m h (t) sin ω c t -: USB ; +: LSB m(t) X m(t) cos ω c t -π/ cos ω c t -π/ + s S.S.B m h (t) X m h (t) ± sin ω c t 1 Tone Modulation:

More information

TSEK03: Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Lecture 5-6: Mixers

TSEK03: Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Lecture 5-6: Mixers TSEK03: Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Lecture 5-6: Mixers Ted Johansson, EKS, ISY ted.johansson@liu.se Overview 2 Razavi: Chapter 6.1-6.3, pp. 343-398. Lee: Chapter 13. 6.1 Mixers general

More information

Amplitude Modulated Systems

Amplitude Modulated Systems Amplitude Modulated Systems Communication is process of establishing connection between two points for information exchange. Channel refers to medium through which message travels e.g. wires, links, or

More information

A New Look at SDR Testing

A New Look at SDR Testing A New Look at SDR Testing (presented at SDR Academy 2016, Friedrichshafen, Germany) Adam Farson VA7OJ/AB4OJ Copyright 2016 A. Farson VA7OJ/AB4OJ 25-Dec-17 SDR Academy 2016 - SDR Testing 1 Performance issues

More information

NOISE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERSITICS OF DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS

NOISE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERSITICS OF DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS White Paper NOISE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERSITICS OF DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS January 2012 Austin, Texas Stephen Hicks, N5AC, AAR6AM, VP Engineering, FlexRadio Systems HISTORY AND THE PROBLEM Superheterodyne,

More information

Receiver Architectures

Receiver Architectures Receiver Architectures Modules: VCO (2), Quadrature Utilities (2), Utilities, Adder, Multiplier, Phase Shifter (2), Tuneable LPF (2), 100-kHz Channel Filters, Audio Oscillator, Noise Generator, Speech,

More information

HY448 Sample Problems

HY448 Sample Problems HY448 Sample Problems 10 November 2014 These sample problems include the material in the lectures and the guided lab exercises. 1 Part 1 1.1 Combining logarithmic quantities A carrier signal with power

More information

Definitions. Spectrum Analyzer

Definitions. Spectrum Analyzer SIGNAL ANALYZERS Spectrum Analyzer Definitions A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure

More information

Interference Issues between UMTS & WLAN in a Multi-Standard RF Receiver

Interference Issues between UMTS & WLAN in a Multi-Standard RF Receiver Interference Issues between UMTS & WLAN in a Multi-Standard RF Receiver Nastaran Behjou, Basuki E. Priyanto, Ole Kiel Jensen, and Torben Larsen RISC Division, Department of Communication Technology, Aalborg

More information

UNIT-3. Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation

UNIT-3.   Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation UNIT-3 1. Draw the Block Schematic of AF Wave analyzer and explain its principle and Working? ANS: The wave analyzer consists of a very narrow pass-band filter section which can Be tuned to a particular

More information

HF Receivers, Part 2

HF Receivers, Part 2 HF Receivers, Part 2 Superhet building blocks: AM, SSB/CW, FM receivers Adam Farson VA7OJ View an excellent tutorial on receivers NSARC HF Operators HF Receivers 2 1 The RF Amplifier (Preamp)! Typical

More information

HF Receiver Testing: Issues & Advances (also presented at APDXC 2014, Osaka, Japan, November 2014) Adam Farson VA7OJ Copyright 2014 North Shore Amateur Radio Club NSARC HF Operators HF RX Testing 1 HF

More information

Noise and Distortion in Microwave System

Noise and Distortion in Microwave System Noise and Distortion in Microwave System Prof. Tzong-Lin Wu EMC Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University 1 Introduction Noise is a random process from many sources: thermal,

More information

Understanding Low Phase Noise Signals. Presented by: Riadh Said Agilent Technologies, Inc.

Understanding Low Phase Noise Signals. Presented by: Riadh Said Agilent Technologies, Inc. Understanding Low Phase Noise Signals Presented by: Riadh Said Agilent Technologies, Inc. Introduction Instabilities in the frequency or phase of a signal are caused by a number of different effects. Each

More information

Analog Devices Welcomes Hittite Microwave Corporation NO CONTENT ON THE ATTACHED DOCUMENT HAS CHANGED

Analog Devices Welcomes Hittite Microwave Corporation NO CONTENT ON THE ATTACHED DOCUMENT HAS CHANGED Analog Devices Welcomes Hittite Microwave Corporation NO CONTENT ON THE ATTACHED DOCUMENT HAS CHANGED www.analog.com www.hittite.com THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK v01.05.00 HMC141/142 MIXER OPERATION

More information

ELEN 701 RF & Microwave Systems Engineering. Lecture 4 October 11, 2006 Dr. Michael Thorburn Santa Clara University

