The European Emission Specifications

Transcription

1 The European Emission Specifications. Manfred Stecher Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG MihdorfstraDe 15 D Miinchen, Germany SUMMARY The paper gives an overview over the current European emission specifications. They are not imited to radio frequency (f emissions, but deaing with power frequency emissions - harmonics and votage fuctuations - as we. RF emission specifications isted in the officia journa of the European Communities foow generay the internationay accepted CISPR standards. Aso reated to a CISPR standard are specifications for the rf emissions of motor vehices in the updated directive 72/245/EEC. Specifications for medica eectrica apparatus are not deat with in this paper since they are covered by a separate topic of this session on Goba Commercia EMC Standards. An attempt is aso made to give an overview over future deveopments of European emission specifications. EC Conformity Mark to the apparatus or ese to the packaging, instructions for use or guarantee certificate. Therefore the ist of harmonized European Standards pubished in the OJ is of specia importance. Artice Certification by a Competent Body: if there is no appicabe EN pubished in the OJ or the existing EN has not been appied for some reason, the manufacturer or importer sha hod at the disposa of the competent authorities a technica construction fie. This fie sha incude a technica report or certificate obtained from a competent body. Artice IO/5 - Certification by a Notified Body: if the apparatus is designed for the transmission of radiocommunications, the conformity is certified once the manufacturer has obtained an EC Type-Examination Certificate issued by a Notified Body. There are two main areas and targets of European emission specifications: the power frequency range (50 Hz with harmonics to 2 khz) with the purpose of preserving the pubic mains AC power and the radio frequency range (above 9 khz) with the target of guaranteeing a high quaity of radio reception. The imitation of radio frequency disturbance is not a European speciaity. Many further countries have estabished measures to imit radio disturbance. Through the Internationa Teecommunication Convention (ITC) more than 185 countries (Member states of the Internationa Teecommunication Union - ITU) incuding a industriaized nations, have committed themseves to take a practica and necessary measures so that the operation of eectrica equipment and systems does not unduy disturb radio traf?c (Artice 35 of the ITC). This Artice 35 of the ITC corresponds to Artice 18 of the ITU-R Radio Reguations (RR) which describe the requirement in more detai: Artice 18 of the RR deas in its part 1 with RF1 due to communications equipment (intentiona radiators) and in its part 2 with RF1 due to non-communications equipment (non-intentiona radiators). With Directive 89/336/EEC, known as the European EMC Directive, two ega protection goas are defined: - to imit eectromagnetic disturbance and to guarantee a certain eve of immunity to eectromagnetic disturbance. THE EMISSION SPECIFICATIONS IN FORCE ON JAN 1,1996 The Europeon EMC Directive - icensing procedures In its Artice 10 the EMC Directive considers different icensing procedures for pacing an eectric/eectronic device onto the European market: Artice 10/ - sef-certification: if a harmonized European Standard (EN) pubished in the Officia Journa (OJ) of the European Communities appies to a product, the manufacturer or importer may certify conformity with the directive by an EC Decaration and may affix the List of Emission Standcuds pubished in the OJ The EMC standards deveoped by CENELEC, the European Standardizing Body, are divided into the foowing three types: Basic standards Generic standards. Product standards Basic standards define and describe the EMC probem, the principe measuring instrumentation and test methods. They contain no specific imits or criteria of immunity. The need not be isted in the OJ, but they are usuay referenced in Generic and Product standards. For emission measurements the foowing basic standards appy: IEC CISPR 16/1987 Genera guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation, for power suppy systems and equipment connected thereto. Last compete edition of CISPR specification for radio interference measuring apparatus and measurement methods. CISPR 16-/1993 First part of the new edition: Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods. Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus. Generic standards appy where there are no product standards. Where product standards exist, they take precedence. The foowing Generic and Product Emission Standards have been pubished in the OJ unti Jan. 1, 1996: EN Signaing on ow-votage eectrica instaations in the frequency range 3 k-lz to 14X,5 khz. Part 1: Genera requirements, frequency bands and eectromagnetic disturbances. O /96/$ EEE 18

