High-Efficiency Single-Phase PFC Rectifier Analysis

Transcription

1 POSTE 5, PAGUE MAY High-Efficiency Single-Phae C ectifier Analyi Serhii STEPENKO, oman YESHO, oman KOSENKO ept. of ndutrial Electronic, Chernihiv National Univerity of Technology, Shevchenko 95, Chernihiv 7, Ukraine ept. of Biomedical adioelectronic Apparatu and Sytem, Chernihiv National Univerity of Technology, Ukraine Serhii.Stepenko.UA@ieee.org Abtract. The article i devoted to analyi of the power factor correction (C) rectifier performance. The ue of a zero-current witching quai-reonant pule converter intead of a conventional boot converter at the power tage of C rectifier i propoed and analyzed. A teadytate current error a a tabilization accuracy criterion ha been analyzed for different tructure of two-loop cloed control ytem. The input current quality for different control method ha been aeed by mean of total harmonic ditortion (TH) and power factor ( ). Keyword Energy efficiency, high-frequency converter, power factor correction (C), ingle-phae rectifier, total harmonic ditortion (TH).. ntroduction Nowaday the problem devoted to electrical energy quality and energy efficiency are of great importance []. Thee iue appear particularly due to the fat development of Smart Grid concept and ince the number of renewable energy ource i continuouly growing []. oltage and current harmonic produced by nonlinear load increae power loe and therefore have a negative impact on electric utility ditribution ytem and component. Higher harmonic increae power loe in tranformer and tranmiion line and can horten their lifetime. Therefore, atifaction the power quality requirement (total harmonic ditortion limit for current and voltage) i extremely urgent iue [3]. A number of work devoted to thi topic how decription, analyi and comparion of different power factor correction (C) converter [] which are ued for improvement the energy efficiency in variou application e.g. uninterruptible power upplie (UPS). Special attention i paid to the performance of C and poibility to build them utilizing unified power module. The main parameter of the C performance are efficiency and power factor, which depend on the witching frequency. An integrated approach to the implementation of C take into account the power factor, harmonic ditortion and the efficiency of the converter [5]. The known C circuit are uually performed on the bai of conventional parallel pule converter [6], [7]. n their current loop non-optimal regulator are often ued baed on o-called revere-current amplifier. To improve efficiency of C at high frequency in [8] multiphae pule converter are ued. They are critical in te of extra expene a well a from the point of view of enuring an adequate tability reerve of the cloed-loop ytem. There i quite limited amount of work devoted to the problem of C ubharmonic tability [9], []. n ome article thee iue have not got enough attention []. The family of quai-reonant pule converter (QPC) wa decribed in detail in []. mplementation of QPC with zero current witching (ZCS) into C allow to reduce power loe maintaining high efficiency at high witching frequency and obviouly improve power factor. However, high witching frequency raie the problem of improving the peed of the current loop in C. The main tak of the current loop i to enure a minimal deviation of the input current regarding to reference ine wave in real time. The problem of high-peed C current loop ynthei ha been invetigated in [3]. An approach baed on continuou approximate model for invetigation AC/C converter with active C i preented in []. The procee in ingle-loop C with conventional parallel pule converter with zerocurrent turning on witch are invetigated uing method of averaging in [5]. n other word, tranitor work in boundary conduction mode (BCM), i.e. it i on the border between continuou conduction mode (CCM) and dicontinuou conduction mode (CM). n our view, uch deciion yield the way of uing QPC-ZCS, in which high-frequency current ripple and turn off power loe are minimal. n thi cae, the negative impact of the QPC- ZCS variable witching frequency on the filtering quality of input current harmonic can be reduced to minimum due to it increae up to everal MHz. The problem of C cloed-loop control ytem implementation were dicued in [6], [7] a well a etimation the input current quality for different C topologie and control method [8]. The aim of thi work i comprehenive decription of the main feature of the C development and analyi of their work, including power quality and tabilization iue, a well a the formation of completed finding.