ELEN 701 RF & Microwave Systems Engineering. Lecture 4 October 11, 2006 Dr. Michael Thorburn Santa Clara University ELEN 7 RF & Microwave Systems Engineering Lecture 4 October, 26 Dr. Michael Thorburn Santa Clara University Lecture 5 Receiver System Analysis and Design, Part II Key Parameters Intermodulation Characteristics

More information

Agilent Spectrum Analysis Basics. Application Note 150

Agilent Spectrum Analysis Basics. Application Note 150 Agilent Spectrum Analysis Basics Application Note 150 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction.......................................................4 Frequency domain versus time domain.......................................4

More information

B.Tech II Year II Semester (R13) Supplementary Examinations May/June 2017 ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (Electronics and Communication Engineering)

B.Tech II Year II Semester (R13) Supplementary Examinations May/June 2017 ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (Electronics and Communication Engineering) Code: 13A04404 R13 B.Tech II Year II Semester (R13) Supplementary Examinations May/June 2017 ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (Electronics and Communication Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70 PART A

More information

Appendix. Harmonic Balance Simulator. Page 1

Appendix. Harmonic Balance Simulator. Page 1 Appendix Harmonic Balance Simulator Page 1 Harmonic Balance for Large Signal AC and S-parameter Simulation Harmonic Balance is a frequency domain analysis technique for simulating distortion in nonlinear

More information

Keysight Technologies 8 Hints for Making Better Measurements Using RF Signal Generators. Application Note

Keysight Technologies 8 Hints for Making Better Measurements Using RF Signal Generators. Application Note Keysight Technologies 8 Hints for Making Better Measurements Using RF Signal Generators Application Note 02 Keysight 8 Hints for Making Better Measurements Using RF Signal Generators - Application Note

More information

Twelve voice signals, each band-limited to 3 khz, are frequency -multiplexed using 1 khz guard bands between channels and between the main carrier

Twelve voice signals, each band-limited to 3 khz, are frequency -multiplexed using 1 khz guard bands between channels and between the main carrier Twelve voice signals, each band-limited to 3 khz, are frequency -multiplexed using 1 khz guard bands between channels and between the main carrier and the first channel. The modulation of the main carrier

More information

C. Mixers. frequencies? limit? specifications? Perhaps the most important component of any receiver is the mixer a non-linear microwave device.

C. Mixers. frequencies? limit? specifications? Perhaps the most important component of any receiver is the mixer a non-linear microwave device. 9/13/2007 Mixers notes 1/1 C. Mixers Perhaps the most important component of any receiver is the mixer a non-linear microwave device. HO: Mixers Q: How efficient is a typical mixer at creating signals

More information

EECS 242: Receiver Architectures

EECS 242: Receiver Architectures : Receiver Architectures Outline Complex baseband equivalent of a bandpass signal Double-conversion single-quadrature (Superheterodyne) Direct-conversion (Single-conversion single-quad, homodyne, zero-)

More information

THE RF MODELLING OF A GENERIC COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE TRANSPONDER. P. James (1) Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO3 5PU, England

THE RF MODELLING OF A GENERIC COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE TRANSPONDER. P. James (1) Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO3 5PU, England THE RF MODELLING OF A GENERIC COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE TRANSPONDER P. James (1) Abstract (1) Astrium Ltd Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO3 5PU, England The increasing complexity of today s telecommunications

More information

Keysight Technologies PNA-X Series Microwave Network Analyzers

Keysight Technologies PNA-X Series Microwave Network Analyzers Keysight Technologies PNA-X Series Microwave Network Analyzers Active-Device Characterization in Pulsed Operation Using the PNA-X Application Note Introduction Vector network analyzers (VNA) are the common

More information

Reference Clock Distribution for a 325MHz IF Sampling System with over 30MHz Bandwidth, 64dB SNR and 80dB SFDR

Reference Clock Distribution for a 325MHz IF Sampling System with over 30MHz Bandwidth, 64dB SNR and 80dB SFDR Reference Clock Distribution for a 325MHz IF Sampling System with over 30MHz Bandwidth, 64dB SNR and 80dB SFDR Michel Azarian Clock jitter introduced in an RF receiver through reference clock buffering

More information

TSEK38: Radio Frequency Transceiver Design Lecture 7: Receiver Synthesis (II)

TSEK38: Radio Frequency Transceiver Design Lecture 7: Receiver Synthesis (II) TSEK38: Radio Frequency Transceiver Design Lecture 7: Receiver Synthesis (II) Ted Johansson, ISY ted.johansson@liu.se Systematic Receiver Synthesis (II) 4.3 Intermodulation characteristics Phase noise