2 EN EN EN55011 EN EN EN EN EN EMC; generic emission standard. Part 1: Residentia, commercia and ight industry environment. EMC, generic emission standard. Part 2: Industria environment Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of industria, scientific and medica (ISM) radio-frequency equipment. Limits and methods of measurement of disturbance characteristics of broadcast receivers and associated equipment (incuding amendment A12). Limits and methods of measurement of disturbance characteristics of eectrica motor operated and therma appiances for househod and simiar purposes, eectrica toos and simiar eectrica apparatus (incuding amendment A2). Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of eectrica ighting and simiar equipment (incuding amendment A). Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of information technoogy equipment. Disturbances in suppy systems caused by househod appiances and simiar eectrica equipment. Part 2: Harmonics (IEC 555-2) Part 3: Votage fuctuations (IEC 555-3) EN Part 3 Limits Section 2: Limits for harmonic current emissions (input current < 16 A per phase) Section 3: Limits of votage fuctuations and ficker (input current < 16 A per phase) Emission and immunity imits are contained in: EN EN Aternating current static watt-hour meters (casses 0,2 S and 0,5 S) Marine navigationa equipment EN Aternating current eectronic watt-hour meters (casses 1 and 2) EN EN Eectronic rippe contro receivers for tariff and oad contro Time switches for tariff and oad contro Limits of power frequency disturbances and harmonics When the current into a oad deviates from the sinewave, then harmonics of the fundamenta oad current cause a votage drop in the power suppy network. A votage drop of the higher frequency components resuts in a non-sinusoida votage for other users of the suppy system and can cause mafunction in other equipment. To minimize these effects EN and EN define imits for harmonics. The atter standard defines 4 casses of equipment (EN wi be repaced by EN 6 I ): -A! NO YtW Fig. 1: Fow diagram on the Cassification of Equipment act. to EN Cass A: symmetrica three-phase apparatus and a other, not contained in Casses B, C and D Cass D: equipment starting from 75 W (ater 50 W) I OhZ) Ii n7n n A5 I 7 I I I 7 I 1 I Tab. 1: Limits for harmonic currents for equipment casses A through D 1) Upper bound is equa to imit for Cass A 2) h = power factor of the equipment The introduction of a separate Cass D with a short transition time caused considerabe discussion. As of now, the date to compy is panned to be June Limitation of Votage Fuctuations act. to EN : This appies especiay to oads with timey varying oad currents, ike cooking, heating and copying equipment. Timey varying oad currents cause changes of the suppy votage which resut in fickering of amps. The fickering effect on the human is not ony dependant on the ampitude of the votage deviation but aso on the number of votage deviations per minute. Fig. 2 gives the curve of constant fickering effect. V 19

3 yi - -._ IO 100 IO00 P104 x Fig. 2: Curve of constant fickering &ect act. to EN Xi is the number of votage fuctuations per minute y is the ampitude dvn of votage fuctuations in % EN appies especiay to househod equipment and simiar equipment connected to the ow-votage power suppy system. Limits for RF emissions Fig. 4: Radiated emission imits for the quasi-peak detector act. to EN (and EN Group 1 Cass Band EN Cass B) EN Generic emission standard. --Part 2: Industria. The emission imits are taken from EN as we. The origin of the pubished standards on imits and measurement procedures for RF emissions are the internationa CISPR standards, which not ony have been agreed by European countries but aso by many other industria nations. Most emission standards contain imits for conducted emissions in the frequency range (9) 150 khz to 30 MHz and imits for radiated emissions in the frequency range 30 to 1000 MHz. Since the Generic Standards provide a sort of guideine for the deveopment of emission imits, the paper starts with the Generic Emissions Standards: EN Generic emission standard. Part 1: Residentia, commercia and ight industry. The emission imits are taken from EN Fig. 5: Conducted emission imits for the quasi-peak and the average detectors act. to EN (and EN Cass A, Group 1 and EN Cass A) Fig. 3: Conducted emission imits for the quasi-peak and the average detectors act. to EN (and EN Cass B, EN and EN Cass B) Fig. 6: Radiated emission imits for the quasi-peak detector act. to EN (and EN 55022; for EN Group 1 Cass B the imits of EN Cass B appy at a distance of 30 m) 20

4 The generic standards have guidance function and this is the reason why especiay the imits of part 1 are aso found in drafts of other standards, e.g. ETSI standards. dspw EN Emission imits for ISM equipment EN divides ISM equipment into 2 Groups: Group 1: for equipment where conducted RF energy is generated intentionay for the treatment of materia, and Group 2: for equipment where radiated RF energy is generated intentionay for the treatment of materia, and spark erosion equipment. Limits for Cass B and Cass A Group 1 equipment are contained in Figs. 3 through 6. For Cass A Group 2 equipment speciaimits appy. In the atter case radiated imits have aso been defined in the frequency range 0,S to 30 MHz. For a other cases, radiated imits beow 30 MHz are under consideration. Frequency range above 1 GIIz imits are under consideration except for the range 11.7 to 12.7 GI-Iz, where the ERP is imited to 57 dbpjv. EN Emission iimits for sound and TV broadcast receivers and associated equipment Limits are defined for conducted emissions on the AC power port (see Fig. 3) as we as the antenna termina for the fundamenta and the harmonics of the LO. For radiated emissions, imits are defined for the fundamenta and harmonics of the LO, with the antenna connected to the receiver input. Further on, imits for the emission power measured with the absorbing camp are defined in accordance with Fig. 8. Fig. 8: Conducted emission imits (measured with the absorbing camp) act. to EN EN Emission imits for juorescent amps and uminaires EN deservespecia remark, since it contains both conducted and radiated emission imits down to 9 khx (see Figs. 9 and 10). Radiated emissions (magnetic fied) are measured with the arge oop antenna (2 m diameter or greater), respectivey the tripe oop. In addition to that, there are aso emission imits on ISM frequencies. d&n 120 EN Emission imits for househod appiances and eectric toos EN defines imits for conducted emissions of househod equipment as shown in Fig. 7. For eectric toos the imits are depending on motor nomina power. Radiated imits are repaced by imits for the RF power measured with the absorbing camp as shown in Fig. 8. Again, for eectric toos, the imits are dependant on the motor nomina power. Fig. 9: Conducted emission imits act. to EN Fig. 7: Conducted emission imits act. to EN