2 S. STEPENKO,. YESHO,. KOSENKO, HGH-EFFCENCY SNGE-PHASE C ECTFE ANAYSS ntinuou owergui. C ectifier ecription Firt of all, we will conider the implified cheme of C baed on claical boot converter and the one baed on QPC-ZCS. Fig. repreent the rectifier with active C circuit baed on conventional boot converter. The input of the circuit i connected to upply AC voltage network. The output C voltage value i out = 36. The load reitance i = Ω. Thu, the output power of the converter i P out = 8W. 3. Control Sytem Analyi The block diagram in Fig. 3 how the detailed tructure of the C baed on QPC-ZCS and it control ytem. The circuit contain the torage inductor, the reonant circuit rc r, the power witch, the iolating diode, the filtering capacitor C and the load reitor. The C control ytem comprie current loop controller (C) and voltage loop controller (), current enor (CS) and voltage enor (S), quarer (SQ), divider (), multiplier (M), witch control unit (Ctrl), reference current generation unit (U / ), where U i rectified voltage and i reitor pecifying the reference current. A + g i CS B - Control Sytem S C SQ U C Сr r Bridge ectifier ~Ug U U U M Uout Ctrl Со о С S Fig.. A implified cheme of rectifier with conventional C. ontinuou powergui Fig. illutrate the rectifier with active C circuit baed on zero-current-witching quai-reonant pule converter. The main parameter are the ame a of conventional C, except the preence of the parallel reonant circuit rc r. t provide zero current witching of the power witch and thu ignificantly reduce the witching loe and improve efficiency. A B + - Cr r C Fig. 3. The detailed tructure of C with two-loop control ytem. The dynamic model for control ytem invetigation were preented in [3] and detailed analyi of teady-tate current error for different tructure of two-loop control ytem of C wa provided in [8]. The reult of calculation are hown in Fig.. The preented curve how the accuracy of current tabilization for control ytem with main voltage loop including quarer, divider and multiplier (curve ), with main current loop including multiplier (curve ), with main current loop including quarer, divider and multiplier (curve 3), with main current loop without quarer, divider and multiplier (curve ). Bridge ectifier Control Sytem Fig.. A implified cheme of rectifier with C baed on zerocurrent witching quai-reonant pule converter. Since frequency modulation i ued to control the QPC-ZCS, the duty cycle of the control ignal mut atify the condition of the witching at zero current: g S Δ U, Fig.. Steady-tate current error for variou tructure of C control ytem. 3 T С () r r where T i the witching period of the reonant circuit rc r, the reonant inductance r = 6.μH, the reonant capacitance C r = nf. The operation of quai-reonant converter i decribed in detail in []. The value of the paive element of both circuit were calculated according to [6] and they are a follow: the input torage inductance = 8μH, the output filtering capacitance C = 3μF. The election wa made auming the input current ripple in the torage inductor i % and the ripple of output voltage i 5%. A could be een (Fig. 5), the control tructure with main voltage loop in the preence of the quarer, divider, multiplier (commercially available C UC385) ha the mallet averaged current error a well a the propoed tructure with main current loop without quarer and divider (curve and, repectively). However, at low input voltage the current error in the tructure with main current loop (curve ) i coniderably le than in the tructure with main voltage loop (curve ). At the maximum input voltage current error in the tructure with main voltage loop i more than time lower than in the one with main current loop. However, it hould