More information

Single Conversion LF Upconverter Andy Talbot G4JNT Jan 2009

Single Conversion LF Upconverter Andy Talbot G4JNT Jan 2009 Single Conversion LF Upconverter Andy Talbot G4JNT Jan 2009 Mark 2 Version Oct 2010, see Appendix, Page 8 This upconverter is designed to directly translate the output from a soundcard from a PC running

More information

two computers. 2- Providing a channel between them for transmitting and receiving the signals through it.

two computers. 2- Providing a channel between them for transmitting and receiving the signals through it. 1. Introduction: Communication is the process of transmitting the messages that carrying information, where the two computers can be communicated with each other if the two conditions are available: 1-

More information

CMOS RFIC Design for Direct Conversion Receivers. Zhaofeng ZHANG Supervisor: Dr. Jack Lau

CMOS RFIC Design for Direct Conversion Receivers. Zhaofeng ZHANG Supervisor: Dr. Jack Lau CMOS RFIC Design for Direct Conversion Receivers Zhaofeng ZHANG Supervisor: Dr. Jack Lau Outline of Presentation Background Introduction Thesis Contributions Design Issues and Solutions A Direct Conversion

More information

+ 2. Basic concepts of RFIC design

+ 2. Basic concepts of RFIC design + 2. Basic concepts of RFIC design 1 A. Thanachayanont RF Microelectronics + General considerations: 2 Units in RF design n Voltage gain and power gain n Ap and Av are equal if vin and vout appear across

More information

Satellite Communications: Part 4 Signal Distortions & Errors and their Relation to Communication Channel Specifications. Howard Hausman April 1, 2010

Satellite Communications: Part 4 Signal Distortions & Errors and their Relation to Communication Channel Specifications. Howard Hausman April 1, 2010 Satellite Communications: Part 4 Signal Distortions & Errors and their Relation to Communication Channel Specifications Howard Hausman April 1, 2010 Satellite Communications: Part 4 Signal Distortions

More information

MITIGATING INTERFERENCE ON AN OUTDOOR RANGE

MITIGATING INTERFERENCE ON AN OUTDOOR RANGE MITIGATING INTERFERENCE ON AN OUTDOOR RANGE Roger Dygert MI Technologies Suwanee, GA 30024 rdygert@mi-technologies.com ABSTRACT Making measurements on an outdoor range can be challenging for many reasons,

More information

This place covers: Demodulation or transference of signals modulated on a sinusoidal carrier or on electromagnetic waves.

This place covers: Demodulation or transference of signals modulated on a sinusoidal carrier or on electromagnetic waves. CPC - H03D - 2017.08 H03D DEMODULATION OR TRANSFERENCE OF MODULATION FROM ONE CARRIER TO ANOTHER (masers, lasers H01S; circuits capable of acting both as modulator and demodulator H03C; details applicable

More information

WIRELESS TRANSCEIVER ARCHITECTURE

WIRELESS TRANSCEIVER ARCHITECTURE WIRELESS TRANSCEIVER ARCHITECTURE BRIDGING RF AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Pierre Baudin Wiley Contents Preface List of Abbreviations Nomenclature xiii xvii xxi Part I BETWEEN MAXWELL AND SHANNON 1 The Digital

More information

Radio Research Directions. Behzad Razavi Communication Circuits Laboratory Electrical Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles

Radio Research Directions. Behzad Razavi Communication Circuits Laboratory Electrical Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles Radio Research Directions Behzad Razavi Communication Circuits Laboratory Electrical Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles Outline Introduction Millimeter-Wave Transceivers - Applications

More information

1 MHz 6 GHz RF Mixer with built in PLL Synthesizer

1 MHz 6 GHz RF Mixer with built in PLL Synthesizer Windfreak Technologies Preliminary Data Sheet v0.1a MixNV Active Mixer v1.4a $499.00US 1 MHz 6 GHz RF Mixer with built in PLL Synthesizer Features Open source Labveiw GUI software control via USB Run hardware

More information

Laboratory Assignment 5 Amplitude Modulation

Laboratory Assignment 5 Amplitude Modulation Laboratory Assignment 5 Amplitude Modulation PURPOSE In this assignment, you will explore the use of digital computers for the analysis, design, synthesis, and simulation of an amplitude modulation (AM)

More information

RF System Aspects for SDR. A Tutorial. Dr. Ruediger Leschhorn, Rohde & Schwarz 29. November 2011

RF System Aspects for SDR. A Tutorial. Dr. Ruediger Leschhorn, Rohde & Schwarz 29. November 2011 RF System Aspects for SDR A Tutorial Dr. Ruediger Leschhorn, Rohde & Schwarz 29. November 2011 Content Radio System Some Basics Link Budget Cosite Examples Desensitization Blocking, Transmitter Noise,

More information