5 BBPK NBPK a Fig. 10:Radiated emission imits (magnetic fied) measured as the current induced in the 2-m arge oop antenn act. to EN EN Emission imits for ITE equipment The imits for ITE equipment are given in Figs. 3 through 6 Directive 95/54/EEC of Oct. 31, 1995, adapting Directive 72/24S/EEC reating to the suppression of radio inteference produced by motor vehices to technica progress. This directive excudes motor vehices and vehice subassembies from the EMC Directive. It contains the detaied technica requirements and does not refer to standards. Radiated emission imits (QP) of vehices for a measurement distance of 10 m are taken from CISPR 12 (see Fig. 11). There are narrowband emission imits in addition. The measurements may aso be taken at a distance of 3 m, with the imits raised by an amount of 10 db. Fig 12 contains emission imits for vehice subassembies in addition. zyh I1 I I I so Fig. 12:Radiated emission imits (NB and BB at a distance of 1 m) for vehice subassembies act. to Directive 72/245iEEC revised EXPERIENCES Wm APPLYING THE SPECIFICATIONS To DIFFERENT EUTs Experiences with the emission specification are different with regard to their fied of appication. The RF emission imits have a ong history in Europe. Therefore their introduction as harmonized standards is not new. There is however much discussion on transition periods for power frequency emission Emits. Especiay the introduction of EN cause sti a ot of discussion. Since the EMC community is famiiar with the RF emission imits since some decades their harmonization is not a genera probem. There are however some areas, where even RF emission measurements may cause some probems, even if they are not new: the area of systems and instaations, and the uea of machines. In a recent EMC symposium in Germany these two topics were of specia interest [ 1,2,3 and penary discussions]. There are however sti requirements for harmonization in Europe regarding the appication of the EMC Directive. Therefore the transposition of the Directive into nationa aws, which has been competed has to be harmonized in some points, as we as guideines for the appication of the Directive are going to be updated. Cooperation and reguar consutation of the competent authorities as we as the notified and competent bodies for further harmonization is taking pace. so I~ I I I I IIIII... QP THE TREND AND FUTURE OF EMISSION REQUIREMENTS The pressure imposed by the EMC Directive has caused great activity to provide the necessary specifications in time. The standards pubished unti now in the OJ, are sti not suricient for a areas of appication. Especiay many product standards are under way and wi be pubished soon. Fig. 1:Radiated emission imits (NB and BB at a distance of 10 m from the whoe vehice) act. to iEEC revised. The directive is not competey cear whether narrowband emissions are to be measured with the peak or the average detector. Among the standards to be pubished wi be a ong ist of European Teecommunication EMC Standards (ETS deveoped by ETSI). Standards not pubished or avaiabe as draft standards are: EN Cabed distribution networks EN parts 1 through 5 are deaing with raiway appications. The trend for emission specifications is ceary to extend the frequency ranges e.g. to 18 GHa in some cases (dr& standard for microwave ovens; EN and some ETS even higher). 22

6 CONCLUSIONS An overview over the existing, pubished European emission specifications has been given. The introduction of power frequency emission requirements is reativey new and caused some discussions. However the imits are rationa and wi finay be accepted. RF emission specifications are common to the EMC community since many years. Their appication to areas ike machines, systems and instaations needs extra attention. Future deveopments are especiay in the area of product standards and extension of frequency ranges. REFERENCES [I] Nedtwig, J.: Appication of the Standards and of the EMC Law to Systems and Instaations. (in German: Anwendung der Normen und des EMVG auf Systeme und Anagen) Proc. EMV 96, Karsruhe. VDE- Verag, Berin. [Z] Kohing, A.: Consideration Regarding the EMC Conformity Evauation of Machines. (in German: iiberegungen zur Konformititsbewertung der EMV von Maschinen). Proc. EMV 96. [3] Dancau, G. M.: Transposing EMC Law and Machinery Directive 89/392/EEC at Hauni-Maschinenbau AG. (in German: EMVG - und EG- Maschinenrichtinie 89/392/EWG Umsekung bei der Hauni- Maschinenbau AG, presented at EMY 96; manuscript from the author).