3 POSTE 5, PAGUE MAY 3 be noted that the actual current error in the real ytem with main voltage loop i much higher than the analytically calculated value (curve ) throughout the range of U. The reaon for thi phenomenon i that the input current loop obtain the product of reference current and voltage tabilization error, compriing the fundamental frequency component of the rectified voltage. The impact of thi feature on the input current ditortion i tudied in [].. nput Current TH and Power Factor Analyi For non-inuoidal ituation voltage and current contain harmonic. Some harmonic are caued by ytem nonlinearitie uch a tranformer aturation, mot harmonic are produced by power electronic load uch a adjutable-peed drive and diode-bridge rectifier, a we have. When teady-tate harmonic are preent, voltage and current may be repreented by Fourier erie () v( t) in( k t ), i( t) in( k t ) k k k k k k and their root mean quare value will be k k k, k k k k k. (3) The average power i given by P co( ) P P P... () avg k k k k avg avg 3avg k where we can ee that each harmonic make a contribution to the average power. A frequently-ued meaure of harmonic level i total harmonic ditortion (TH) of ditortion factor, which i the ratio of the root mean quare value of the harmonic (above fundamental) to the root mean quare value of the fundamental time % [9] or TH k k k k % %, (5) k k k k TH % %. (6) f we ubtitute (5) and (6) into (3), we find that TH TH,. (7) The concept of power factor originated from the need to quantify how efficiently a load utilize the current that it draw from an AC power ytem. The power factor i the ratio of average power P avg to apparent power S: Pavg Pavg. (8) S Thu ubtituting (7) into (8) yield the following exact form of power factor: P avg TH TH. (9) Taking into account aumption that in mot cae the contribution of harmonic to average power are mall (P avg P avg) and ince TH i uually le than %, then. ncorporating thee two aumption into (9) yield approximately form for power factor: P avg dip dit TH. () Since the diplacement power factor dip can never be greater than unity, the power factor ha the upper bound limited by the ditortion power factor dit dit TH. () The wavefo of the C operation with one current loop control ytem were obtained baed on imulation performed in Matlab Simulink. The detailed decription of control ytem i given in [6]. The reult of imulation are hown in Fig. 5. nput nput voltage, voltage, Time,. Time, Time,.. Time, Time, Time, Time,. Time, nput nput current, A A Output voltage, Fig. 5. Simulation reult of C operation: input voltage, input current, output voltage. The grid voltage ha not ignificant ditortion and TH i near %. Thu the aumption made for ae the power factor by () are valid. A could be een in teady-tate the output C voltage i near 36 with low-frequency ripple up to 5%. Thi confi the correctne of the choice of the output capacitor value and demontrate that voltage feedback for two-loop control ytem will comprie the fundamental frequency component of the rectified voltage.

4 S. STEPENKO,. YESHO,. KOSENKO, HGH-EFFCENCY SNGE-PHASE C ECTFE ANAYSS Selected ignal: 5 cycle. FFT window (in red): cycle The input current i cloe to inuoidal form and ha relatively 3 low level of TH. Thu the main tak of power factor correction i performed. An input current pectrum for C baed on conventional boot converter with tandard pule-width modulation (PWM) control at khz witching frequency i hown in Time Fig. () 6. The level of current ditortion i characterized by TH =.3%. The power factor in thi cae i = Fundamental (5Hz) = 7.36, TH=.3% Fig. 6. The input current TH analyi for C baed on conventional boot converter with PWM control. 3 Selected ignal: 5 cycle. FFT window (in red): cycle An input current pectrum for C baed on conventional boot converter with hyterei control i hown in Fig. 7. Both frequency and duty cycle were variable within the one period of rectified Time () voltage. The level of input current ditortion i TH = 3.%. The power factor in thi cae i = Fundamental (5Hz) = 7.7, TH= 3.% Fig. 7. The input current TH analyi for C baed on conventional boot converter with hyterei control. Selected ignal: 5 cycle. FFT window (in red): cycle An input current pectrum for C baed on zerocurrent witching quai-reonant pule converter with 3 frequency modulation (FM) control i hown in Fig. 8. The duty cycle of control ignal wa adjuted according to () while - the witching frequency wa changing above khz. The level of input current Time () ditortion i characterized by TH = 8.85%. The power factor in thi cae i = Fundamental (5Hz) = 7.56, TH= 8.85% 5. Concluion The main component of C rectifier energy efficiency have been analyzed in thi tudy. The ue of ZCS-QPC a power tage of C allow reducing power loe maintaining high efficiency at high witching frequency. The nominal witching frequency a uual ued for thee converter varie from hundred khz to few MHz. Thu, their advantage are not o evident at khz witching frequency, which i typical for PWM converter. A teady-tate current error a a tabilization accuracy indicator ha been analyzed for different tructure of the control ytem of C. The tructure with main voltage loop in the preence of the quarer, divider, and multiplier ha the mallet averaged current error a well a the propoed tructure with main current loop without quarer and divider (~ ). However, at low input voltage the current error in tructure with main current loop i coniderably le than in tructure with main voltage loop. The input current and power factor of C have been analyzed. The input current quality of C baed on ZCS-QPC (TH = 8.85%) i better than in C baed on conventional boot converter with PWM (TH =.3%), but wore than in one with hyterei control (TH = 3.%). At the ame time, a power factor for all tructure i above.99. The input current pectra meet the requirement of EC 6-3- for cla A equipment. Acknowledgement The reearch decribed in thi paper wa upervied by Prof. Yuriy eniov, Head of the epartment of ndutrial Electronic, Chernihiv National Univerity of Technology, Ukraine. t wa performed according to the priority topic of development of cience and technology in Ukraine Power Engineering and Energy Efficiency and upported by the State Budget Grant Active Power Factor Corrector and Hybrid Power Filter U No. 79/ S No. U86. Author wih to thank r. Olekandr elihorkyi, Head of the epartment of Biomedical adioelectronic Apparatu and Sytem, Chernihiv National Univerity of Technology, and r. Sergii vanet, ean of the Faculty of Electronic and nformation Technologie, Chernihiv National Univerity of Technology, for their valuable upport in reearch Fig. 8. The input current TH analyi for C baed on quaireonant pule converter with FM control. eference [] ENSO, Y. O., STEPENKO, S. A. Power factor correction development at the tage of energy efficient technologie implementation in the context of European integration. n Proceeding of the nternational Scientific-Practical Conference Ukraine-Poland: ialogue of Culture in the Context of European ntegration. Zaporizhzhia (Ukraine),, p. 6. [] STOHN, B. S., KYYENKO, O.., ENYSUK, S. P. Smart electrical grid of power ytem and their technological upport. Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika,, no. 6, p. 5.

5 POSTE 5, PAGUE MAY 5 [3] STEPENKO, S. A., ENSO, Y. O. Power quality a component of integrated quality aurance of procee and ytem. n Proceeding of the nd nternational Scientific-Practical Conference Comprehenive Quality Aurance of Technological Procee and Sytem 5. Chernihiv (Ukraine),, p [] EMCHENKO, Y. Energy performance comparion of active high frequency power factor corrector. n Proceeding of the EEE 3th nternational Conference on Electronic and Nanotechnology ENANO. Kyiv (Ukraine),, p [5] STEPENKO, S. A. Energy efficiency analyi in power factor corrector under different pule-width modulation mode. Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika,, no., p [6] E AOU, A., HAOUN,., C-PASTO, A., MATNEZ- SAAMEO,. Suppreion of line frequency intabilitie in C AC-C power upplie by feedback notch filtering the pre-regulator output voltage. EEE Tranaction on Circuit and Sytem : egular Paper, 3, vol. 6, no. 3, p [7] OHA,.., EMCHENKO, Yu. S. nvetigation of the input current pectrum of high-frequency power factor corrector. Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika,, no. 5, p [8] BEO, G. A. ynamic model of multiphae boot pule converter. Elektrichetvo,, no. 6, p. 8. [9] ENSO, Y., STEPENKO, S. A ubharmonic tability of power factor corrector with dual-loop control ytem. n Proceeding of the EEE 35th nternational Conference on Electronic and Nanotechnology ENANO 5. Kyiv (Ukraine), 5, accepted. [] E-AOU, A., OAB, M., HAOUN,., MATNEZ- SAAMEO,. Aymptotic low-cale tability boundary of C AC C power converter: theoretical prediction and experimental validation. EEE Tranaction on ndutrial Electronic,, vol. 58, no. 8, p [] BEO, G. A., SEEBANNKO, A.. nput current ditortion in power factor corrector with two-loop control ytem. Elektrichetvo,, no. 8, p. 5. [] U, K. H., OUGANT,., EE, F. C. Y. Quai-reonant converter topologie and characteritic. EEE Tranaction on Power Electronic, 987, vol. PE-, no., p [3] ENSO, Y., STEPENKO, S. Power factor corrector baed on parallel quai-reonant pule converter with fat current loop. Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering, 3, vol. 3, no., p. 5. [] SHYOSKY, A. K., ZHAKN, A. F., PAZEE, A.G. Continuou approximate model of AC/C converter with active power factor correction. Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika,, no. 6, p. 7. [5] BEO, G. A., SEEBANNKO, A.. Power factor corrector calculation with witching on power tranitor at zero current. Elektrichetvo,, no. 3, p [6] ENSO, Y. O., STEPENKO, S. A., GOONY, A. N., KACHENKO, A. O. nput current parameter analyi for C baed on quai-reonant and conventional boot converter. n Proceeding of the EEE 3th nternational Conference on Electronic and Nanotechnology ENANO. Kyiv (Ukraine),, p [7] OHA,.., EMCHENKO, Yu. S. eearch of dynamic procee in the high-frequency device of correction of powerfactor. Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika,, no., p [8] ENSO, Yu. O., STEPENKO, S. A. Structural realization of twoloop C baed on zero current witching quai-reonant pule converter. Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika, 5, no., p [9] GAY, W. M., GESKE,. J. Harmonic and how they relate to power factor. n Proceeding of the EP Power Quality ue & Opportunitie Conference PQA 93. San iego (USA), 993, p. 8. About Author... Serhii STEPENKO wa born in Chernihiv, Ukraine in 989. He ha received the B.Sc. degree in Electronic in and the M.Sc. degree in Electronic Sytem in from Chernihiv State Technological Univerity, Ukraine. He wa a viiting doctoral tudent at Tallinn Univerity of Technology, Etonia in and 3 working in Power Electronic Group and attending octoral School of Energy and Geotechnology. He i currently a Ph tudent at the epartment of ndutrial Electronic, Chernihiv National Univerity of Technology, Ukraine. Hi main reearch interet are power factor correction and renewable energy ource. He ha authored more than 3 cientific paper publihed in journal, magazine and international conference proceeding. oman YESHO wa born in Chernihiv, Ukraine in 989. He ha received the B.Sc. degree in Computer Sytem and Network and the M.Sc. degree in Specialized Computer Sytem in and repectively from Chernihiv State Technological Univerity, Ukraine. He i currently a Ph tudent at the epartment of ndutrial Electronic, Chernihiv National Univerity of Technology, Ukraine. Hi main reearch interet are pecialized reliable computer and embedded ytem, digital motion control, inertial navigation and intrumental meaurement. oman KOSENKO wa born in 988. He ha received the B.Sc. degree in Electronic and M.Sc. degree in Electronic Sytem from the epartment of ndutrial Electronic, Chernihiv State Technological Univerity, Ukraine in and 3, repectively. He i currently working toward the Ph.. degree at the epartment of Electrical Engineering, Tallinn Univerity of Technology, Etonia and the epartment of Biomedical adioelectronic Apparatu and Sytem, Chernihiv National Univerity of Technology, Ukraine. Hi field of interet include reearch, deign and imulation of witch mode converter for ditributed power generation ytem. He i author and co-author of cientific paper and i the holder of one Utility Model in thi application field.